Hierarchically patterned polyurethane microgrooves featuring nanopillars or nanoholes for neurite elongation and alignment

• Lester Uy Vinzons,
• Guo-Chung Dong and
• Shu-Ping Lin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1157–1168, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.96

• nanopillar array on an SU-8 film (Figure 1A(i) and (ii)). SU-8 generates a strong acid in UV-exposed areas, which, in turn, undergo acid-initiated crosslinking during the post-exposure baking step [18]. However, we found that the subsequent formation of a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) inverse mold from the SU

• further crosslinking the SU-8 (Figure 1A(iv)). This enabled the release of the PDMS film without breakage of the nanopillars (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1D). Application of NLL on the positive photoresist AZ1518 allowed for the formation of a nanohole array (Figure 1A(v)). AZ1518 contains a

Elasticity, an often-overseen parameter in the development of nanoscale drug delivery systems

• Agnes-Valencia Weiss and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1149–1156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.95

• variable elasticity were prepared by immersing mesoporous silica nanoparticles in carboxybetaine methacrylate (CBMA) and crosslinking those with different amounts of carboxybetaine dimethacrylate (CBMAX). Particles with Young’s moduli between 4.5 and 162 MPa (measured in air) were obtained. By measuring

Recognition mechanisms of hemoglobin particles by monocytes – CD163 may just be one

• Jonathan-Gabriel Nimz,
• Pichayut Rerkshanandana,
• Chiraphat Kloypan,
• Ulrich Kalus,
• Saranya Chaiwaree,
• Axel Pruß,
• Radostina Georgieva,
• Yu Xiong and
• Hans Bäumler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1028–1040, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.85

• HBOCs have been devised. Crosslinking of different Hb chains, polymerization of Hb molecules [16][17][18], surface modification [19], and techniques for encapsulation [20][21] already brought us somewhat closer towards a safe use of HBOCs [22]. However, a persistent problem is the severely limited

• scavenging and consecutive increase in peripheral vascular resistance. Whether binding between cell surface proteins and Hb/HBOC can occur, and how high the corresponding affinity is, probably depends on modifications made to Hb. Intramolecular crosslinking has an impact, depending on whether the binding

• coprecipitation–crosslinking–dissolution (CCD) are promising as HBOCs. CCD provides particles that are malleable and show a consistent morphology and narrow size distribution, as well as a negative zeta potential [19][31][32][33]. It could be shown that neither NO scavenging nor vasoconstriction can be detected

Nanoarchitectonics to entrap living cells in silica-based systems: encapsulations with yolk–shell and sepiolite nanomaterials

• Celia Martín-Morales,
• Jorge Fernández-Méndez,
• Pilar Aranda and
• Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 522–534, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.43

• –biopolymer were assayed. In the case of sepiolite–alginate beads, after homogeneous dispersion, the mixture was introduced into a syringe and slowly introduced dropwise into a calcium bath (CaCl2·2H2O, 6% w/v) to form small alginate droplets that hardened via crosslinking the alginate chains with the calcium

Conjugated photothermal materials and structure design for solar steam generation

• Chia-Yang Lin and
• Tsuyoshi Michinobu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 454–466, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.36

• scattering. After crosslinking PANI, the porous hydrogel sample exhibited a broader and stronger absorption (98.5%) than the pure PEGDA sample, especially in the visible and near-infrared regions. Polydopamine: Polydopamine (PDA) has shown great potential in the field of solar-driven desalination due to its

Structural, optical, and bioimaging characterization of carbon quantum dots solvothermally synthesized from o-phenylenediamine

• Zoran M. Marković,
• Milica D. Budimir,
• Martin Danko,
• Dušan D. Milivojević,
• Pavel Kubat,
• Danica Z. Zmejkoski,
• Vladimir B. Pavlović,
• Marija M. Mojsin,
• Milena J. Stevanović and
• Biljana M. Todorović Marković

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 165–174, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.17

