Energy-level alignment at interfaces between manganese phthalocyanine and C₆₀

• Daniel Waas,
• Florian Rückerl,
• Martin Knupfer and
• Bernd Büchner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 927–932, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.94

• the interfaces, which is disadvantageous for applications in organic solar cells. Experimental We have carried out valence-band and core-level photoelectron spectroscopy studies of MnPc/C60 interfaces at room temperature. The preparation and the analysis chamber had a base pressure of about 3·10−10

• mbar. For the measurements an X-ray tube XR-50-M with a monochromator Focus-500, a gas-discharge lamp UVS-300 and a hemispherical electron-energy analyzer PHOIBOS-150 (SPECS) were used. The energy scales were calibrated with the Au 4f7/2 core level emission feature of the substrate at 84.0 eV binding

• investigations a pre-cleaned Au(100) crystal, controlled by core-level PES spectra, was used as a substrate, on which the MnPc/C60 heterojunctions were prepared. The fullerene and manganese phthalocyanine films were grown step by step at room temperature via evaporation of the two materials from home-built

Gas sensing properties of MWCNT layers electrochemically decorated with Au and Pd nanoparticles

• Elena Dilonardo,
• Michele Penza,
• Marco Alvisi,
• Riccardo Rossi,
• Gennaro Cassano,
• Cinzia Di Franco,
• Francesco Palmisano,
• Luisa Torsi and
• Nicola Cioffi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 592–603, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.64

• detection in environmental monitoring. TEM images of electrochemically synthesized core–shell A) Au NPs and B) Pd NPs. Schematic view of the two-pole chemiresistor based on a MWCNT network functionalized with metal NPs. XPS core level spectrum of A) Au 4f and B) Pd 3d on functionalized MWCNTs. SEM images of

Impact of air exposure and annealing on the chemical and electronic properties of the surface of SnO₂ nanolayers deposited by rheotaxial growth and vacuum oxidation

• Monika Kwoka and
• Maciej Krzywiecki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 514–521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.55

• set to 80 eV for the survey spectra and 10 eV for recording the individual core-level spectra. The binding energy (BE) scale of recorded spectra was calibrated to the Au 4f7/2 (84.0 eV [18]) peak. XPS data were analyzed by curve fitting using the CASA® XPS software. The estimated uncertainty in

• samples. This effect was found to be fully reversible during UHV annealing. The last effect is of significant importance for application of SnO2 nanolayers in resistive sensors and the prediction of their recovery behavior. XPS survey spectra with the main core-level lines of RGVO SnO2 nanolayers

Study of the surface properties of ZnO nanocolumns used for thin-film solar cells

• Neda Neykova,
• Jiri Stuchlik,
• Karel Hruska,
• Ales Poruba,
• Zdenek Remes and
• Ognen Pop-Georgievski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 446–451, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.48

• −7 Pa. The data acquisition and processing were performed using the Thermo Avantage software. All samples were analyzed using a microfocused, monochromated Al Kα X-ray radiation (400 µm spot size) with a pass energy of 150 eV for survey and 50 eV for high-resolution core level spectra. The X-ray

• influence of the optical scattering, which is important in the case of ZnO nanocolumns for which the transmittance spectra are significantly deteriorated by optical scattering. Cross-sectional (a) and top (b) view of densely packed ZnO NCs grown at 90 °C for 180 min (scale bar: 500 nm). High-resolution core

• -level Zn 2p and O 1s XPS spectra of pristine (A) ZnO NCs and ZnO NCs after 25 min treatment in (B) H- and (C) O-plasmas. Measured spectra are presented with black lines, while their corresponding fitted envelopes are presented in red. The individual contributions of different functional groups present

Nitrogen-doped twisted graphene grown on copper by atmospheric pressure CVD from a decane precursor

• Ivan V. Komissarov,
• Nikolai G. Kovalchuk,
• Vladimir A. Labunov,
• Ksenia V. Girel,
• Olga V. Korolik,
• Mikhail S. Tivanov,
• Algirdas Lazauskas,
• Mindaugas Andrulevičius,
• Tomas Tamulevičius,
• Viktoras Grigaliūnas,
• Šarunas Meškinis,
• Sigitas Tamulevičius and
• Serghej L. Prischepa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 145–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.15

• main core level peaks for carbon, nitrogen, silicon and oxygen are indicated. It is important to note that due to the small thickness of the samples, the contribution from the substrate in the form of strong silicon and oxygen signals was detected. The presence of the nitrogen 1s core level in the XPS

