Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

Current status of using adsorbent nanomaterials for removing microplastics from water supply systems: a mini review

• Nguyen Thi Nhan and
• Tran Le Luu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1837–1850, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.127

• adsorbents such as the bimetallic organic framework (ZnCo-ZIF) and sponge, MS@ZnCo-ZIF@HDTMS was successfully fabricated and demonstrated an ability to remove over 98% of MPs through electrostatic forces and hydrogen bonding [70]. By fabricating bidirectionally ordered GO–nanocellulose aerogels (D-DPGG), Liu

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• anionic glycoprotein that plays a pivotal role in determining the thickness and structure of the mucus layer. Consequently, its barrier function and permeability to drugs are also influenced. As a consequence, positively charged substances are attracted to mucin by electrostatic forces and retained within

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• spontaneously from the organization of active or natural compounds, without the presence of a carrier material or excipients. Their stability is due to the presence of intermolecular interactions, such as electrostatic forces, hydrogen bonding, π–π stacking, and hydrophobic interactions [104][105]. Among the

Mechanical stability of individual bacterial cells under different osmotic pressure conditions: a nanoindentation study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Lizeth García-Torres,
• Idania De Alba Montero,
• Eleazar Samuel Kolosovas-Machuca,
• Facundo Ruiz,
• Sumati Bhatia,
• Jose Luis Cuellar Camacho and
• Jaime Ruiz-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1171–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.86

• , which frequently makes it difficult to identify the position of the contact point. This has been previously reported in other nanoindentation studies on bacteria, and its origin has been related to the action of repulsive electrostatic forces with long Debye screening lengths [44][52]. Our results

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• strategy for the dynamic control of uniformly aligned thermoresponsive gold nanorods on solid substrates via the application of polymer brushes (Figure 12) [264]. Cationic gold nanorods and thermoresponsive gold nanorods are attached to anionic polymer brushes through moderate electrostatic forces

Synthesis of a multicomponent cellulose-based adsorbent for tetracycline removal from aquaculture water

• Uyen Bao Tran,
• Ngoc Thanh Vo-Tran,
• Khai The Truong,
• Dat Anh Nguyen,
• Quang Nhat Tran,
• Huu-Quang Nguyen,
• Jaebeom Lee and
• Hai Son Truong-Lam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 728–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.56

• , electrostatic forces, and van der Waals forces, adsorbed antibiotics may desorb and reenter aquatic environments [12]. Moreover, activated carbon exhibits low selectivity and adsorption capacity. Among novel adsorbents, metal-organic frameworks [13] and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) [14] are

Nanoscale capacitance spectroscopy based on multifrequency electrostatic force microscopy

• Pascal N. Rohrbeck,
• Lukas D. Cavar,
• Franjo Weber,
• Peter G. Reichel,
• Mara Niebling and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 637–651, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.49

•  21 and Figure 10 below). In Figure 4, we compare the respective contributions to the first and second capacitance gradients together with the corresponding electrostatic forces during a typical AFM experiment as functions of tip–sample distance z. For the force calculations, we used Equation 12

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• melts into continuous fibers with nano/microscale diameters [52]. It is one of the most extensively used methods for continuous fiber preparation nowadays, which works by using electrostatic forces to produce and stretch fibers from a polymer solution [53]. Typically, a polymer solution is passed

Local work function on graphene nanoribbons

• Daniel Rothhardt,
• Amina Kimouche,
• Tillmann Klamroth and
• Regina Hoffmann-Vogel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1125–1131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.91

• is, by the local electrochemical potential. GNRs show strong electrostatic effects at their edges [11], where electrostatic forces occur that we expect to modulate the electrons’ local electrochemical potential. Additionally, the chemical state of GNR edges allows one to substantially tune the

• KPFM, a voltage is applied to the tip in order to compensate electrostatic forces occurring between tip and sample. Such electrostatic forces arise from the different positions of the Fermi level in tip and sample, which give rise to charge transfer. In KPFM, the forces are measured by SFM during image

• and Discussion A topographic image of GNRs on the Au surface is shown in Figure 1a. While most GNRs are attached to gold step edges or to other ribbons, we additionally observe isolated individual ribbons. When the tip and the GNR are brought close together, electrostatic forces between tip and sample

