Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

• 55% to 74%. Hence, it is important to note that the absorption rates vary greatly depending on the specific food items; for instance, egg products, fish, and lean meat have an absorption rate of 24% to 36% (VB12 dose 0.30–0.94 µg), 42% (dose 1.95–2.18 µg), and 65% (dose 0.95 µg), respectively [34][35

• absorption of VB12 (Figure 2), namely, passive diffusion and active transport [34][44]. In passive diffusion, a minor fraction (1–2%) of oral VB12 dose can be directly absorbed via the intestinal mucosa and the gastrointestinal tract surface without the need for the intrinsic factor (IF). If the active

• transport of VB12 is impossible, a high dose of oral VB12 (like 1.0 mg daily) is essential for ensuring an “adequate” intake of this vitamin in the body [34][49]. Accordingly, this IF-independent pathway is less efficient and becomes more significant in individuals with a deficiency or absence of IF, or

Rapid synthesis of highly monodisperse AgSbS₂ nanocrystals: unveiling multifaceted activities in cancer therapy, antibacterial strategies, and antioxidant defense

• Funda Ulusu,
• Adem Sarilmaz,
• Yakup Ulusu,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Mahmut Kus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2105–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.145

• , particularly on cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and HT-29), in a dose-dependent manner over a 24 h period. These findings highlight the potential of the NCs as anticancer agents. Furthermore, the synthesized NCs demonstrated potent antibacterial properties against the tested microorganisms and notable antioxidant

• Figure 4. The NCs induced a 3–26% inhibition of cell growth even at the lowest applied concentration (12.5 µg/mL), and a proportional increase in the percentage of cell inhibition was observed with escalating concentrations. Hence, the findings reveal the dose-dependent interaction of the nanoparticles

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• cases, allergic reactions, which may include hives, difficulty breathing, and swelling of the face, lips, tongue, or throat. The severity of the side effects may vary depending on the dose, duration of treatment, and individual patient factors; and so, can be managed with supportive care and medications

• , and the dose and duration of treatment can be tailored to minimise toxicity. The use of nanocarriers for the delivery of anticancer therapeutics is a promising strategy for improving the efficacy of the drug while minimising its toxicity to healthy tissues. This approach has the potential to reduce

Evaluating metal-organic precursors for focused ion beam-induced deposition through solid-layer decomposition analysis

• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Franciszek Krok and
• Iwona B. Szymańska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1942–1951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.135

• sputtering point, that is, the maximal ion dose to decompose the given precursor layer without dominant sputtering, after which we stop the experiments. In Figure 2c, BSE morphologies of the four studied precursors 1–4 are shown. The BSE morphology of the initial (reference) material is presented together

• -dose rate for each studied complex based on the dimensions of the final structures and the applied ion dose. This enables us to compare the ability of studied precursors to form metal-rich structures under gallium ion FIB irradiation with that of the commonly used Pt precursor trimethyl

• decomposition method. Fluence and Fh = Fluence/(layer height) of the final Ga FIB experiments performed (at optimal sputtering point) on layers of precursors 1–4, together with SEM EDX chemical composition of the formed structures after precursor decomposition. The volume/dose is also estimated for each

PEGylated lipids in lipid nanoparticle delivery dynamics and therapeutic innovation

• Peiyang Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1914–1930, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.133

• injection at 10 ng DNA per dose [42]. Although early tumor accumulation of the dual-targeted LNPs was modest in MCF7 xenografts, confocal microscopy at 45 h post-injection showed enhanced EGFP transgene expression compared to single-ligand LNPs. These findings demonstrated how integrating multiple targeting

• leading to diminished therapeutic efficacy and altered biodistribution. Evidence from further animal studies suggests that the ABC effect follows a biphasic timeline, with initial immune priming occurring shortly after the first dose and peak clearance effects observed during subsequent administrations

• , which further enhances immune recognition [69]. An earlier study found that a single dose of PEGylated LNPs can induce anti-PEG IgM responses, with a dosage of 2.35 mg phospholipids kg−1 reaching a peak log10 IgM concentration of ≈4.26. After a second dose in 21 days, the immunogenic response was

Targeting the vector of arboviruses Aedes aegypti with nanoemulsions based on essential oils: a review with focus on larvicidal and repellent properties

• Laryssa Ferreira do Nascimento Silva,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Mariana Alice Gonzaga Gabú,
• Maria Cecilia Queiroga dos Santos,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Mylena Lemos dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa and
• Fabio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1894–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.132