• survey spectrum could be caused either by adsorption or/and incorporation of nitrogen into graphene with the formation of C–N bonds. These bonds affect the shape and position of the carbon 1s response. Figure 9a and Figure 9b present the C1s core level for samples A and B, correspondingly. The

• ) of the C1s core level, centered at 284.63 eV and 284.65 eV for samples A and B, respectively, is slightly up-shifted compare to the dominant one, and could be attributed to the existence of sp3C bonds [39][40]. Finally, the third peak, indicated by a green line, with the characteristic energy of

Fundamental properties of high-quality carbon nanofoam: from low to high density

• Natalie Frese,
• Shelby Taylor Mitchell,
• Christof Neumann,
• Amanda Bowers,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Klaus Sattler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2065–2073, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.197

• surface sensitive due to the small inelastic mean free path of the photoelectrons. With XPS, bond information can also be obtained since the core level energies are affected by the chemical environment of the atoms. For example, for carbon atoms, bonds such as C–C, C=C, C–O, and C=O can be distinguished

Effect of Anderson localization on light emission from gold nanoparticle aggregates

• Mohamed H. Abdellatif,
• Marco Salerno,
• Gaser N. Abdelrasoul,
• Ioannis Liakos,
• Alice Scarpellini,
• Sergio Marras and
• Alberto Diaspro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2013–2022, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.192

• difference for the 4f7/2 core level of 0.06 eV, and for the core level 4f5/2 of 0.14 eV. These differences are attributed to the different coordination number induced by the geometrical factors of the aggregates [17], i.e., their likely different aggregation density. The geometrical factors determine the

• decay, allowing for the detection of the different lifetimes. The shift in the binding energy of Au for the core level 4f7/2 and 4f5/2 from the bulk value of the AuNP aggregates was measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) performed using an electron spectrometer (Lab2, Specs, Berlin, Germany

Surface roughness rather than surface chemistry essentially affects insect adhesion

• Matt W. England,
• Tomoya Sato,
• Makoto Yagihashi,
• Atsushi Hozumi,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Elena V. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1471–1479, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.139

• operated at 50 W and 15 kV with the pass energy of the analyzer at 29.35 eV. The pressure in the analysis chamber was around 6 × 10−9 Pa during all measurements. Core-level signals were obtained at a photoelectron takeoff angle of 15° (surface-sensitive mode) with respect to the sample surface. The binding

• energy (BE) scales were referenced to 284.6 eV, as determined by the locations of the peak maxima of the C 1s spectra of a hydrocarbon (CHx). Surface compositions were determined by the corresponding core-level spectral area ratios, calculated using the relative sensitivity factor method. The relative

Microwave synthesis of high-quality and uniform 4 nm ZnFe₂O₄ nanocrystals for application in energy storage and nanomagnetics

• Christian Suchomski,
• Ben Breitung,
• Ralf Witte,
• Michael Knapp,
• Sondes Bauer,
• Tilo Baumbach,
• Christian Reitz and
• Torsten Brezesinski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1350–1360, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.126

• photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Figure 3a–c presents detailed XPS spectra of the Fe 2p, O 1s and C 1s core level regions. The Fe 2p spectrum shows a single doublet with strong satellite peaks around 8 eV higher in binding energy than the main peaks. This result is characteristic of

Case studies on the formation of chalcogenide self-assembled monolayers on surfaces and dissociative processes

• Yongfeng Tong,
• Tingming Jiang,
• Azzedine Bendounan,
• Makri Nimbegondi Kotresh Harish,
• Angelo Giglia,
• Stefan Kubsky,
• Fausto Sirotti,
• Luca Pasquali,
• Srinivasan Sampath and
• Vladimir A. Esaulov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 263–277, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.24

• species. It should be noted that in many cases the conclusions of the above mentioned investigations of dissociation processes in thiol self-assembly rely on the knowledge of the characteristic S 2p core level binding energies (CLBEs) for atomic S adsorption and the thiolate sulfur. These are usually

3D solid supported inter-polyelectrolyte complexes obtained by the alternate deposition of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) and poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate)

• Eduardo Guzmán,
• Armando Maestro,
• Sara Llamas,
• Jesús Álvarez-Rodríguez,
• Francisco Ortega,
• Ángel Maroto-Valiente and
• Ramón G. Rubio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 197–208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.18

