Nanocarrier systems loaded with IR780, iron oxide nanoparticles and chlorambucil for cancer theragnostics

• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan-Thang Cao,
• Vy Tran-Anh and
• Hieu Vu Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 180–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.17

• cytoskeleton and chlorambucil (CHL) inhibits DNA synthesis. These drugs can be encapsulated inside nanoparticles for administration to increase the stability of the medication in circulation and therapeutic efficacy. For example, doxorubicin can be inserted into liposomes and paclitaxel attaches to the protein

Hierarchically patterned polyurethane microgrooves featuring nanopillars or nanoholes for neurite elongation and alignment

• Lester Uy Vinzons,
• Guo-Chung Dong and
• Shu-Ping Lin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1157–1168, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.96

• neurites on microgrooves has been mainly attributed to the bending rigidity of the neurite cytoskeleton, leading to the resistance of the growth cone to cross groove steps (Figure 4J(i)) [27][28]. Here, we observe that the microgrooves with a width of around 20 µm and a depth of around 1.4–2 µm are

Overview of mechanism and consequences of endothelial leakiness caused by metal and polymeric nanoparticles

• Magdalena Lasak and
• Karol Ciepluch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 329–338, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.28

• , wherein the three-component complex of VE-cadherin, p120, and β-catenin, which interacts with the actin cytoskeleton of cells, is of key importance [21][26]. A key role of NanoEL induction is attributed to the extracellular domain of VE-cadherin (VE-cad) located in the intercellular gaps, which are ca

Bioselectivity of silk protein-based materials and their bio-inspired applications

• Hendrik Bargel,
• Vanessa T. Trossmann,
• Christoph Sommer and
• Thomas Scheibel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 902–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.81

• intracellular structures, such as in adherens junctions (zona adherens and adhesion junctions) and protein complexes composed of E-type cadherins tethered to the actin cytoskeleton through the linker protein group of catenins [15]. One example is cardiac muscle, in which β-catenin localizes to adherens

• interaction [9]. Generally, integrin-mediated interactions involve a complex series of events including activation, ligand binding, reorganization of the cytoskeleton, and adhesion [13]. In this context, integrin activation is regulated in response to signal cascades inside the cell known as an “inside-out

Effects of substrate stiffness on the viscoelasticity and migration of prostate cancer cells examined by atomic force microscopy

• Xiaoqiong Tang,
• Yan Zhang,
• Jiangbing Mao,
• Yuhua Wang,
• Zhenghong Zhang,
• Zhengchao Wang and
• Hongqin Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 560–569, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.47

• substrate stiffness and the mechanical properties of cells in prostate tumour metastasis, providing a basis for understanding the changes in the biomechanical properties at a single-cell level. Keywords: actin cytoskeleton; atomic force microscopy; migration; prostate cancer cells; substrate stiffness

• themselves are closely related to differences in their extracellular environment, which are determined by the tension and structural organisation of the cytoskeleton [33][34]. From the results of our study it is clear that the control cells are more sensitive to stiffness in terms of their increased

• . Whether this could be a better index of metastatic potential for prostate cancer, it would need further studies. Our results seem to indicate that the cytoskeleton plays an important role in mediating migration capacity in different extracellular environments. Substrate stiffness affects PCa cell

Micro- and nanotechnology in biomedical engineering for cartilage tissue regeneration in osteoarthritis

• Zahra Nabizadeh,
• Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh,
• Hamed Daemi,
• Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad,
• Ali Akbar Shabani,
• Mehdi Dadashpour,
• Majid Mirmohammadkhani and
• Davood Nasrabadi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 363–389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.31

Alteration of nanomechanical properties of pancreatic cancer cells through anticancer drug treatment revealed by atomic force microscopy

• Xiaoteng Liang,
• Shuai Liu,
• Xiuchao Wang,
• Dan Xia and
• Qiang Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1372–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.101

• /or the cytoskeleton, which cause cancer cell death [8][9]. Fang et al. found that N-methyl-ᴅ-aspartate (NMDA) binding to NMDA receptors on cell membranes will increase the overall contractile forces in the cytoskeleton, thus increasing the pre-existing mechanical stress [10]. Yun et al. reported that

• membranes were stained with Hoechst 33342 (1 µg/mL) or AF488-WGA (1 µg/mL) for 10 min. Then, the cells were rinsed three times with PBS before imaging with laser confocal microscopy. To investigate the effect of DOX on the nanostructure of MIA-PaCa-2, cell nuclei and the cytoskeleton were stained with DAPI

