Assessment of the optical and electrical properties of light-emitting diodes containing carbon-based nanostructures and plasmonic nanoparticles: a review

• Keshav Nagpal,
• Erwan Rauwel,
• Frédérique Ducroquet and
• Protima Rauwel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1078–1092, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.80

• saturated colors with a narrow bandwidth of EL (full width at half maximum ≈30 nm) have made the QLED attractive [90][91]. In effect, owing to the quantum confinement of CdSe QD, a decrease in particle size blueshifts the emission. Thus, their emission can be tuned to the entire visible spectrum by varying

Progress and innovation of nanostructured sulfur cathodes and metal-free anodes for room-temperature Na–S batteries

• Marina Tabuyo-Martínez,
• Bernd Wicklein and
• Pilar Aranda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 995–1020, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.75

• . Sulfur–porous carbon composites Hollow and porous carbon structures may not only increase cathode conductivity, but can also allow for physical confinement of long-chain sodium polysulfides and reduce the structural damage caused by sulfur volume expansion [4][11]. This makes sulfur–porous carbon

• composites remarkably promising cathode materials for RT Na–S batteries. Among the different studied materials are, for instance, microporous (Figure 3) and ultramicroporous carbon materials, which have shown a considerable ability to confine sulfur and sodium polysulfides [29][30]. This confinement

• . Moreover, the carbon structure in the cathode has mesopores and, therefore, can confine a certain amount of sulfur and polysulfides. In addition to the confinement, the generated polysulfides can also be anchored by the partially oxidated sulfur–carbon units (R-SO) and form insoluble surface-bound

A review of defect engineering, ion implantation, and nanofabrication using the helium ion microscope

• Frances I. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 633–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.52

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering of water in aqueous dispersions of silver nanoparticles

• Paulina Filipczak,
• Krzysztof Hałagan,
• Jacek Ulański and
• Marcin Kozanecki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 497–506, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.40

• water, with only a weak band at approx. 3400 cm−1 present in the OH stretching vibration region. Additional factors, such as confinement effects or the presence of some solutes, are common in the research of the SERS effect of water [33][34]. In our previous work, we compared, for the first time

ZnO and MXenes as electrode materials for supercapacitor devices

• Ameen Uddin Ammar,
• Ipek Deniz Yildirim,
• Feray Bakan and
• Emre Erdem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 49–57, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.4

• , which is expected due to the quantum confinement effect [13]. Another crucially important optical characterization technique for the investigation of defects is Raman spectroscopy. The phonon vibration modes are highly sensitive to the existence of point defects, which are reflected in distinct spectral

• . Nanometer-sized ZnO shows a significant increase in bandgap due to quantum confinement effects [7][8][9]. (d) Structural changes of ZnO during the size reduction from bulk to the nanoscale can be tracked via Raman spectroscopy. Nanoscale ZnO exhibits significant blueshift, broadening, and softening of the

Kondo effects in small-bandgap carbon nanotube quantum dots

• Patryk Florków,
• Damian Krychowski and
• Stanisław Lipiński

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1873–1890, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.169

• effects of interaction play a more fundamental role. Carbon nanotubes are quasi one-dimensional systems, and the role of correlations further increases in quantum dots due to additional confinement. Of importance is also the low dielectric constant, which is especially low in suspended nanotubes [36]. A

• magnetic fields do not close the bandgap due to a finite confinement energy. Figure 8b shows the field dependencies of four states from the lowest electron shell and four states from the highest hole shell of the quantum dot CNTQD(33,30). No crossing of the electron line with the hole line is observed for

Piezotronic effect in AlGaN/AlN/GaN heterojunction nanowires used as a flexible strain sensor

• Jianqi Dong,
• Liang Chen,
• Yuqing Yang and
• Xingfu Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1847–1853, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.166

• semiconductor nanowires (NWs) have been extensively studied in recent years due to the predominant mechanical flexibility caused by a large surface-to-volume ratio and unique electrical and optical properties induced by the 1D quantum confinement effect. Herein, we use a top-down two-step preparation method to

