Tattoo ink nanoparticles in skin tissue and fibroblasts

• Colin A. Grant,
• Peter C. Twigg,
• Richard Baker and
• Desmond J. Tobin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1183–1191, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.120

• containing 0.5 mg/mL tetrazolium dye (MTT) for 4 h. The medium was carefully removed and 150 μL of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) added to each well. The plate was gently shaken to achieve complete dissolution of the formazan crystals then the absorbance read on a spectrophotometer (Tecan Infinite) at 550 nm. The

From lithium to sodium: cell chemistry of room temperature sodium–air and sodium–sulfur batteries

• Philipp Adelhelm,
• Pascal Hartmann,
• Conrad L. Bender,
• Martin Busche,
• Christine Eufinger and
• Juergen Janek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1016–1055, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.105

• . 2.3.1.7 Particle growth and dissolution: At first glance, the chemistry of a Li/O2 cell may appear quite simple, however, due to worldwide research efforts within the last four years, it was recognized that it is in fact, a very complex cell chemistry. As a consequence it was necessary to refocus on

• fundamental aspects such as the growth and dissolution process of Li2O2 particles during cycling on a microscopic scale. Various morphologies of Li2O2 deposits are reported in literature. On the one hand, so-called Li2O2 “donuts” or toroids are reported that form to a diameter of up to 1 µm, depending on

• -state Li/O2 cell, without any liquid electrolyte, in an environmental SEM and observed the formation of large toroid particles larger than 500 nm [95]. To conclude, even the dissolution process of Li2O2 during battery operation is not fully understood and continues to be a part of research efforts

Automatic morphological characterization of nanobubbles with a novel image segmentation method and its application in the study of nanobubble coalescence

• Yuliang Wang,
• Huimin Wang,
• Shusheng Bi and
• Bin Guo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 952–963, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.98

• decreased from 79% to 66% could be the dissolution of some NBs during coalescence. Conclusion In this study, the morphological characterization of NBs was implemented. Here, a new method was developed for image segmentation through the combination of the threshold method and the active contour method. The

Simulation tool for assessing the release and environmental distribution of nanomaterials

• Haoyang Haven Liu,
• Muhammad Bilal,
• Anastasiya Lazareva,
• Arturo Keller and
• Yoram Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 938–951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.97

• . In such analysis, the environmental entry, movement, and distribution of contaminants are described by a set of mathematical expressions. Specifically, MCMs require mechanistic quantification of intermedia transport rates (e.g., dry and wet deposition, sedimentation, dissolution) and rates of

• strong dependence of ENM intermedia transport on the complete PSDs [9]. In earlier work, a multimedia environmental distribution of nanomaterials (MendNano) model was developed [9] based on a mechanistic description of various intermedia transport and reaction (including dissolution) processes, which

• the absence of direct ENM release to those compartments. Also, the dissolution of sparingly soluble ENMs in the water compartment can be the dominant mechanism for removal of particulate ENMs from water. MendNano was also applied to the modeling of the environmental distribution of semi-volatile

Electron-stimulated purification of platinum nanostructures grown via focused electron beam induced deposition

• Brett B. Lewis,
• Michael G. Stanford,
• Jason D. Fowlkes,
• Kevin Lester,
• Harald Plank and
• Philip D. Rack

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 907–918, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.94

• pressure P. Dissolution at the surface is treated according to Henry’s law S = KeqP where S is the solubility of oxygen and Keq is the solubility constant. The use of this approximation requires a description of the deposit composition model. The model deposit consists of metal nanoparticles with a defined

Protein corona – from molecular adsorption to physiological complexity

• Lennart Treuel,
• Dominic Docter,
• Michael Maskos and
• Roland H. Stauber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 857–873, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.88

• the NPs would, mediated by the protein corona, reach biological “endpoints” that they could not reach without their protein cover [5][7][22]. Dissolution of NPs has also been addressed and is of specific importance where molecular or ionic substances are released from the NP that cause own, sometimes