• n–π* transition of C=O whereas a very wide band at 585 nm stems from surface states of the CQDs. All of these peaks can be identified also in the UV–vis spectrum of pure CQDs as well, but when the CQDs are encapsulated inside the polymer matrix, these peaks are redshifted because of the crosslinking

Microneedle-based ocular drug delivery systems – recent advances and challenges

• Piotr Gadziński,
• Anna Froelich,
• Monika Wojtyłko,
• Antoni Białek,
• Julia Krysztofiak and
• Tomasz Osmałek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1167–1184, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.98

• through adjusting the polymer crosslinking ratio [147]. Moreover, the polymers usually employed in this type of formulation are biocompatible, which decreases the toxicity risk [144]. 2.2 Microneedle manufacturing methods The selection of a manufacturing technique should take into account the intended use

Interaction between honeybee mandibles and propolis

• Leonie Saccardi,
• Franz Brümmer,
• Jonas Schiebl,
• Oliver Schwarz,
• Alexander Kovalev and
• Stanislav Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 958–974, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.84

• mandibles is particularly strong due to bonding of long chitin chains and sclerotization (crosslinking of proteins in the cuticle) [6]. Foraging and handling of propolis Worker bees exhibit a division of labour based on age (polyethism) [9] in which duties such as brood rearing are usually performed by

Bioselectivity of silk protein-based materials and their bio-inspired applications

• Hendrik Bargel,
• Vanessa T. Trossmann,
• Christoph Sommer and
• Thomas Scheibel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 902–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.81

Solar-light-driven LaFe_xNi_1−xO₃ perovskite oxides for photocatalytic Fenton-like reaction to degrade organic pollutants

• Chao-Wei Huang,
• Shu-Yu Hsu,
• Jun-Han Lin,
• Yun Jhou,
• Wei-Yu Chen,
• Kun-Yi Andrew Lin,
• Yu-Tang Lin and
• Van-Huy Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 882–895, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.79

• (≥98.0%, TC, C22H24N2O8), were provided from Sigma-Aldrich. Commercial tungsten oxide (99.8%, WO3) was bought from Alfa Aesar. Synthesis of LaFexNi1−xO3 The LaFexNi1−xO3 catalysts were synthesized via the sol–gel method with citric acid crosslinking reaction, followed by self-propagating high-temperature

Gelatin nanoparticles with tunable mechanical properties: effect of crosslinking time and loading

• Agnes-Valencia Weiss,
• Daniel Schorr,
• Julia K. Metz,
• Metin Yildirim,
• Saeed Ahmad Khan and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 778–787, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.68

• nanoparticles (GNPs). Furthermore, we introduce the possibility of tuning the elastic properties of gelatin nanoparticles during their preparation through crosslinking time. Young’s moduli from 5.48 to 14.26 MPa have been obtained. Additionally, the possibility to measure the elasticity of single nanoparticles

• revealed the influence of loading a macromolecular model drug (FITC-dextran) on the mechanical properties, which decreased with raising amounts of loaded drug. Loaded particles were significantly softer, with Young’s moduli between 1.06 and 5.79 MPa for the same crosslinking time, than the blank GNPs. In

• ]. Contrarily, nanoparticles composed of a lipid bilayer with cores of different crosslinking extent showed higher uptake of softer particles in MCF-7 cells, which was thought to be due to a melting process of particles with the cell membrane that consumed less energy than endocytosis [8]. Regarding the in vivo

Stimuli-responsive polypeptide nanogels for trypsin inhibition

• Petr Šálek,
• Jana Dvořáková,
• Sviatoslav Hladysh,
• Diana Oleshchuk,
• Ewa Pavlova,
• Jan Kučka and
• Vladimír Proks

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 538–548, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.45

• biocompatible Nα-ʟ-lysine-grafted α,β-poly[(2-propyne)-ᴅ,ʟ-aspartamide-ran-(2-hydroxyethyl)-ᴅʟ-aspartamide-ran-(2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl)-ᴅʟ-aspartamide] (Nα-Lys-NG). Both nanogels were prepared by HRP/H2O2-mediated crosslinking in inverse miniemulsions with pH and temperature-stimuli responsive behavior