• the study of the piezotronic effect than nanofilms or bulk materials since the smaller physical size and larger surface-to-volume ratio of 1D NWs yields superior mechanical properties [4][10]. In addition, 1D semiconductor NWs can increase the electron mobility and achieve the confinement of light

• based on the 1D quantum confinement effect. Hence, the unique electrical and optical properties of 1D semiconductor NWs have attracted research interest from the field of nanogenerators [11][12][13][14] and NW-based strain sensors [15][16][17][18][19]. Strain sensors can convert mechanical deformation

Nonadiabatic superconductivity in a Li-intercalated hexagonal boron nitride bilayer

• Kamila A. Szewczyk,
• Izabela A. Domagalska,
• Artur P. Durajski and
• Radosław Szczęśniak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1178–1189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.102

• resistance), the crossover to superconductivity (50% of the normal resistance), and the confinement of vortices, respectively. The important question is whether the Li-hBN bilayer system yield the high critical temperature that was suggested from DFT calculations (TC = 25 K) [41]. We think that this not the

Thermophoretic tweezers for single nanoparticle manipulation

• Jošt Stergar and
• Natan Osterman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1126–1133, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.97

• microbeaker” to confine the motion of a single nano-object. For the creation of high thermal gradients, their approach requires prefabricated plasmonic structures, which results in a big drawback: the confinement of an object is possible just within the structure, i.e., the object can not be freely

• would never react due to the low contact probability. However, using thermophoretic tweezers, they could be easily trapped and brought close to each other to increase the reaction probability by confining them to a smaller volume. For such single-molecule chemistry reactions, tight confinement of

A new photodetector structure based on graphene nanomeshes: an ab initio study

• Babak Sakkaki,
• Hassan Rasooli Saghai,
• Ghafar Darvish and
• Mehdi Khatir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1036–1044, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.88

• particular, photodetectors based on graphene will have a large dark current due to the conductivity of graphene even without incident photons [2]. An energy gap in the band structure of graphene can be created using quantum confinement effects via creating graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) with a width of

• integer). This form of classification is based on the relation between the magnitude of the energy gap and the width of the AGNRs. The quantum confinement effect alters the bandgap energy in these nanostructures, which decreases with the increase of AGNR width (within each group). A comparison of the

• is around 300,000 cm−1, which is larger than that of GNRs. By comparing the absorption spectra of GNRs and GNMs, it can be concluded that when the ribbon width is increased and, thus, the effect of quantum confinement is reduced, the spectra approach the absorption spectrum of graphene. The same

Simulations of the 2D self-assembly of tripod-shaped building blocks

• Łukasz Baran,
• Wojciech Rżysko and
• Edyta Słyk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 884–890, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.73

• a confinement template to initiate chemical reactions. It can be thought of as an extension of heterogenous catalysis where the initial precursors, the intermediate state, and the final supramolecular network all remain in an adsorbed state. Complex self-assembled structures are essential for many

Key for crossing the BBB with nanoparticles: the rational design

• Sonia M. Lombardo,
• Marc Schneider,
• Akif E. Türeli and
• Nazende Günday Türeli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 866–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.72

• administration compared to the intravenous and the intraperitoneal route, without inducing any acute inflammatory reaction in the lungs. The mechanism behind this increased brain confinement are not well understood. However, the authors concluded that pulmonary administration seemed to be a feasible strategy for

Integrated photonics multi-waveguide devices for optical trapping and Raman spectroscopy: design, fabrication and performance demonstration

• Gyllion B. Loozen,
• Arnica Karuna,
• Mohammad M. R. Fanood,
• Erik Schreuder and
• Jacob Caro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 829–842, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.68

• . This hopping is visible by eye in the camera image and can be seen for a 3 μm bead in the 2-waveguide device in Supporting Information File 4. With increasing Pfib the local traps becomes stronger, resulting in stronger confinement of the Brownian motion of a bead in the local trapping potential. For

Light–matter interactions in two-dimensional layered WSe₂ for gauging evolution of phonon dynamics