• well known, adverse effects [23][24][25][26][27]. The intriguing consequence of dissolution is that the particulate state may define the transport of the NPs within a biological system and molecular agents that are released wherever the NPs are located may dominate the (patho)biological effects. In

• consequence, the delicate interplay between the relative timescales of particle transport and dissolution/release kinetics can well govern NP toxicity. While this factor further complicates a fundamental understanding of NP toxicity, the right time-scale ratio of the participating effects can be a critically

Transformation of hydrogen titanate nanoribbons to TiO₂ nanoribbons and the influence of the transformation strategies on the photocatalytic performance

• Melita Rutar,
• Nejc Rozman,
• Matej Pregelj,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Romana Cerc Korošec,
• Andrijana Sever Škapin,
• Aleš Mrzel,
• Srečo D. Škapin and
• Polona Umek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 831–844, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.86

• formed through a dissolution–recrystallization process, as suggested by Zhu et al. [14]. The shape of these crystallites strongly depends on the pH of the reaction medium since different ions act as capping agents [31]. Published results [14][20][21] suggest that the stability of HTiNRs in aqueous

Stick–slip behaviour on Au(111) with adsorption of copper and sulfate

• Nikolay Podgaynyy,
• Sabine Wezisla,
• Christoph Molls,
• Shahid Iqbal and
• Helmut Baltruschat

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 820–830, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.85

• obtained at the solid/gas interface are also valid at the solid electrolyte interface. In this paper we present the results of investigations of friction forces during UPD and dissolution of Cu/Au(111) and also during sulfate adsorption in sulfuric acid solution. We extend previous measurements to lower

Morphological and structural characterization of single-crystal ZnO nanorod arrays on flexible and non-flexible substrates

• Omar F. Farhat,
• Mohd M. Halim,
• Mat J. Abdullah,
• Mohammed K. M. Ali and
• Nageh K. Allam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 720–725, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.73

• procedure, 0.05 M zinc nitrate (Zn(NO3)2·6H2O) was mixed with hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) in a glass beaker and slowly stirred until complete dissolution was achieved. The growth temperature and time was 95 °C and 3 h, respectively. The beaker was then left inside the oven for 30 min to cool down to 40 °C

In situ observation of biotite (001) surface dissolution at pH 1 and 9.5 by advanced optical microscopy

• Chiara Cappelli,
• Daniel Lamarca-Irisarri,
• Jordi Camas,
• F. Javier Huertas and
• Alexander E. S. Van Driessche

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 665–673, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.67

• dissolution rates (e.g., phyllosilicates). With this technique, it is possible to carry out in situ inspection of the reacting surface in a broad range of pH, ionic strength and temperature providing useful information to help unravel the dissolution mechanisms of phyllosilicates. In this work, LCM-DIM was

• used to study the mechanisms controlling the biotite (001) surface dissolution at pH 1 (11 and 25 °C) and pH 9.5 (50 °C). Step edges are the preferential sites of dissolution and lead to step retreat, regardless of the solution pH. At pH 1, layer swelling and peeling takes place, whereas at pH 9.5

• fibrous structures (streaks) form at the step edges. Confocal Raman spectroscopy characterization of the reacted surface could not confirm if the formation of a secondary phase was responsible for the presence of these structures. Keywords: biotite; dissolution mechanism; environmental; in situ

Influence of gold, silver and gold–silver alloy nanoparticles on germ cell function and embryo development

• Ulrike Taylor,
• Daniela Tiedemann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Wilfried A. Kues,
• Stephan Barcikowski and
• Detlef Rath

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 651–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.66

• layers [24][25]. On the other hand, uptake via ingestion has been proven for silver [26][27][28] as well as gold nanoparticles [29][30]. Interestingly, for AgNP, it has been suggested that mainly ionic silver, released from the actual particles due to dissolution is absorbed via the intestinal tract

• ex situ produced BSA–AgNP displayed no toxicity at all (Figure 7B). As small nanoparticles possess a higher surface area, dissolution of Ag+ ions occurs to a greater extend than in case of larger particles. Therefore, if Ag+ ions are responsible for the observed effects, these should be more grave