• crosslinking in inverse miniemulsion including the synthetics for these polymer precursors [23][24][25]. Our effort resulted in the development of new types of polypeptide nanogels with potential for biological applications [24][25]. In this work, we have designed two types of nanogels from biocompatible and

• biodegradable PHEG-Tyr and biocompatible and non-biodegradable Nα-Lys-NG polypeptide precursors by HRP/H2O2-mediated crosslinking in inverse miniemulsion for the delivery of AAT. Both prepared polypeptide nanogels demonstrate stimuli-responsive behavior under different pH values and temperatures. After

Systematic studies into uniform synthetic protein nanoparticles

• Nahal Habibi,
• Ava Mauser,
• Jeffery E. Raymond and
• Joerg Lahann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 274–283, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.22

• occurred during jetting, with solid SPNPs deposited on the collection plate. Completion of the crosslinking was achieved through SPNP storage at 37 °C for 7 days. Multiple studies have shown that nanoparticle formulation, size, and surface chemistry are not the only factors governing the biological

Self-assembly of amino acids toward functional biomaterials

• Huan Ren,
• Lifang Wu,
• Lina Tan,
• Yanni Bao,
• Yuchen Ma,
• Yong Jin and
• Qianli Zou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1140–1150, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.85

• photothermal therapy. Geniposide is a natural crosslinking agent that provides strong covalent interactions to enhance stability. In addition, they attached disulfide groups to phenylalanine in response to glutathione. The obtained nanoparticles (GDSP) have high stability and can improve the photostability and

An overview of microneedle applications, materials, and fabrication methods

• Zahra Faraji Rad,
• Philip D. Prewett and
• Graham J. Davies

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1034–1046, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.77

• , the exposure to UV light creates bonds through crosslinking whereby the exposed areas become less soluble in the developer [74][85]. In replica-moulding or micromoulding processes, a master (hard) mould is first produced. A liquid polymer solution, like polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), is then deposited

• into the master mould and solidified by raised temperature (thermosetting), cooling, or UV curing to produce crosslinking. It can then be peeled from the master mould, which can be repeatedly reused to produce more replica moulds. To reduce the adhesion of the soft replica mould, the surface of the

Differences in surface chemistry of iron oxide nanoparticles result in different routes of internalization

• Barbora Svitkova,
• Vlasta Zavisova,
• Veronika Nemethova,
• Martina Koneracka,
• Miroslava Kretova,
• Filip Razga,
• Monika Ursinyova and
• Alena Gabelova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 270–281, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.22

• endocytosis (CME). MDC, a competitive inhibitor, blocks the enzyme transglutaminase 2, which is necessary for receptor crosslinking in the region of clathrin-coated pits [48]. Consistent with our results, Rothen-Rutishauser et al. [50] and Francia et al. reported that CPZ was more efficient in blocking

The nanomorphology of cell surfaces of adhered osteoblasts

• Christian Voelkner,
• Mirco Wendt,
• Regina Lange,
• Max Ulbrich,
• Martina Gruening,
• Susanne Staehlke,
• Barbara Nebe,
• Ingo Barke and
• Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 242–256, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.20

• current sensing and motion termination results in a larger error signal on hard materials than on soft materials. Thus, the comparison between ion current error images of living and fixed cells can provide insight into the protein content in the ruffle volume, because fixation leads to crosslinking of

Scanning transmission helium ion microscopy on carbon nanomembranes

• Daniel Emmrich,
• Annalena Wolff,
• Nikolaus Meyerbröker,
• Jörg K. N. Lindner,
• André Beyer and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 222–231, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.18

• molecules (thick CNMs). The electron irradiation leads to a crosslinking of the aromatic molecules and results in an amorphous membrane whose thickness is defined by the initial aromatic layer. CNMs were transferred onto TEM grids (Quantifoil Multi A) using a sacrificial layer of poly(methyl methacrylate

Bulk chemical composition contrast from attractive forces in AFM force spectroscopy