• (10 µg/mL) and FITC-Phalloidin (100 nM), respectively, for 30 min and 5 min. The cytoskeleton and cell nuclei were investigated by laser confocal microscopy. AFM measurement The slides with grown cells were transferred to the sample table. Then, culture medium was added both to the cell slide surface

The role of convolutional neural networks in scanning probe microscopy: a review

• Ido Azuri,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Neta Regev-Rudzki,
• Georg Fantner and
• Sidney R. Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 878–901, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.66

• detected differences in the actin cytoskeleton structures between cancerous and normal breast cells that were not discerned by the human eye [105]. Nitta et al. developed an intelligent real-time cell sorter, by combining deep-learning with microfluidics. They achieved automated classification of

Differences in surface chemistry of iron oxide nanoparticles result in different routes of internalization

• Barbora Svitkova,
• Vlasta Zavisova,
• Veronika Nemethova,
• Martina Koneracka,
• Miroslava Kretova,
• Filip Razga,
• Monika Ursinyova and
• Alena Gabelova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 270–281, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.22

• or cytoskeleton dynamics was quantified by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and the uptake was verified by fluorescent microscopy. The uptake route of the tested MNPs differed depending on the surface coating. While BSA-SO-MNPs were internalized via CME, PEG-SO-MNPs were preferentially taken up

• exposure of cells to surface-modified MNPs and Noc affect substantially the cell proliferation and morphology. Noc affects microtubule formation, thus interfering with cytoskeleton structure and mitosis, leading to cell cycle arrest in G2/M [26]. As MNPs interfere with tubulin polymerization as well [27

• experiments, cells were exposed to MNPs in a medium supplemented with 2% FBS. A549 cells up to 20 generations (passaged two times per week) were used in the experiments. Treatment of cells After reaching exponential growth, cells were pre-treated with inhibitors of endocytosis or cytoskeleton dynamics for 1 h

The nanomorphology of cell surfaces of adhered osteoblasts

• Christian Voelkner,
• Mirco Wendt,
• Regina Lange,
• Max Ulbrich,
• Martina Gruening,
• Susanne Staehlke,
• Barbara Nebe,
• Ingo Barke and
• Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 242–256, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.20

• surface of the material. Apart from cell biologic parameters, the adhesion interface area and the speed of its formation provide insights concerning the biocompatibility of the surface with regard to osteoblastic cells [11]. Dynamic remodeling of the cytoskeleton is the basis for shape adaptation and

• investigation of the membrane itself, there are intricate issues concerning the applied forces during cell surface–nanoprobe interactions. For example, cellular responses, such as cytoskeleton rearrangements and repair of the extracellular matrix, may be triggered. Thus, the native state of the membrane may

• cells or on larger extensions of them (Figure 7a). Since they come along with anisotropic shapes and the wrinkles are usually aligned parallel to the long side of the cell or its extension, we suspect that they are related to the cytoskeleton underneath, that is, the membrane may cling to the proximate

Bio-imaging with the helium-ion microscope: A review

• Matthias Schmidt,
• James M. Byrne and
• Ilari J. Maasilta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.1

• giardias, with ultrahigh-resolution SEM and HIM [84]. Of particular interest to the authors was the cytoskeleton of Giardia intestinalis for which HIM enabled the visualisation of “a lattice-like array material that covered the microtubular sheets of the funis.” A review article on protozoa imaging by de

Applications of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in drug and therapeutic delivery, and biotechnological advancements

• Maria Suciu,
• Corina M. Ionescu,
• Alexandra Ciorita,
• Septimiu C. Tripon,
• Dragos Nica,
• Hani Al-Salami and
• Lucian Barbu-Tudoran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1092–1109, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.94

• studied in vitro and is cytoskeleton-mediated. It has been noticed and reported as nanoparticle recycling [110]. A study found that the uptake of SPIONs by cells in vitro is depends on the cell cycle phase. SPIONs are not exocytosed by dividing cells. Instead, they are split between daughter cells when

Examination of the relationship between viscoelastic properties and the invasion of ovarian cancer cells by atomic force microscopy

• Mengdan Chen,
• Jinshu Zeng,
• Weiwei Ruan,
• Zhenghong Zhang,
• Yuhua Wang,
• Shusen Xie,
• Zhengchao Wang and
• Hongqin Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 568–582, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.45

• migration and invasion are the two key processes leading to the spread of cancer cells from primary tumors to distant organs during tumor metastasis [12][13]. They are largely related to cytoskeleton structure [14][15]. In addition, stiffness and deformation of cells are strongly regulated by the