• ± 0.06. In larvicidal bioassays with Ae. aegypti (exposure: 24 hours), the nanoemulsion presented a LC50 of 13.9 µg/mL, higher than that of isolated EO (29.2 µg/mL) and pure terpenes (carvacrol: 31.9 µg/mL; thymol: 45.3 µg/mL; γ-terpinene: 50.4 µg/mL; p-cymene: 75.7 µg/mL). The 40 µg/mL dose of the

• different concentrations of the nanoemulsion. The dose of 70 µg/mL was the most effective, promoting 100% mortality within 24 hours. The LC50 and LC90 values were 60.33 and 92.29 µg/mL, respectively. Mishra et al. (2018) developed a nanoemulsion using Azadirachta indica (neem) oil, urea, and Tween® 20 as

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• and amide groups. The C–O–C (≈1100 cm−1) and C=O (≈800 cm−1) regions show lower intensity compared to irradiation with the lower fluences, indicating partial loss of ether and carbonyl bonds. These changes are due to the high dose of energy transferred by the ions, leading to a significant

Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease

• Niédja Fittipaldi Vasconcelos,
• Almerinda Agrelli,
• Rayane Cristine Santos da Silva,
• Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques,
• Isabel Renata de Souza Arruda,
• Priscilla Stela Santana de Oliveira,
• Mércia Liane de Oliveira and
• Giovanna Machado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120

• (approximately 5% or 1.5 µL) of the administered dose reaches the ocular chamber after topical application to the inferior conjunctival sac [10][11]. The topical use of artificial tears is the standard treatment for symptomatic relief from DED [12], while topical anti-inflammatory therapy is used in chronic

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• dose of its active ingredients [96]. These characteristics have made nanoparticles widely used in medicines, medical applications, and the food industry, as they provide increased shelf life, improved drug delivery, and enhanced therapeutic efficacy [97]. Various methods, such as chemical reduction

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• selectivity, poor biodistribution and pharmacokinetics, poor water solubility, dose-limiting toxicity, and fast degradation in vivo. We will discuss next the major discoveries in the field of the application of nano-based systems for the targeted delivery of metal complex-based antibiotic compounds, focusing

Acrocomia aculeata oil-loaded nanoemulsion: development, anti-inflammatory properties, and cytotoxicity evaluation

• Verónica Bautista-Robles,
• Hady Keita,
• Edgar Julián Paredes Gamero,
• Layna Tayná Brito Leite,
• Jessica de Araújo Isaías Muller,
• Mônica Cristina Toffoli Kadri,
• Ariadna Lafourcade Prada and
• Jesús Rafael Rodríguez Amado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1277–1288, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.93

• assessment of two key inflammatory parameters, namely, leukocyte migration and protein extravasation [55]. The assay demonstrated that Acrocomia aculeata nanoemulsion at a dose of 50 mg/kg has a pharmacological effect approximately two-fold greater than that of the pristine oil at 100 mg/kg (Figure 6). This

• -inflammatory response than diclofenac. At 6 h post-treatment, the nanoemulsion maintained a comparable effect to diclofenac at the same dose levels (Figure 6). These results further substantiate the enhanced efficacy of the oil in the form of nanoemulsion in modulating acute inflammation in rats. Conclusion

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• ]. The drug-loaded nanoparticle was camouflaged with 4T1 membrane, and the biomimetic system showed prolonged circulation, enhanced tumor accumulation, and release of DOX under low-dose radiation. Furthermore, Mohammad at al. exploited homotypic mechanisms to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of

Chitosan nanocomposite containing rotenoids: an alternative bioinsecticidal approach for the management of Aedes aegypti

• Maria A. A. Bertonceli,
• Vitor D. C. Cristo,
• Ivo J. Vieira,
• Francisco J. A. Lemos,
• Arnoldo R. Façanha,
• Raimundo Braz-Filho,
• Gustavo V. T. Batista,
• Luis G. M. Basso,
• Sérgio H. Seabra,
• Thalya S. R. Nogueira,
• Felipe F. Moreira,
• Arícia L. E. M. Assis,
• Antônia E. A. Oliveira and
• Kátia V. S. Fernandes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1197–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.88

• that the nanocomposite achieved an LC50 of 91.7 ppm, representing a 23.6% increase in larvicidal efficacy compared to the rotenoids in their natural form. The nanocomposite also induced dose-dependent morphological and physiological alterations in the larvae, including damage to the peritrophic matrix

• and UV light exposure, as widely documented in the literature [29]. The analysis of third-instar Ae. aegypti larvae exposed to the nanocomposite CS/TPP–β-CD–rot (Figure 6) revealed notable dose-dependent morphological alterations. From 50 ppm onwards, the appearance of abnormal excretion in the anal