• Avra S. Bandyopadhyay,
• Chandan Biswas and
• Anupama B. Kaul

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 782–797, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.63

• variation with geometrical confinement in some TMDCs has been studied recently [7]. Monolayer (1L) TMDCs consist of a plane of a transition metal, M, sandwiched by chalcogenides, X, on either side to yield the stoichiometry MX2 [8]. The interlayer bonding in most ML TMDCs is through the weak van der Waals

• electric filed [18]. Similarly, the Raman linewidths in graphene are found to increase with defects resulting from electron–impurity and electron–phonon scattering [19]. Moreover, the Raman linewidth broadening is also attributed to the confinement of the optical phonons. Specifically, in the case of low

Hexagonal boron nitride: a review of the emerging material platform for single-photon sources and the spin–photon interface

• Stefania Castelletto,
• Faraz A. Inam,
• Shin-ichiro Sato and
• Alberto Boretti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 740–769, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.61

Effect of substitutional defects on resonant tunneling diodes based on armchair graphene and boron nitride nanoribbons lateral heterojunctions

• Majid Sanaeepur

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 688–694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.56

• between two potential barriers, forming a so-called double-barrier quantum well structure. In the well, the energy of the electrons is quantized due to the quantum confinement of their wave function. Incident electrons with energies equal to the quantized levels of the well pass through the barriers with

Soybean-derived blue photoluminescent carbon dots

• Shanshan Wang,
• Wei Sun,
• Dong-sheng Yang and
• Fuqian Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 606–619, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.48

• synthesized from glassy carbon [16], graphite [26], polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) [27], and a graphite–cement mixture [6] via LAL in various liquids. In general, there are three major mechanisms contributing to the photoluminescence (PL) of CDs: 1) size-dependent bandgap (quantum confinement), 2) surface

• CDs (surface state), and 3) the quantum confinement effect (size dependence). From Figure 2, we note that the average particle size of the CDs is 11.02 ± 3.29 and 9.57 ± 0.99 nm for the HTC-CDs and LA-CDs-10%, respectively, and the average particle size of the annealed-CDs is 3.89 ± 0.65 nm. There is

• (quantum confinement effect) is negligible. The PL characteristics of the soybean-derived CDs are dependent on the domain size in CDs (molecular state) and the functional groups on the surface of CDs (surface state). Table 2 summarizes the PL characteristics of the HTC-CDs, annealed-CDs and LA-CDs-10

Luminescent gold nanoclusters for bioimaging applications

• Nonappa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 533–546, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.42

• ) such as CdSe, CdTe, CdS, ZnS, ZnSe, PbS and PbSe have widely been studied as luminescent nanomaterials [24][25]. This is attributed to the possibilities to tune their size, surface functionalities, quantum confinement and high quantum yield (60–90%) [26][27]. Importantly, SCQDs display a broad spectrum

• quantum confinement, and the evolution of continuous or quasicontinuous bands (of bulk gold) into discrete electronic states [40]. Another attractive property of AuNCs is photoluminescence (PL), a phenomenon that is much less understood than the surface plasmon resonance of plasmonic gold nanoparticles

Formation of nanoripples on ZnO flat substrates and nanorods by gas cluster ion bombardment

• Xiaomei Zeng,
• Vasiliy Pelenovich,
• Bin Xing,
• Rakhim Rakhimov,
• Wenbin Zuo,
• Alexander Tolstogouzov,
• Chuansheng Liu,
• Dejun Fu and
• Xiangheng Xiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 383–390, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.29

• parallel steps or ribs. The more ordered ripple formation on nanorods can be associated with the confinement of the nanorod facets in comparison with the quasi-infinite surface of the flat substrates. Keywords: cluster ion bombardment; gas cluster ion beam; surface ripples; ZnO nanorods; Introduction The

• observed if the ripple wavelength is comparable to the characteristic size of the area under irradiation, i.e., when such an area is laterally confined. The role of surface lateral confinement in the ordering of the ripples can be discussed also from another point of view. Carter et al. have found that