Beyond biomimicry – next generation applications of bioinspired adhesives from microfluidics to composites

• Dan Sameoto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 965–976, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.79

• deformation and adhesion failures may possibly provide better crash protection or armor functionality in wearable composites. Triggering mechanisms: The actuation of these materials can be combined with electrostatic forces or magnets to enhance overall functionality. Pneumatic pressures acting globally (for

Electrospun nanofibers: building blocks for the repair of bone tissue

• Tuğrul Mert Serim,
• Gülin Amasya,
• Tuğba Eren-Böncü,
• Ceyda Tuba Şengel-Türk and
• Ayşe Nurten Özdemir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 941–953, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.77

• method Electrospinning is an easy and fast method used to produce non-woven structures consisting of continuous ultrafine fibers with diameters ranging from micrometers down to nanometers. In this method, nanofibers are produced from a polymer solution or a melt with the help of electrostatic forces [41

• examined this method in detail. The first patent for turning a polymer solution into nanofibers by electrostatic forces was issued to J. F. Cooley in 1902. Between 1934 and 1944, Anton Formhals further developed the electrospinning method and equipment and obtained new patents [43]. In the 1990s

Exploring surface charge dynamics: implications for AFM height measurements in 2D materials

• Mario Navarro-Rodriguez,
• Andres M. Somoza and
• Elisa Palacios-Lidon

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 767–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.64

• monolayer flakes of 2D materials is the inaccurate height derived from topography images, often attributed to capillary or electrostatic forces. Here, we show the existence of a Joule dissipative mechanism related to charge dynamics and supplementing the dissipation due to capillary forces. This particular

• ][56][57]. The origin of incorrect height measurements in 2D materials has been ascribed to the same sources as those mentioned above, including capillary forces and adhesion [8][46], electrostatic forces [58][59][60], or residues of the solvent [8]. However, in many cases, this is not enough to fully

Metal-organic framework-based nanomaterials as opto-electrochemical sensors for the detection of antibiotics and hormones: A review

• Akeem Adeyemi Oladipo,
• Saba Derakhshan Oskouei and
• Mustafa Gazi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 631–673, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.52

• biomolecules via electrostatic forces, stacking, and/or hydrogen bonding, which lead to high accumulation of the target analyte, are another factor that supports the development of electrochemical sensors. However, because of the high proportion of organic ligands, most MOFs have poor electrical conductivity

High–low Kelvin probe force spectroscopy for measuring the interface state density

• Ryo Izumi,
• Masato Miyazaki,
• Yan Jun Li and
• Yasuhiro Sugawara

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 175–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.18

• interface state density inside semiconductors. We derive an analytical expression for the electrostatic forces between a tip and a semiconductor sample in the accumulation, depletion, and inversion regions, taking into account the charge transfer between the bulk and interface states in semiconductors. We

• show that the analysis of electrostatic forces in the depletion region at high- and low-frequency AC bias voltages provides information about the interface state density in the semiconductor bandgap. As a preliminary experiment, high-low KPFS measurements were performed on ion-implanted silicon

• interface state density in the semiconductor bandgap. We also demonstrate using a pn-patterned silicon substrate that the interface state density can be measured. Theory To understand the principle of the high–low KPFS proposed in this study, we discuss the electrostatic forces acting between the tip and

A cantilever-based, ultrahigh-vacuum, low-temperature scanning probe instrument for multidimensional scanning force microscopy

• Hao Liu,
• Zuned Ahmed,
• Sasa Vranjkovic,
• Manfred Parschau,
• Andrada-Oana Mandru and
• Hans J. Hug

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1120–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.95

• acquisition of overview images at larger tip–sample distances. Our instrument is thus well-suited to find specific locations in devices, map weak magnetic or electrostatic forces, and also permits the acquisition of smaller scan range atomic resolution images at specific locations. This manuscript is

Comparing the performance of single and multifrequency Kelvin probe force microscopy techniques in air and water

• Jason I. Kilpatrick,
• Emrullah Kargin and
• Brian J. Rodriguez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 922–943, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.82

• ]. The regulation of tip–sample distance in KPFM imaging is generally performed by employing a feedback loop that maintains the mechanical oscillation amplitude of the cantilever at the fundamental eigenmode, ω1, at a fixed value. This precludes simultaneous measurement of electrostatic forces on this