• depth equal to the cosine of the angle between the surface normal and the analysis direction. Data analysis of core level XPS spectra was conducted with Casa-XPS software, Relative sensitivity factors (RSF) employed: C 1s (1); Cl 2p (1.48); N 1s (1.77); Na 1s (7.99); O 1s (2.85); and S 2p (1.25

Plasma fluorination of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes: functionalization and thermal stability

• Claudia Struzzi,
• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Axel Hemberg,
• Luca Petaccia,
• Jean-François Colomer,
• Rony Snyders and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2263–2271, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.232

• carbon lattice when the sample is thermally heated, as verified by the disappearance of this low binding energy component. In Figure 1b,c we report the experimental data (black dots) related to F 1s and O 1s core level regions together with the fitting components used. The overall asymmetric lineshapes

• °C, we observed that the intensity of the components in the C 1s spectrum related to multiple fluorinated carbon decreased, where a similar effect was observed in the F 1s core level spectrum for the component at 688.7 eV. This occurs concurrent with the desorption of adsorbed fluorine represented by

• at %, [O] = 2 at %) as a reference. Upon heating, the fluorine-containing species desorb (red symbols), explaining the decrease in the F 1s core level intensity. At 540 °C, the fluorine concentration decreases to 0.5 at %, indicating that almost all fluorine atoms desorb from the carbon nanotube

Core-level spectra and molecular deformation in adsorption: V-shaped pentacene on Al(001)

• Anu Baby,
• He Lin,
• Gian Paolo Brivio,
• Luca Floreano and
• Guido Fratesi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2242–2251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.230

• (also compare with Table 2 below). This point is relevant in explaining the NEXAFS features in the following. XPS To understand the XPS features we connect the calculated core level shifts (CLS) to the screening charge of the system. The CLS are computed as the difference between the total energy of the

• system in the presence of a full core hole on the different non-equivalent C atoms and its weighted average taking into account their multiplicity. In Figure 4 we plot the core level C 1s photoemission spectra (XPS) obtained by experiment, and by simulations for free undistorted pentacene and pentacene

• and increases that of C1 in agreement with a reduction in the difference between their core level binding energies thereby determining a narrower spectrum for B site adsorption as seen in Figure 4c and compensating the effects of electron transfer. NEXAFS We wish now to relate the simulated NEXAFS

Statistics of work and orthogonality catastrophe in discrete level systems: an application to fullerene molecules and ultra-cold trapped Fermi gases

• Antonello Sindona,
• Michele Pisarra,
• Mario Gravina,
• Cristian Vacacela Gomez,
• Pierfrancesco Riccardi,
• Giovanni Falcone and
• Francesco Plastina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 755–766, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.78

• initial unperturbed one, as the number of particles approaches the thermodynamic limit. This orthogonality catastrophe predicted by Anderson [5] was first witnessed by the anomalous response of conduction electrons to core level ionization through X-ray absorption, and the subsequent emission of a core

• electron from simple metals [6][7]. The corresponding kinetic energy spectrum was observed to have an asymmetric peak at the binding energy of the core level with a power-law singularity, which has then become known as the Fermi edge singularity [7]. Similar patterns were afterwards identified in a large

• number of core-ionized systems [8][9], including organic molecules [10] and carbon-based nanomaterials [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19], where an additional signature of the Anderson orthogonality catastrophe are the secondary peaks, or shake-up satellites, in the core level spectra. Despite the

Self-assembled anchor layers/polysaccharide coatings on titanium surfaces: a study of functionalization and stability

• Ognen Pop-Georgievski,
• Dana Kubies,
• Josef Zemek,
• Neda Neykova,
• Roman Demianchuk,
• Eliška Mázl Chánová,
• Miroslav Šlouf,
• Milan Houska and
• František Rypáček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 617–631, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.63

• performed on a Quanta 200 FEG (FEI, Czech Republic) microscope. All micrographs presented are secondary electron images taken under high vacuum using an accelerating voltage of 30 kV. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS): The core-level photoelectron spectra were recorded using an angle-resolved

Palladium nanoparticles anchored to anatase TiO₂ for enhanced surface plasmon resonance-stimulated, visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity

• Kah Hon Leong,
• Hong Ye Chu,
• Shaliza Ibrahim and
• Pichiah Saravanan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 428–437, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.43

