One-step chemical vapor deposition synthesis and supercapacitor performance of nitrogen-doped porous carbon–carbon nanotube hybrids

• Egor V. Lobiak,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva,
• Ekaterina O. Fedorovskaya,
• Yury V. Shubin,
• Pavel E. Plyusnin,
• Pierre Lonchambon,
• Boris V. Senkovskiy,
• Zinfer R. Ismagilov,
• Emmanuel Flahaut and
• Alexander V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2669–2679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.267

• the Fe/Mo catalyst shows a pronounced peak at ≈630 mV on the charging curve and its couple at ≈345 mV on the discharging curve (Figure 7a). These peaks are likely to be related to the redox activity of iron encapsulated in the MWCNTs [49]. Oxides and hydroxides of Co and Ni are not electrochemically

• active in an acidic environment [50], while redox transformations between Mo(VI) and Mo(IV) may appear at voltages of 90 mV on the charging curve and 220 mV on the discharging curve for Ag/AgCl reference electrode [51]. However, these peaks were not detected in the CV curves of our samples. The lower the

Patterning of supported gold monolayers via chemical lift-off lithography

• Liane S. Slaughter,
• Kevin M. Cheung,
• Sami Kaappa,
• Huan H. Cao,
• Qing Yang,
• Thomas D. Young,
• Andrew C. Serino,
• Sami Malola,
• Jana M. Olson,
• Stephan Link,
• Hannu Häkkinen,
• Anne M. Andrews and
• Paul S. Weiss

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2648–2661, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.265

• used to image patterns more efficiently as it provides chemical sensitivity and faster image acquisition over larger areas (up to square millimeters) [5][28][29][30]. The VP-SEM modality accommodates nonconducting samples by injecting water vapor into the sample chamber to offset destructive charging

• vapor in the sample chamber to avoid charging of the insulating PDMS surfaces by the electron beam. Functional DNA patterns on supported Au monolayers As-received DNA (Integrated DNA Technologies, Coralville, IA, USA) was diluted in nuclease-free water (QIAGEN, Valencia, CA, USA) to make 100 µM stock

• insulator, a charge neutralizer (flood gun) was used to offset charging of the samples that otherwise impedes spectral acquisition. Doing so, however, causes the peak to shift to lower energies as compared to their expected energy obtained without using a flood gun. Chan–Vese segmentation In our

Amplified cross-linking efficiency of self-assembled monolayers through targeted dissociative electron attachment for the production of carbon nanomembranes

• Sascha Koch,
• Christopher D. Kaiser,
• Paul Penner,
• Michael Barclay,
• Lena Frommeyer,
• Daniel Emmrich,
• Patrick Stohmann,
• Tarek Abu-Husein,
• Andreas Terfort,
• D. Howard Fairbrother,
• Oddur Ingólfsson and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2562–2571, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.256

• SF5− formation from SF6. The energy scale was calibrated with respect to the SF6− formation from SF6 at 0 eV. In the current experiment, the inlet system was maintained at room temperature, but to avoid condensation on the electrical lens, the components and resulting charging the monochromator is

Synthesis of metal-fluoride nanoparticles supported on thermally reduced graphite oxide

• Alexa Schmitz,
• Kai Schütte,
• Vesko Ilievski,
• Juri Barthel,
• Laura Burk,
• Rolf Mülhaupt,
• Junpei Yue,
• Bernd Smarsly and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2474–2483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.247

• nanosized materials would yield, for example, short charging time, long lifetime and high capacity [81][82]. Li et al. showed that the use of FeF2 NPs, instead of macroscopic LiFeF3, led to a significant improvement in the performance of the batteries [83]. The IL [BMIm][BF4] was described as the fluoride

• the interfacial charge storage at the interface between nanosized Fe and the electrolyte LiF, analogous to the phenomena in RuO2 proposed by Maier et al. [90]. The capacity is around 800 mAh/g. During the charging process, there are several oxidation processes, which can be ascribed to the reaction of

• Fe0 to Fe2+ (at a potential lower than 3.5 V) and Fe2+ to Fe3+ (at a potential higher than 3.5 V) [88]. The large voltage hysteresis between discharging and charging process can be attributed to sluggish process kinetics, including, for example, phase evolution and the spatial distribution of

Fabrication of CeO₂–MO_x (M = Cu, Co, Ni) composite yolk–shell nanospheres with enhanced catalytic properties for CO oxidation

• Ling Liu,
• Jingjing Shi,
• Hongxia Cao,
• Ruiyu Wang and
• Ziwu Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2425–2437, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.241