• Dorothee Silbernagl,
• Media Ghasem Zadeh Khorasani,
• Natalia Cano Murillo,
• Anna Maria Elert and
• Heinz Sturm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 58–71, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.5

• resin dissolves PC at elevated temperatures. During curing, when the crosslinking of resin/hardener occurs, the epoxy gradually increases its molecular weight and PC is precipitated into a spherulite structure. This structure makes the PC phase easily distinguishable from the epoxy phase in the spatial

A 3D-polyphenylalanine network inside porous alumina: Synthesis and characterization of an inorganic–organic composite membrane

• Jonathan Stott and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 938–951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.78

• improved by chemical crosslinking of the gel structures [26][27]. A three-dimensional fibrillar network due photo-crosslinking gelation of poly(γ-benzyl-ʟ-glutamate-co-allylglycine) was achieved by Vacogne et al. These authors have demonstrated that the network-like structure remains intact after

• "crosslinking" due to branching and rejoining of fibrillar supramolecular aggregates occurs. Nevertheless "end-to-end" and "side-to-side" interactions of the pBzg-α-helices are essential for the formation of fibrillar networks. Supported hydrogels that were attached to a porous substrate have been reported by

• gas atmosphere followed by three washing steps with fresh toluene followed by drying under argon and under vacuum. Crosslinking of the grafted silanes was performed at 120 °C under vacuum for two hours. Amino-prefunctionalized ALOX-membranes were stored under inert gas atmosphere until use. NH2-ALOX

Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

• . Several crosslinking methods were researched to improve the mechanical strength, lower the permeability of the walls and enhance the stability of electrostatically bound hollow capsules made of weak PEs. The electrostatic assemblies are limited to the use of charged and water soluble polymers that could

• ability to disintegrate at physiological pH makes them more versatile for biomedical applications. Crosslinking and covalent interactions Unlike electrostatic and hydrogen bonding interactions, the covalently linked multilayers provide a more robust way to manipulate permeability, stability and mechanical

• formation of PAA/PAH capsules via EDC crosslinking (Figure 3c) [26]. Similarly, the post crosslinking of PEI/PAA microcapsules via glutaraldehyde (GA) chemistry also resulted in better stability over a wide pH range [53]. These capsules successfully encapsulated dextran (2000 KDa) molecules without any

Molecular architectonics of DNA for functional nanoarchitectures

• Debasis Ghosh,
• Lakshmi P. Datta and
• Thimmaiah Govindaraju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 124–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.11

Outstanding chain-extension effect and high UV resistance of polybutylene succinate containing amino-acid-modified layered double hydroxides

• Adam A. Marek,
• Vincent Verney,
• Christine Taviot-Gueho,
• Grazia Totaro,
• Laura Sisti,
• Annamaria Celli and
• Fabrice Leroux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 684–695, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.68

• and LDH/HIS can result from the heterogeneity of the measured samples. In the case of the PBS nanocomposite with LDH/PHE, which shows the highest extending effect, a further increase in the Newtonian viscosity is observed, probably due to crosslinking reactions. The crosslinking phenomenon in the

Commercial polycarbonate track-etched membranes as substrates for low-cost optical sensors

• Paula Martínez-Pérez and
• Jaime García-Rupérez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 677–683, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.67

• developed by Aran and co-workers [13], the PCTE membrane can be covalently attached to the silicon surface employing (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) as a crosslinking reagent, which would avoid folding or displacement of the membrane during the sensing experiments. When measuring the optical response

Nanocomposite–parylene C thin films with high dielectric constant and low losses for future organic electronic devices

• Marwa Mokni,
• Gianluigi Maggioni,
• Abdelkader Kahouli,
• Sara M. Carturan,
• Walter Raniero and
• Alain Sylvestre

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 428–441, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.42

• crosslinking of the polymer chains thus decreasing the cooperative motion of chains and causing a reduction in the dielectric strength of the β-relaxation. An analogy to β-relaxation can be made by saying that the addition of AgOx nanoparticles behaves as an overall increase in material crystallinity (i.e