Fabrication of metal complex phthalocyanine and porphyrin nanoparticle aqueous colloids by pulsed laser fragmentation in liquid and their potential application to a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy

• Taisei Himeda,
• Risako Kunitomi,
• Ryosuke Nabeya,
• Tamotsu Zako and
• Tsuyoshi Asahi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1088–1096, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.80

• of PC12 and HeLa cells was observed upon light irradiation, while slight toxicity was observed for MPcs even in the dark (Figure 7). Both AlClPc and PtOEP demonstrated dose-dependent photocytotoxicity for PC12 cells. To investigate the photocytotoxicity properties of the nanoparticles, the

Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

• Sevin Adiguzel,
• Nilay Cicek,
• Zehra Cobandede,
• Feray B. Misirlioglu,
• Hulya Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

• experiments to reflect a strategy to explore dose-response relationships in a nontoxic range. Cellular uptake assay Figure 4 displays the SSC% shift observed for both NMs compared to the control group. The SSC% shift in hBNs and hBNs+US treated cells remained consistent across concentrations and were nearly

A calix[4]arene-based supramolecular nanoassembly targeting cancer cells and triggering the release of nitric oxide with green light

• Cristina Parisi,
• Loredana Ferreri,
• Tassia J. Martins,
• Francesca Laneri,
• Samantha Sollima,
• Antonina Azzolina,
• Antonella Cusimano,
• Nicola D’Antona,
• Grazia M. L. Consoli and
• Salvatore Sortino

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1003–1013, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.75

• healthy HuDe cells, a primary dermal human cell line, and on tumor MCF7 cells, a breast adenocarcinoma cell line, by MTS assay. Dose-response experiments were performed. Cells were incubated with increasing concentrations of 1 (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 3.1, and 6.2 μM) for 24 h. As shown in Figure 2A,B, no

Focused ion beam-induced platinum deposition with a low-temperature cesium ion source

• Thomas Henning Loeber,
• Bert Laegel,
• Meltem Sezen,
• Feray Bakan Misirlioglu,
• Edgar J. D. Vredenbregt and
• Yang Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 910–920, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.69

• exact order, however, of which mechanism contributes how much to the deposition, for example, for cesium (Cs) ions, is beyond the scope of this paper since FIBID is rather complex and depends on a variety of parameters. Besides beam parameters such as acceleration voltage, beam current, ion dose, dwell

• , ion currents from 16 to 285 pA were used, so the current densities were between 0.9 and 14.2 pA·μm−2. The overall deposition time was kept constant at 2:30 min, and the ion dose was changed from 128 to 2138 pC·μm−2. The ions were accelerated with voltages of 2, 5, 8, and 16 kV, while the measured ion

• beam diameter changed with voltage and current from 32 to 445 nm. With the Ga+ FIB, patterns were deposited at ion beam currents ranging from 17 to 396 pA with current densities between 0.7 and 19.8 pA·μm−2. With a deposition time of 2:30 min, the ion dose is between 105 and 2970 pC·μm−2. The diameter

Ar⁺ implantation-induced tailoring of RF-sputtered ZnO films: structural, morphological, and optical properties

• Manu Bura,
• Divya Gupta,
• Arun Kumar and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 872–886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.66

• . [12] observed the evolution of symmetry-forbidden and A1 (LO) modes in 120 MeV Au9+ ion-irradiated ZnO films. Ying et al. [13] described an A1 (LO) mode in the Raman spectra of energy-dependent and dose-dependent krypton ion-implanted ZnO film after varying the fluence in the range from 5 × 1013 to

• lattice, they create defects and dislocations. This creates lattice strain, which increases with ion fluence. The size and type of the implanted ions, as well as the dose, can affect the amount of strain introduced [24]. It is observed that dislocation density values increase with the rise in implantation

• surface RMS roughness and grain size of films after implantation, FESEM images have been processed with Image J software [36] and the results are given in Table 5. It is observed from Figure 8 that average grain size and surface RMS roughness reduce with ion fluence. As the implantation dose of argon ions

Thickness dependent oxidation in CrCl₃: a scanning X-ray photoemission and Kelvin probe microscopies study

• Shafaq Kazim,
• Rahul Parmar,
• Maryam Azizinia,
• Matteo Amati,
• Muhammad Rauf,
• Andrea Di Cicco,
• Seyed Javid Rezvani,
• Dario Mastrippolito,
• Luca Ottaviano,
• Tomasz Klimczuk,
• Luca Gregoratti and
• Roberto Gunnella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 749–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.58

• milliseconds. This method significantly reduced the incident photon dose compared to the survey spectra; however, it led to a lower statistical quality of the spectra. For further studies, we preferred to collect the core level spectra from maps using a defocused beam. In Figure 5, we have selected one