Self-assembled anchor layers/polysaccharide coatings on titanium surfaces: a study of functionalization and stability

• Ognen Pop-Georgievski,
• Dana Kubies,
• Josef Zemek,
• Neda Neykova,
• Roman Demianchuk,
• Eliška Mázl Chánová,
• Miroslav Šlouf,
• Milan Houska and
• František Rypáček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 617–631, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.63

• refractive index matching between the solvents and the adsorbed organic contaminants, and the possible dissolution of the contaminants, the multiple-environment method revealed the intrinsic optical dispersion function of the flat titanium surfaces. The measured data of a neat titanium layer in different

• particles, then blow-dried and kept in vacuum until further use. A poly(dopamine) coating was deposited from a 2 mg·mL−1 solution prepared by dissolution of dopamine hydrochloride in an air-saturated 10 mM Tris hydrochloride (pH 8.5) buffer. After 3 h of polymerization, the PDA-coated surfaces were rinsed

Novel ZnO:Ag nanocomposites induce significant oxidative stress in human fibroblast malignant melanoma (Ht144) cells

• Syeda Arooj,
• Samina Nazir,
• Akhtar Nadhman,
• Nafees Ahmad,
• Bakhtiar Muhammad,
• Ishaq Ahmad,
• Kehkashan Mazhar and
• Rashda Abbasi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 570–582, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.59

• derived toxicity was due to dissolution of the particles and release of free metal ions leading to cell death [41][42]. It is possible that the cytotoxic effects are a result of a combination of both of these events. However, detailed investigation of the actual mode of action needs to be done. Conclusion

Conformal SiO₂ coating of sub-100 nm diameter channels of polycarbonate etched ion-track channels by atomic layer deposition

• Nicolas Sobel,
• Christian Hess,
• Manuela Lukas,
• Anne Spende,
• Bernd Stühn,
• M. E. Toimil-Molares and
• Christina Trautmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 472–479, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.48

• and subsequent dissolution of the polymer template. Most of the observed tubes are about 30 µm long, which corresponds to the initial thickness of the PC foil. This and the fact that the outer diameter is constant along the tubes evidence a conformal deposition process along the complete length of the

• . (a) SEM image of a bundle of highly-flexible SiO2 nanotubes after dissolution of the PC membrane. (b–e) STEM-in-SEM images of representative sections of SiO2 nanotubes after applying 28, 56, 84, and 112 ALD cycles, respectively. (a) Small angle X-ray scattering intensities as a function of the

In situ scanning tunneling microscopy study of Ca-modified rutile TiO₂(110) in bulk water

• Giulia Serrano,
• Beatrice Bonanni,
• Tomasz Kosmala,
• Marco Di Giovannantonio,
• Ulrike Diebold,
• Klaus Wandelt and
• Claudio Goletti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 438–443, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.44

• -dimensional appearance of the rows in our data is most likely related to the immersion in water. Dissolution of segregated atoms in liquid very likely depends upon the surface site. Therefore, we hypothesize that the Ca row-like structures along the direction [5] are dissolved and transferred into solution

• for adsorption [6]. Interestingly, San Miguel et al. [6] report that from increasing the surface coverage of the surface as well as reducing the proximity to an oxygen vacancy, a significant reduction of the adsorption energy for Ca results. This means that calcium dissolution from the TiO2 surface

Caveolin-1 and CDC42 mediated endocytosis of silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles in HeLa cells

• Nils Bohmer and
• Andreas Jordan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 167–176, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.16

• incubated for 24 h with SPIONs (50 µg Fe/mL) which were either caboxylated, PEGylated or which had no further modifications on their silica shell. Uptake of nanoparticles was measured by dissolution of cell pellets and nanoparticles in concentrated hydrochloric acid, followed by quantitative determination

The distribution and degradation of radiolabeled superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and quantum dots in mice