• needles with a few tens of ripples [26]. Hence, a correlation between the ordering effect of the ripples and lateral confinement of the nanorod facet needs to be proposed. The influence of the confinement on the ripple formation can be explained as follows. It is known that during crater formation the

Brome mosaic virus-like particles as siRNA nanocarriers for biomedical purposes

• Alfredo Nuñez-Rivera,
• Pierrick G. J. Fournier,
• Danna L. Arellano,
• Ana G. Rodriguez-Hernandez,
• Rafael Vazquez-Duhalt and
• Ruben D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 372–382, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.28

• molecules in the T = 3 capsid (180 CP molecules). Thus, the siRNA confinement in BMV-VLPs is 10 times higher than that reported for CCMV VLPs [32]. Considering that siRNA has 42 e− charges, there are 2,772 negative charges inside of the VLP, which is in agreement with the average of negative charges in the

An advanced structural characterization of templated meso-macroporous carbon monoliths by small- and wide-angle scattering techniques

• Felix M. Badaczewski,
• Marc O. Loeh,
• Torben Pfaff,
• Dirk Wallacher,
• Daniel Clemens and
• Bernd M. Smarsly

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 310–322, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.23

• resin- and pitch-based samples treated at 3000 °C show no general (hkl) reflections as expected for graphite, while the non-templated precursors are converted to graphite at this temperature. This absence of 3D order can be attributed to the confinement and the nanostructure, which hinder the

• counterintuitive as pitches belong to the carbon materials that usually transform readily into graphite. This inhibition of graphite formation is probably due to the confinement effect of the nanostructure imposed by the nanoscale porosity. The structural alterations on the nanometer scale are depicted in Figure 8

Liquid crystal tunable claddings for polymer integrated optical waveguides

• José M. Otón,
• Manuel Caño-García,
• Fernando Gordo,
• Eva Otón,
• Morten A. Geday and
• Xabier Quintana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2163–2170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.209

• shows up is where N is the number of maxima in the pattern. Through modifying the characteristic length by switching the LC cladding, several tunable devices can be prepared. Since modes are characterized by a particular degree of confinement, every mode will be affected differently by a change in the

• the confinement of the modes illustrated on the right of Figure 5. The top inset, corresponding to neff = 1.548, shows two leaky modes (actually they reach beyond the boundaries of the calculation). In other words, the refractive index of the cladding is too close to the refractive index of the core

• configuration. The outputs are shown in the inset below (the actual power distribution is about 95:5, but the picture is saturated). LC-cladding of inorganic core MMIs Confinement of radiation can also be achieved through increasing the core refractive index. Hence, calculations have been performed using an

Review of advanced sensor devices employing nanoarchitectonics concepts

• Katsuhiko Ariga,
• Tatsuyuki Makita,
• Masato Ito,
• Taizo Mori,
• Shun Watanabe and
• Jun Takeya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2014–2030, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.198

• alkyl chains. Long-range ordered π-conjugated columns in densely packed arrays of the pentathiophene core confine charge carrier transport to one direction. The charge generation and transport can be effectively maximized by this carrier transport confinement. The fabricated field-effect transistor

Pulsed laser synthesis of highly active Ag–Rh and Ag–Pt antenna–reactor-type plasmonic catalysts

• Kenneth A. Kane and
• Massimo F. Bertino

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1958–1963, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.192

• excitation is the direct confinement of light near the surface of the metal NP in the form of elevated electric fields [1]. The confinement amplifies absorption (electron–hole pair excitation) and photon scattering, both of which are photophysical processes [2][3][4][5]. For isolated NPs, the amplification

Oblique angle deposition of nickel thin films by high-power impulse magnetron sputtering

• Hamidreza Hajihoseini,
• Movaffaq Kateb,
• Snorri Þorgeir Ingvarsson and
• Jon Tomas Gudmundsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1914–1921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.186

• ferromagnetic materials are difficult to sputter with conventional dc magnetron sputtering since a portion of the magnetic flux is shunted by the magnetic target, thus decreasing the electron confinement, which results in low plasma density and low deposition rate. On the other hand, it has been demonstrated