• microfilament skeleton [16]. Therefore, the rearrangement of microfilament skeleton is crucial for cell motility and contributes largely to elasticity changes of the cells, when the cytoskeleton structure changes from a more organized to a disordered form with the transformation from benign to malignant [17][18

• density of F-actin cytoskeleton. The migration of cancer cells is critical for their tumorigenic properties and can be measured by using cell migration assays [41]. The average healing rates of OVCAR-3 and HO-8910 were significantly greater than that of HOSEpiC (Figure 2a,b), which is consistent with the

Interactions at the cell membrane and pathways of internalization of nano-sized materials for nanomedicine

• Valentina Francia,
• Daphne Montizaan and
• Anna Salvati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 338–353, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.25

• is a form of receptor-mediated endocytosis of large particles (above 0.5 µm), which requires the involvement of the cytoskeleton for membrane rearrangements. Professional phagocytic cells of the immune system use it to internalize pathogens [105]. However, it has emerged that also non-specialized

Internalization mechanisms of cell-penetrating peptides

• Ivana Ruseska and
• Andreas Zimmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 101–123, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.10

• macropinocytosis was initially thought to be a nonregulated process, it is now known that this uptake process is a highly organized one. Macropinocytosis consists of quite a few signaling events which involve the remodeling of the cytoskeleton. Most of the macropinocytosis regulators belong to the group of kinases

• rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton, a process that seems to be crucial for macropinocytosis [55]. Nona-arginine (R9), dodeca-arginine (R12) as well as Flock-House-Virus-derived peptide, also lead to cell internalization via macropinocytosis [65][66][67]. Furthermore, it is possible that dodeca-arginine

• . When it binds to the adaptor protein complex on the plasma membrane, clathrin rapidly assembles into icosahedral cages. It is thought that the polymerization of clathrin could be responsible for the membrane curvature. The actin cytoskeleton also contributes to membrane bending during CME. There is

Toxicity and safety study of silver and gold nanoparticles functionalized with cysteine and glutathione

• Barbara Pem,
• Igor M. Pongrac,
• Lea Ulm,
• Ivan Pavičić,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Marija Ljubojević,
• Adela Krivohlavek and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1802–1817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.175

• with phalloidin to stain actin and visualize cell cytoskeleton (green), nucleic acid staining using Hoechst 33258 fluorescent dye (blue) and CLSM reflectance signals (red). The overlay of fluorescence stains and segmented reflectance signals are given in (g,h). The control cells show no high intensity

Effects of gold and PCL- or PLLA-coated silica nanoparticles on brain endothelial cells and the blood–brain barrier

• Aniela Bittner,
• Angélique D. Ducray,
• Hans Rudolf Widmer,
• Michael H. Stoffel and
• Meike Mevissen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 941–954, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.95

• rBCEC4 cells after 2 h of exposure. Prolonging exposure to 24 h resulted in the uptake of few, single Au-NPs co-localizing with heterolysosomes as illustrated in Figure 2C,F. As both types of Si-NPs were fluorescent, NP uptake was further examined using fluorescent markers for the cytoskeleton (data not

Enhanced antineoplastic/therapeutic efficacy using 5-fluorouracil-loaded calcium phosphate nanoparticles

• Shanid Mohiyuddin,
• Saba Naqvi and
• Gopinath Packirisamy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2499–2515, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.233

• -myosin cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane, eventually leads to cell contraction and bleb formation on the cell membrane [43]. In our study, a well-structured cytoskeleton was visualised in an untreated control of both A549 and HCT-15 (Figure 6) cells, showing healthy cells. The active attachment on the

• surface is apparent from the cytoskeleton and was detected in the untreated control. Upon CaP@5-FU NP treatment, the cells start to shrink (Figure 6) due to the mechanistic evolution of 5-FU-induced apoptosis. The contraction of cells can be quantified by the scale bar measurement. The formation of clear

• bleb on the membrane can also be confirmed from the micrograph. Even the outer cytoskeleton of treated cells was found to be non-intact and structureless. This assay further confirms the apoptotic induction by the CaP@5-FU NPs in both lung and colorectal cancer cells in vitro. Intracellular reactive

Preparation of micro/nanopatterned gelatins crosslinked with genipin for biocompatible dental implants

• Reika Makita,
• Tsukasa Akasaka,
• Seiichi Tamagawa,
• Yasuhiro Yoshida,
• Saori Miyata,
• Hirofumi Miyaji and
• Tsutomu Sugaya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1735–1754, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.165