• laser of 532 nm. Surface analysis was obtained by an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, Thermo ESCALAB 250Xi) with Al Kα radiation. All binding energies were corrected for surface charging by use of the C 1s peak (284.8 eV) of adventitious carbon as reference. The M contents in CeO2–MOx samples were

Electron beam induced deposition of silacyclohexane and dichlorosilacyclohexane: the role of dissociative ionization and dissociative electron attachment in the deposition process

• Ragesh Kumar T P,
• Sangeetha Hari,
• Krishna K Damodaran,
• Oddur Ingólfsson and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2376–2388, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.237

• growth. Charging could play a role in case the deposits are insulating, although it is not straightforward to predict its influence on the volume growth, and no conclusive explanation for the increasing volume growth rate can be offered yet. Comparing the lateral growth of DCSCH and SCH pillars below 180

• induce negative charges in neighbouring pillars. The trajectories of 2 eV electrons having to reach the neighbouring pillars may in turn be heavily influenced by the charging and may be prevented from reaching the pillar. Conclusion Here we have presented the first study on electron beam induced

Adsorbate-driven cooling of carbene-based molecular junctions

• Giuseppe Foti and
• Héctor Vázquez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2060–2068, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.206

• each electrode. With increasing bias, the left chemical potential approaches the LUMO peak while the right one approaches HOMO. At Vb/2 = 0.3 V the left chemical potential approaches the LUMO and NHC features move up to avoid charging. At Vb/2 = 0.5 V, however, the right chemical potential is close to

Systematic control of α-Fe₂O₃ crystal growth direction for improved electrochemical performance of lithium-ion battery anodes

• Nan Shen,
• Miriam Keppeler,
• Barbara Stiaszny,
• Holger Hain,
• Filippo Maglia and
• Madhavi Srinivasan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2032–2044, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.204

• ranges, faster charging, and lower costs), the development and optimization of electrode materials are of great interest. Considering that a target driving range of 300 miles is required for BEVs to achieve a sustainable mass market penetration (as defined by the US Department of Energy), the energy

Advances and challenges in the field of plasma polymer nanoparticles

• Andrei Choukourov,
• Pavel Pleskunov,
• Daniil Nikitin,
• Valerii Titov,
• Artem Shelemin,
• Mykhailo Vaidulych,
• Anna Kuzminova,
• Pavel Solař,
• Jan Hanuš,
• Jaroslav Kousal,
• Ondřej Kylián,
• Danka Slavínská and
• Hynek Biederman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2002–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.200

• necessarily identical) data were presented; the unreferenced data represent the authors’ new material which has not been published yet, but which is necessary for a comparative analysis in this review. Experimental arrangements allowing estimation of plasma polymer NP charging: a) electrostatic plates used

Identifying the nature of surface chemical modification for directed self-assembly of block copolymers

• Laura Evangelio,
• Federico Gramazio,
• Matteo Lorenzoni,
• Michaela Gorgoi,
• Francisco Miguel Espinosa,
• Ricardo García,
• Francesc Pérez-Murano and
• Jordi Fraxedas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1972–1981, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.198

• energies of 285.3 and 286.5eV, respectively, exhibit a 0.2–0.3 eV shift towards higher energies as compared to Figure 3a, indicating different charging. The continuous blue line, corresponding to hydroxyl bonding, becomes more intense as compared to Figure 3a. Two new features are observed at 287.9 and 290

• oxide layer (SiOx), with partially oxidized silicon. Both lines are shifted due to charging induced by the grown oxide layers [25]. No relevant changes are observed in the C 1s spectra taken at the same photon energies (apart from charging), although they do not correspond to the same probing depths

• experiments performed with conventional sources [32], it is important to note that: (i) our results have been obtained with high energy resolution (see Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1), (ii) no external charge neutralization source has been used to compensate for charging effects due to the

Evaluation of preparation methods for suspended nano-objects on substrates for dimensional measurements by atomic force microscopy

• Petra Fiala,
• Daniel Göhler,
• Benno Wessely,
• Michael Stintz,
• Giovanni Mattia Lazzerini and
• Andrew Yacoot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1774–1785, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.179

•  2. No additional post-conditioning of the sample/substrate was performed. For the SEM evaluation of membrane filtered samples it was helpful to sputter a thin (≈1 nm) platinum layer over the surface to prevent charging effects. Liquid phase preparation As mentioned before, preparation should lead