• –desorption isotherm of 0.5 wt % Pd/TiO2 and the inset is the pore size distribution. Core level XPS spectra of a) Ti 2p and b) Pd 3d of 0.5 wt % Pd/TiO2. UV–vis absorption spectra of a) TiO2, b) 3.0 wt % Pd/TiO2, c) 0.5 wt % Pd/TiO2 and d) 1.0 wt % Pd/TiO2. Photoluminescence spectra of a) TiO2, b) 0.5 wt

Influence of size, shape and core–shell interface on surface plasmon resonance in Ag and Ag@MgO nanoparticle films deposited on Si/SiO_x

• Sergio D’Addato,
• Daniele Pinotti,
• Maria Chiara Spadaro,
• Guido Paolicelli,
• Vincenzo Grillo,
• Sergio Valeri,
• Luca Pasquali,
• Luca Bergamini and
• Stefano Corni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 404–413, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.40

• on Si/SiOx substrates in O2 atmosphere in order to form UV–vis transparent oxide shells around the Ag nanocluster cores and to investigate their effect on the morphological and optical properties. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis after deposition in vacuum revealed that the Ag 3d core level

• deposition chamber. A value tSiOx ≈ 0.5 nm for the oxide layer thickness was estimated from XPS analysis of the Si 2p core level peaks. As previously reported in the works on different NP films [22][23][24], SEM images were taken with a dual beam system (FEI Strata DB235M), while TEM and STEM–HAADF mode

Oxygen-plasma-modified biomimetic nanofibrous scaffolds for enhanced compatibility of cardiovascular implants

• Anna Maria Pappa,
• Varvara Karagkiozaki,
• Silke Krol,
• Spyros Kassavetis,
• Dimitris Konstantinou,
• Charalampos Pitsalidis,
• Lazaros Tzounis,
• Nikos Pliatsikas and
• Stergios Logothetidis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 254–262, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.24

• chemical bonds at the untreated as well as the treated surfaces. Notably, a significant deterioration of the chemical structure was observed in the case of increased plasma power treatment, in which a complete alteration of the C 1s core level peaks is observed. This effect can be presumably attributed to

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of graphitic carbon nanomaterials doped with heteroatoms

• Toma Susi,
• Thomas Pichler and
• Paola Ayala

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 177–192, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.17

• nanomaterials, and a reference for their binding energies that are vital for compositional analysis via XPS. Keywords: carbon nanotubes; core level photoemission; graphene; substitutional doping; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS); Introduction Graphitic carbon nanomaterials consist of carbon bonded via

• way to the surface, contributing to a continuous photoemission intensity background (extrinsic effects). Following the above division of the photoemission process, two types of methodologies can be applied for calculating the core level binding energies: the so-called initial and final state methods

• the electronic structure of the system is relaxed in its presence. The core level binding energy is then computed from the total energy difference between a calculation with the core hole and a ground state calculation. More advanced methods aimed at directly simulating the dynamical screening of the

Two-dimensional and tubular structures of misfit compounds: Structural and electronic properties

• Tommy Lorenz,
• Jan-Ole Joswig and
• Gotthard Seifert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2171–2178, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.226

• can be seen as an extension of Ohno’s work [12][35], which was limited to the valence bands and has been discussed above. They showed that tin and lead are divalent in compounds of the structure (MX)1+yTMX2 due to the fact that the core-level binding energies of these elements do not differ in either

• the misfit compounds or the isolates systems (SnS, PbS). If a (small) charge transfer took place, the core-level energies of the TM atoms in the TMS2 sublayer would have stayed nearly constant. Experimentally, this shift in binding energy was not observed for the 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p levels of Ti, the 3s

PVP-coated, negatively charged silver nanoparticles: A multi-center study of their physicochemical characteristics, cell culture and in vivo experiments

• Sebastian Ahlberg,
• Alexandra Antonopulos,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Ralf Dringen,
• Matthias Epple,
• Rebekka Flöck,
• Wolfgang Goedecke,
• Christina Graf,
• Nadine Haberl,
• Jens Helmlinger,
• Fabian Herzog,
• Frederike Heuer,
• Stephanie Hirn,
• Christian Johannes,
• Stefanie Kittler,
• Manfred Köller,
• Katrin Korn,
• Wolfgang G. Kreyling,
• Fritz Krombach,
• Jürgen Lademann,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Eva M. Luther,
• Marcelina Malissek,
• Martina C. Meinke,
• Daniel Nordmeyer,
• Anne Pailliart,
• Jörg Raabe,
• Fiorenza Rancan,
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser,
• Eckart Rühl,
• Carsten Schleh,
• Andreas Seibel,
• Christina Sengstock,
• Lennart Treuel,
• Annika Vogt,
• Katrin Weber and
• Reinhard Zellner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1944–1965, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.205