Serum heat inactivation diminishes ApoE-mediated uptake of D-Lin-MC3-DMA lipid nanoparticles

• Demian van Straten,
• Luuk van de Schepop,
• Rowan Frunt,
• Pieter Vader and
• Raymond M. Schiffelers

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 740–748, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.57

• Biosciences). Cell mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) was analyzed with FACS Diva software. ApoE dose response LNP uptake A day before the experiment, HMEC-1 were seeded in a gelatin coated 48-well plate (5 × 104 cells/well) and allowed to adhere overnight. The next day, serum-free medium was supplemented with

• ). Despite the fact that the C12 LNPs were applied at the same dose of 1 pmol siRNA per well, these LNPs were more efficient in knocking down luciferase activity than MC3 LNPs. This phenomenon has been reported previously [38]. In contrast to MC3 LNPs, the heat inactivation of FCS had no effect on the

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• polyphenol when not bound to graphene. This cytotoxicity is dose-dependent, increasing with the concentration of TA. This aligns with previous reports [17][18][24]. While TA exhibits antioxidant properties at low concentrations up to 20 µM [17][25], it can act as a prooxidant at high concentrations through

Aprepitant-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: a novel approach to enhance oral bioavailability

• Mazhar Hussain,
• Muhammad Farooq,
• Muhammad Asad Saeed,
• Muhammad Ijaz,
• Sherjeel Adnan,
• Zeeshan Masood,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Wafa Ishaq and
• Nabeela Ameer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 652–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.50

• patients in the delayed phase (days 2 to 5) in their first cycle of high-dose cisplatin [5]. Aprepitant (APT) is a selective antagonist of neurokinin-1 receptor that blocks the substance P emetic effect. NK-1 receptors occur in the gastrointestinal tract on vagal afferents and in the nucleus of the

• plasma (Cmax) is reached after approx. 4 h, and the half-life is 9–13 h. An oral dose of 125 mg APT one hour before chemotherapy treatment (day 1), and 80 mg daily in the morning on days 2 and 3 are recommended [7]. APT is strongly bound to plasma protein (95%); it is absorbed slowly and crosses the

A formulation containing Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil: improvement of biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats

• Ailton Santos Sena-Júnior,
• Cleverton Nascimento Santana Andrade,
• Pedro Henrique Macedo Moura,
• Jocsã Hémany Cândido dos Santos,
• Cauãn Torres Trancoso,
• Eloia Emanuelly Dias Silva,
• Deise Maria Rego Rodrigues Silva,
• Ênio Pereira Telles,
• Luiz André Santos Silva,
• Isabella Lima Dantas Teles,
• Sara Fernanda Mota de Almeida,
• Daniel Alves de Souza,
• Jileno Ferreira Santos,
• Felipe José Aidar Martins,
• Ana Mara de Oliveira e Silva,
• Sandra Lauton-Santos,
• Guilherme Rodolfo Souza de Araujo,
• Cristiane Bani Correa,
• Rogéria De Souza Nunes,
• Lysandro Pinto Borges and
• Ana Amélia Moreira Lira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 617–636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.48

• of MEs is advantageous when taken orally as it facilitates oral application and dose adjustment; it also improves absorption and bioavailability. Additionally, MEs can be administered to humans as self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDSs) delivered in soft gelatin capsules as they are low

• significantly reduced in the citral group and in the group using the highest dose of EOCF (64 mg/kg). It is likely that the present study, using the 32 mg/kg dose, found a reduction in serum levels of both AST and ALP because of the longer treatment time (21 days). Effect of EOCF on metabolic lipid parameters

• diabetic group treated with lemongrass tea compared to the control group. In addition, the tea further reduced HDL cholesterol, although not statistically different compared to the diabetic control. In comparison, the previous study of our group [12] demonstrated that EOCF at a dose of 32 mg/kg

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• significantly reduced following their complexation with ASOs. Enhanced delivery efficiency was further confirmed using a splicing correction assay, where the optimal dose of the DPL–ASO complex resulted in substantial luciferase activity, indicating successful nuclear delivery of the ASOs. Even though

• of cysteine-PNAs via disulfide linkage [126]. These compounds showed a PNA dose-dependent cell toxicity and exhibited up to almost 20-fold increased luciferase activity compared to free arginine-PNAs and dithiothreitol control. In another study, Kuhn et al. developed aminoethylene-based PMO

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Soni Prajapati and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

• applications within permissible limits. To assess the safe dose of SDS in other products, various high throughput tools are available, including spectrophotometrics, potentiometrics, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), capillary electrophoresis, and fluorescence-based methods [15][16][17][18][19