• charging [21] or radionuclides for bipolar particle charging. Previous studies [29] have shown that electrostatic deposition can provide substrates with isolated particles if particle concentration, flow conditions and precipitation time are well balanced. The electrostatic precipitation was performed

• using an electrostatic precipitator as developed by [21], which was operated with an aerosol sample flow rate of 0.3 L/min, unipolar particle charging by corona discharge at −3 kV and an electric field voltage of +13 kV. Details on the performed analyses are provided in Table 4. Thermal precipitation

Adsorption and electronic properties of pentacene on thin dielectric decoupling layers

• Sebastian Koslowski,
• Daniel Rosenblatt,
• Alexander Kabakchiev,
• Klaus Kuhnke,
• Klaus Kern and
• Uta Schlickum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1388–1395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.140

• well-defined increases in the local density of states are observed close to the Fermi level [3][4]. Tunneling through these states of pentacene results in a temporary charging of the molecule prior to the dissipation of the charge into the substrate [5]. The peaks observed in STS on pentacene are

• the gas-phase energies from the energies found on the surface can be explained by the screening of the underlying substrate during the temporary charging of the molecule [1][17][18]. In our measurements we observe a decrease of the HOMO–LUMO gap by 1.7 eV (i.e., an average shift of 0.85 eV for HOMO

Nanotopographical control of surfaces using chemical vapor deposition processes

• Meike Koenig and
• Joerg Lahann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1250–1256, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.126

• with PPX derivatives containing nitrogen and oxygen heteroatoms, further work was conducted by Wu et al. [24]. The deposition of various PPX derivatives could be inhibited by electrically charging conducting substrates. Supplying electrical energy to the surface increases the surface energy, which

Metal oxide nanostructures: preparation, characterization and functional applications as chemical sensors

• Dario Zappa,
• Angela Bertuna,
• Elisabetta Comini,
• Navpreet Kaur,
• Nicola Poli,
• Veronica Sberveglieri and
• Giorgio Sberveglieri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1205–1217, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.122

• ). Characterization techniques A field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) LEO 1525 was used to investigate the morphology of samples. The electron beam was set at 3–5 keV energy and the samples were attached to metallic stub via carbon glue, to reduce charging effect due to the interaction of electron

Bio-inspired micro-to-nanoporous polymers with tunable stiffness

• Julia Syurik,
• Ruth Schwaiger,
• Prerna Sudera,
• Stephan Weyand,
• Siegbert Johnsen,
• Gabriele Wiegand and
• Hendrik Hölscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 906–914, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.92

• ). Prior to SEM analysis the samples were sputtered with silver for 100 s at 25 mA with a sputter-coater (K575X, Emitech) in order to avoid charging effects and ensure a good resolution. SEM images of the surface of interest were taken before and after the indentation experiments. For the quantitative

Vapor deposition routes to conformal polymer thin films

• Priya Moni,
• Ahmed Al-Obeidi and
• Karen K. Gleason

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 723–735, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.76

• difficult. Insufficient Z contrast and charging effects makes SEM cross sections difficult to analyze. Using a focus ion beam (FIB) system to make transmission electron microscopy (TEM) samples is a route often used with inorganic materials. However, ion damage, particularly for very thin films, is an issue

Synthesis of graphene–transition metal oxide hybrid nanoparticles and their application in various fields

• Arpita Jana,
• Elke Scheer and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 688–714, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.74

•  3a) via hydrothermal synthesis and chemical reduction of V2O5 by GO simultaneously in a Teflon lined autoclave [111]. When this hybrid is used as a cathode material in LIBs, it provides fast charging and discharging capability with long cycle performance (Figure 3b). VO2 (M) nanotube–graphene hybrids

Carbon nanotube-wrapped Fe₂O₃ anode with improved performance for lithium-ion batteries

• Guoliang Gao,
• Yan Jin,
• Qun Zeng,
• Deyu Wang and
• Cai Shen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 649–656, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.69

• charging and discharging [41]. In comparison to work done by Chen et al. [41], our synthesis method does not include sintering and is therefore less energy consuming. Liu et al. [24] and Zhou et al. [27] reported the synthesis of Fe2O3 followed by addition into GO suspension, which resulted in uneven

α-((4-Cyanobenzoyl)oxy)-ω-methyl poly(ethylene glycol): a new stabilizer for silver nanoparticles

• Jana Lutze,
• Miguel A. Bañares,
• Marcos Pita,
• Andrea Haase,
• Andreas Luch and
• Andreas Taubert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 627–635, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.67