• raster-scanned while the intensity of transmitted X-rays is recorded so that two-dimensional images are obtained. Besides a high spatial resolution (15 nm), X-ray microscopy provides a chemical contrast because of the strong variation of the absorption cross section in core level absorption. This also

Cathode lens spectromicroscopy: methodology and applications

• T. O. Menteş,
• G. Zamborlini,
• A. Sala and
• A. Locatelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1873–1886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.198

• available in most laboratories presents a limitation, as the information on surface chemistry is available in core-level electronic transitions, which are only accessible by using higher photon energies from few tens of electronvolts to above 1 keV. By providing tunable high-brightness X-ray beams

• estimated to be 101 meV. The experimental energy resolution of the SPELEEM was measured from the W 4f core level of the clean W(110) surface. The dispersive plane spectrum and the corresponding Doniach–Šunjić fit are displayed in Figure 6 [32]. The resulting full-width half-maximum of the Gaussian

• micrometer-sized Fe3O4 islands on a FeO wetting layer. The combination of spatially-resolved XPS and XAS spectra, along with μ-LEED patterns, allowed the unequivocal identification of the specific iron-oxide phases. From the screening of substrate core-level photoelectrons, the thickness of the micrometer

Controlling the dispersion of supported polyoxometalate heterogeneous catalysts: impact of hybridization and the role of hydrophilicity–hydrophobicity balance and supramolecularity

• Gijo Raj,
• Colas Swalus,
• Eglantine Arendt,
• Pierre Eloy,
• Michel Devillers and
• Eric M. Gaigneaux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1749–1759, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.185

• levels were identified for the DODA hybrids formed from Keggin and WD POMs, respectively (Figure 7). In the case of DODA–Keggin POM hybrids deposited on mica, the W 4f doublet is partially overlapped with an additional peak at 33 eV, corresponding to the 3s core level of potassium (K), present on the

Gas sensing with gold-decorated vertically aligned carbon nanotubes

• Prasantha R. Mudimela,
• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Oriol González-León,
• Nicolas Reckinger,
• Rony Snyders,
• Eduard Llobet,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Jean-François Colomer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 910–918, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.104

• components at binding energy of 84.0 eV (4f7/2) and 87.6 eV (4f5/2), the 4d doublet at 335.1 eV (4d5/2) and 353.2 eV (4d3/2) and the component 4p3/2 at 546.3 eV of the 4p doublet. The C 1s core level spectrum is the best monitor of the chemical changes onto the CNTs surface. Figure 7a presents the C 1s core

• confirmed by the defects imaged by HR-TEM (Figure 3) and by the D band measured by Raman (Figure 4); the peak at 290.4 eV corresponds to the electron energy loss peak due to π-plasmon excitations. These three peaks are characteristics of C 1s core level from CNTs [28]. The additional small peak (relative

• area of 5%) at 286.4 eV is due to the presence of oxygen [29]. The low intensity of the components related to defects and the presence of oxygen indicates that the sp2 structure is preserved. Figure 7b presents the Au 4f core level spectrum used as a reference to align the binding energies. It can be

CoPc and CoPcF₁₆ on gold: Site-specific charge-transfer processes

• Fotini Petraki,
• Heiko Peisert,
• Johannes Uihlein,
• Umut Aygül and
• Thomas Chassé

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 524–531, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.61

• interface energetics for CoPc and CoPcF16 on Au. Combined XPS and XAES measurements allow for the separation of chemical shifts based on different local charges at the considered atom caused by polarization effects. This facilitates a detailed discussion of energetic shifts of core level spectra. The data

• mechanism [13][20]. The aim of the present work is a more comprehensive study of the interfacial charge transfer between CoPc or CoPcF16 and metals by using core level X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray excited Auger electron spectroscopy (XAES), valence band ultraviolet photoemission

• of molecular levels at the interface (see, e.g., [21]). Results and Discussion Charge transfer to the central metal atom of the Pc First we discuss Co 2p3/2 XPS core level spectra of CoPcF16 on polycrystalline Au as a function of the film thickness (Figure 1). The spectra on single crystalline Au(100