• Denise Bargheer,
• Artur Giemsa,
• Barbara Freund,
• Markus Heine,
• Christian Waurisch,
• Gordon M. Stachowski,
• Stephen G. Hickey,
• Alexander Eychmüller,
• Jörg Heeren and
• Peter Nielsen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 111–123, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.11

• also a fraction of ionic 65Zn that eluted after 40 min and cannot be completely separated by centrifugal filtration due to the slight continuous bleeding of the label (or the dissolution of the ZnS shell). Pharmacokinetic measurements of 65Zn-labeled Qdots Despite the described stability problems of

Proinflammatory and cytotoxic response to nanoparticles in precision-cut lung slices

• Stephanie Hirn,
• Nadine Haberl,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Matthias Epple,
• Wolfgang G. Kreyling,
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser,
• Markus Rehberg and
• Fritz Krombach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2440–2449, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.253

• been reported in several in vitro and in vivo studies [27][34][35][36][37]. However, the loss in viability after ZnO-NP exposure is presumed to be mainly induced by the release of Zn2+ ions [37]. The dissolution of NPs into toxic ions seems to be an important factor regarding the toxicity of the

• material [38][39]. Dissolution and therefore release of Zn2+ ions in the culture medium has been already described for the ZnO-NPs used in the present study [40]. Moreover, the dissolution (50 to 60% within 24 h) of ZnO-NPs in cell culture medium facilitates an interaction of Zn2+ ions with cells [27]. Ag

• -NPs were shown to dissolve after immersion in water in the presence of oxygen under the release of Ag+ ions [30][41]. However, their dissolution in biological environments is still poorly understood and will be influenced by the presence of biomolecules such as proteins [42][43]. Taken together, the

Low-cost plasmonic solar cells prepared by chemical spray pyrolysis

• Erki Kärber,
• Atanas Katerski,
• Ilona Oja Acik,
• Valdek Mikli,
• Arvo Mere,
• Ilmo Sildos and
• Malle Krunks

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2398–2402, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.249

• CuInS2 layer will gradually dissolve/deteriorate when larger volumes of HAuCl4 are deposited [9]. To avoid the dissolution of CuInS2, deposition of presynthesized Au-NPs could be advantageous. Conclusion Chemical spray pyrolysis (CSP) was employed to deposit ZnO/In2S3/CuInS2 solar cells that use an

Biopolymer colloids for controlling and templating inorganic synthesis

• Laura C. Preiss,
• Katharina Landfester and
• Rafael Muñoz-Espí

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2129–2138, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.222

• metal chalcogenides, including metallic silver [46], Pt [47], Fe2O3 [48], and CdS [49][50][51][52]. Pu et al. [52] reported the deposition of DNA chains on silica particles. After mineralization of the DNA to CdS as shell and subsequent removal of the silica core by dissolution with HF, hollow inorganic

• involves the deposition of an inorganic material on the surface of “hard” spheres (silica or polymer) that act as sacrificial cores. The core can be eventually removed by calcination or dissolution, if the aim is the formation of hollow structures. Such strategies have been widely used for templates with

• with (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane (APTMS), (b) DNA deposition on the cationic particle surface, (c) CdS precipitation, and (d) dissolution of the SiO2 core to form hollow structures. Reprinted with permission from [52]. Copyright 2011 American Chemical Society. Siloxan polymerization on chitosan

The gut wall provides an effective barrier against nanoparticle uptake

• Heike Sinnecker,
• Thorsten Krause,
• Sabine Koelling,
• Ingmar Lautenschläger and
• Andreas Frey

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2092–2101, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.218

• and after dissolution of mucus. After collection of luminal samples, the gut mucus was fluidized in situ by a reducing agent, removed from the gut, dissolved, and the particle fluorescence was determined (20 nm and 200 nm NPs, data from four independent experiments (A–D)). Pressure records of the gut

Nanomanipulation and environmental nanotechnology

• Enrico Gnecco,
• Andre Schirmeisen,
• Carlos M. Pina and
• Udo Becker

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2079–2080, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.216