Involvement of two uptake mechanisms of gold and iron oxide nanoparticles in a co-exposure scenario using mouse macrophages

• Dimitri Vanhecke,
• Dagmar A. Kuhn,
• Dorleta Jimenez de Aberasturi,
• Sandor Balog,
• Ana Milosevic,
• Dominic Urban,
• Diana Peckys,
• Niels de Jonge,
• Wolfgang J. Parak,
• Alke Petri-Fink and
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2396–2409, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.239

• [39]. Furthermore, it was shown that exosomes moved along the extracellular side of filopodia prior to internalization [40]. The transport along filopodia has been suggested to be mediated by the underlying actin–myosin cytoskeleton [41]. The distance between linearly arranged AuNPs averaged 37 nm

Bright fluorescent silica-nanoparticle probes for high-resolution STED and confocal microscopy

• Isabella Tavernaro,
• Christian Cavelius,
• Henrike Peuschel and
• Annette Kraegeloh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1283–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.130

• ; 1 h, 1:40 in PBS containing 1% BSA) and GM130 primary antibody (610822, 250 µg/mL, BD Biosciences; 1 h, 25 µg/mL in PBS containing 1% BSA) with Alexa546 goat anti mouse antibody (A 11030, Thermo Fisher Scientific; 1 h, 1:500 in PBS containing 1% BSA) were used to label the actin cytoskeleton and the

• intracellular location of the particles. The actin cytoskeleton is depicted in cyan, the cis-Golgi network in yellow and silica nanoparticles in magenta. Pre-synthesis modification steps of the Atto647N dye. Path A: The dye was modified with a cysteic acid linker–APTES conjugate (a: DMSO, NEt3, rt, overnight; b

Nano-engineered skin mesenchymal stem cells: potential vehicles for tumour-targeted quantum-dot delivery

• Liga Saulite,
• Dominyka Dapkute,
• Karlis Pleiko,
• Ineta Popena,
• Simona Steponkiene,
• Ricardas Rotomskis and
• Una Riekstina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1218–1230, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.123

• each. Permeabilization and blocking was performed with 0.3% Triton X-100 (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) and 1% BSA in PBS for 45 min at room temperature. The cytoskeleton of cells was subsequently stained with methanolic Alexa Fluor488 Phalloidin (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) diluted 1:100 in washing buffer

Silicon microgrooves for contact guidance of human aortic endothelial cells

• Sara Fernández-Castillejo,
• Pilar Formentín,
• Úrsula Catalán,
• Josep Pallarès,
• Lluís F. Marsal and
• Rosa Solà

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 675–681, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.72

• -shaped features that consist of repeated ridges and grooves pattern. Surfaces with these geometries have been used to demonstrate the influence on cell adhesion, alignment and organization [18][19][20][21]. Differences in cytoskeleton elongation have been demonstrated between cells elongated on these

• previously described [31]. Actin-stain 670 phalloidin (Tebu-Bio) was used to stain the actin filaments of cytoskeleton (200 nM, 30 min), while NucGreen Dead 488 (Life Technologies) was used to stain the nuclei (2 drops/mL, 10 min). The fluorescence images were acquired using a Nikon Eclipse TE2000-E inverted

Uptake of the proteins HTRA1 and HTRA2 by cells mediated by calcium phosphate nanoparticles

• Olga Rotan,
• Katharina N. Severin,
• Simon Pöpsel,
• Alexander Peetsch,
• Melisa Merdanovic,
• Michael Ehrmann and
• Matthias Epple

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 381–393, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.40

• in MG-63 cells with selective inhibitors (Table 1 and Figure 7). The uptake of the CaP/CMC/HTRA1-488 nanoparticles was partially inhibited by nocodazole (which inhibits the polymerization of microtubules in the cytoskeleton) and almost completely by nystatin (which inhibits caveolin-mediated

Low temperature co-fired ceramic packaging of CMOS capacitive sensor chip towards cell viability monitoring

• Niina Halonen,
• Joni Kilpijärvi,
• Maciej Sobocinski,
• Timir Datta-Chaudhuri,
• Antti Hassinen,
• Someshekar B. Prakash,
• Peter Möller,
• Pamela Abshire,
• Sakari Kellokumpu and
• Anita Lloyd Spetz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1871–1877, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.179

• color shows the microtubules of the cell cytoskeleton. In (c) and (f), the merged image of the nuclear staining and cytoskeleton are shown. The images were taken with a Zeiss LSM700 confocal microscope with 63× plan-apo immersion objective and appropriate filter sets. Average voltage change from the