• electrostatic stabilization is likely somewhat stronger because the negatively charged carboxylate groups (from the cyanobenzoic acid moieties) also contribute to charging the SNP surface. Conclusion The current article describes synthesis and performance of α-((4-cyanobenzoyl)oxy)-ω-methyl poly(ethylene glycol

Tailoring bifunctional hybrid organic–inorganic nanoadsorbents by the choice of functional layer composition probed by adsorption of Cu²⁺ ions

• Veronika V. Tomina,
• Inna V. Melnyk,
• Yuriy L. Zub,
• Aivaras Kareiva,
• Miroslava Vaclavikova,
• Gulaim A. Seisenbaeva and
• Vadim G. Kessler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 334–347, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.36

• into account the already developed principles of the production of APTES-derived materials [48][49]. The particles are generally smaller when higher TEOS/APTES ratios are applied [31]. They are less coalesced in the presence of higher ammonia content because of a stronger negative charging of the

Flexible photonic crystal membranes with nanoparticle high refractive index layers

• Torben Karrock,
• Moritz Paulsen and
• Martina Gerken

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 203–209, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.22

• (SEM). The cross-section was created with a focused ion beam (FIB). To protect the cutting edge, a layer of platinum was added on top of the sample. The structure itself is emphasized because of charging effects at the PDMS material border. For optical enhancement dotted guiding lines were drawn into

Fundamental properties of high-quality carbon nanofoam: from low to high density

• Natalie Frese,
• Shelby Taylor Mitchell,
• Christof Neumann,
• Amanda Bowers,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Klaus Sattler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2065–2073, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.197

• samples were not coated with conductive layers, an electron flood gun was applied to stabilize charging. Prior to imaging, the foam material was attached to the HIM sample holder with conductive carbon pads. The HIM induces a high brightness, low-energy spread, subnanometer-size beam of helium ions [25

Zigzag phosphorene nanoribbons: one-dimensional resonant channels in two-dimensional atomic crystals

• Carlos. J. Páez,
• Dario. A. Bahamon,
• Ana L. C. Pereira and
• Peter. A. Schulz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1983–1990, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.189

• confinement in quantum dots leads to rich physical phenomena [37]. The correlation among the energy scales involved such as energy-level spacing of the constriction, charging energy and couplings allows us to estimate when charging effects would be important [38]. In the strong-coupling regime the wave

• is weakly coupled to the upper and lower edges (weak-coupling regime) charging effects can be significant depending on the length of the constriction. In addition, metallic leads, gate electrodes and the dielectric function of the substrate modify the capacitance of the constriction and therefore a

• detailed study of the charging effects is left for future work. It is inevitable to compare our results with those obtained for graphene constrictions. Both zigzag graphene and phosphorene nanoribbons support edge states. However, their signatures on the electronic transport properties are completely

Active and fast charge-state switching of single NV centres in diamond by in-plane Al-Schottky junctions

• Christoph Schreyvogel,
• Vladimir Polyakov,
• Sina Burk,
• Helmut Fedder,
• Andrej Denisenko,
• Felipe Fávaro de Oliveira,
• Ralf Wunderlich,
• Jan Meijer,
• Verena Zuerbig,
• Jörg Wrachtrup and
• Christoph E. Nebel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1727–1735, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.165

• frequencies is given in Table 1. According to the measured time constants, a switching frequency between approximately 1 MHz (charging NV) and 100 MHz (discharging NV) seems to be possible. This is much faster than the rate of hyperfine interaction between an electron and nuclear spin of A// = 2.66 kHz [13

• time constant increases above the time resolution of the measurement, we can now measure two time constants for the process of discharging NV− → NV+ like for the process of charging NV+ → NV−, too. From this, we can conclude that the transition NV− ↔ NV+ is a two-step process with NV0 as an

• second step in the two-step process of charging/discharging the NV centre (see Figure 6b and Figure 7) can be explained by the change of the charge carrier capture cross section of the NV centre. Generally, it is well known that the charge carrier capture cross section is larger for a charged defect

Filled and empty states of Zn-TPP films deposited on Fe(001)-p(1×1)O

• Gianlorenzo Bussetti,
• Alberto Calloni,
• Rossella Yivlialin,
• Andrea Picone,
• Federico Bottegoni and
• Marco Finazzi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1527–1531, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.146

• ][26]. The IPES energy resolution is about 700 meV. All the experiments reported here were achieved under negligible charging conditions during electron spectroscopy data acquisition. The position of the vacuum level was obtained by adding the photon energy to the low-energy secondary electron cutoff