• based on polyethylene oxide. The surface reactivity of minerals in contact with aqueous solutions can be investigated by laser confocal microscopy, as shown on the example of dissolution of the mineral biotite in solutions with acid and basic pH. Recent nanofiltration techniques are reviewed with

Effect of silver nanoparticles on human mesenchymal stem cell differentiation

• Christina Sengstock,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Matthias Epple,
• Thomas A. Schildhauer and
• Manfred Köller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2058–2069, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.214

• behavior of Ag-NP, such as cell toxicity or antimicrobial potency, are related to the reactivity of silver ions [38][39][40][41]. As we have shown previously, the rate and degree of the dissolution of Ag-NP depends on their surface functionalization, their concentration, the oxygen content and temperature

• dihydrate (Fluka, p.a.), silver nitrate (Fluka, p.a.), and D-(+)-glucose (Baker) were used. Ultrapure water was prepared with an ELGA Purelab ultra instrument. Ag-NP were stored under argon to prevent partial oxidative dissolution (which drastically influences nanoparticle toxicity) prior to cell culture

Rapid degradation of zinc oxide nanoparticles by phosphate ions

• Rudolf Herrmann,
• F. Javier García-García and
• Armin Reller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2007–2015, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.209

• , high temperature) [6][7]. Particles between 200 and 400 nm react with orthophosphate and polyphosphate ions under neutral and alkaline conditions under partial dissolution resulting in the formation of zinc phosphates at the surface [8]. Since ZnO-NP are used technically, e.g., as UV blockers in

• medium is of crucial importance for biological studies of ZnO-NP. In this context, the effect of water itself must be distinguished from that of the phosphate ions. Aggregation of ZnO nanoparticles in water was attributed to partial dissolution [9]. Morphological changes of ZnO nanocrystals under the

• Zn2+ concentration which in turn is determined by the thermodynamics and kinetics of the ZnO-NP dissolution [14]. Newer results have shown that ZnO-NP can survive the cell culture media used for the studies under certain conditions, and are dissolved inside the cells after uptake. Most of their

PVP-coated, negatively charged silver nanoparticles: A multi-center study of their physicochemical characteristics, cell culture and in vivo experiments

• Sebastian Ahlberg,
• Alexandra Antonopulos,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Ralf Dringen,
• Matthias Epple,
• Rebekka Flöck,
• Wolfgang Goedecke,
• Christina Graf,
• Nadine Haberl,
• Jens Helmlinger,
• Fabian Herzog,
• Frederike Heuer,
• Stephanie Hirn,
• Christian Johannes,
• Stefanie Kittler,
• Manfred Köller,
• Katrin Korn,
• Wolfgang G. Kreyling,
• Fritz Krombach,
• Jürgen Lademann,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Eva M. Luther,
• Marcelina Malissek,
• Martina C. Meinke,
• Daniel Nordmeyer,
• Anne Pailliart,
• Jörg Raabe,
• Fiorenza Rancan,
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser,
• Eckart Rühl,
• Carsten Schleh,
• Andreas Seibel,
• Christina Sengstock,
• Lennart Treuel,
• Annika Vogt,
• Katrin Weber and
• Reinhard Zellner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1944–1965, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.205

• properties (dissolution, protein adsorption, dispersability) of these nanoparticles and the cellular consequences of the exposure of a broad range of biological test systems to this defined type of silver nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles dissolve in water in the presence of oxygen. In addition, in

• , which is indicative for a monodisperse system. The particles were negatively charged with a zetapotential of −20 mV. These particles were used in all described experiments after thorough chemical and colloid-chemical characterization. Dissolution of dispersed silver nanoparticles Silver nanoparticles

• undergo dissolution in water due to oxidation by dissolved oxygen [30][31][32][33]. This leads to the release of silver ions, which are the toxic agent towards cells and bacteria [20][29][33][34][35][36]. The dissolution of silver nanoparticles in water and other media has been studied by a number of