• excitation applied at ω1 as it traces the topography measured in the first pass at a specific lift height above the surface. Lift height can be set such that the electrostatic forces are isolated from stronger short range forces at the expense of spatial resolution [10][58]. By setting the lift height to

• . These mixing products have enhanced sensitivity to electrostatic forces at the expense of localization to small tip–sample separations. By choosing ωe such that the mixing products fall on the sidebands of ω1, the SNR is improved whilst enabling single-pass scanning. There are trade-offs here in that ωe

Direct measurement of surface photovoltage by AC bias Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Masato Miyazaki,
• Yasuhiro Sugawara and
• Yan Jun Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 712–720, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.63

• experiments using AC-KPFM in the FM mode. Theory of AC-KPFM for SPV Measurements General concept KPFM measures the CPD by compensating the electrostatic forces between the tip and the sample. When an AC bias VAC·cos(ωmt) with modulation frequency ωm between the tip and the sample is applied, the electrostatic

A comprehensive review on electrospun nanohybrid membranes for wastewater treatment

• Senuri Kumarage,
• Imalka Munaweera and
• Nilwala Kottegoda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 137–159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.10

• , and phase inversion [1] to fabricate porous nanomembranes, electrospinning is a straightforward emerging technology that uses electrostatic forces to produce ultrathin fibers with diameters at the nanometer scale. In comparison to the membranes developed via other methodologies, electrospinning

• dominant. When the voltage is high enough for the electrostatic forces of the Taylor cone to overcome the surface tension and viscous force, jet initiation happens, and a polymer jet will reach the ground collector completing the circuit. Polymers with high molecular weight will form ultrafine fibers due

• cone, the polymer jet initiation happens when the voltage reaches a threshold value at which the electrostatic forces overcome the surface tension of the polymer droplet. The increase of the applied voltage up to a particular value decreases the fiber diameter [21]. Huan et al. reported that at low

Self-assembly of amino acids toward functional biomaterials

• Huan Ren,
• Lifang Wu,
• Lina Tan,
• Yanni Bao,
• Yuchen Ma,
• Yong Jin and
• Qianli Zou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1140–1150, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.85

• -ordered structures from a complex mixture via noncovalent interactions, including van der Waals forces, electrostatic forces, hydrogen bonds, and stacking interactions [12][13]. Importantly, biomolecules, such as proteins, peptides, or biologically derived molecules, including de novo designed peptides or

• and molecular forces play a key role in self-assembly, including hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic bonds, van der Waals force, ionic bonds, π–π stacking, and electrostatic forces [31]. Importantly, amino acids are simple building blocks that provide relevant noncovalent interactions to construct complex

Fate and transformation of silver nanoparticles in different biological conditions

• Barbara Pem,
• Marija Ćurlin,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Rinea Barbir,
• Vedran Micek,
• Raluca M. Fratila,
• Jesus M. de la Fuente and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 665–679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.53

• such conditions, the repulsive electrostatic forces between particles with the same surface charge are weakened, leading to aggregation upon collision [10]. The AgNPs with bulky coatings are less sensitive to this, since their stabilisation is steric and not electrostatic [14]. The dissolution of AgNPs

Colloidal particle aggregation: mechanism of assembly studied via constructal theory modeling

• Scott C. Bukosky,
• Sukrith Dev,
• Monica S. Allen and
• Jeffery W. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 413–423, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.33

• -cleaning devices [12]. It was concluded that the maximum collection rate was achieved when the aerosol particles first formed into clusters and then dendrites in order to balance their electrostatic forces. The aggregation of colloidal particles (small particles or droplets typically between 10 nm and 10

Fusion of purple membranes triggered by immobilization on carbon nanomembranes

• René Riedel,
• Natalie Frese,
• Fang Yang,
• Martin Wortmann,
• Raphael Dalpke,
• Daniel Rhinow,
• Norbert Hampp and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 93–101, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.8

• topography data from the first scan. The voltage applied to the tip to compensate for attracting/repelling electrostatic forces indicates the electrostatic potential of the sample. The samples were further analyzed by SEM in a Zeiss Auriga (Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany) at an acceleration voltage of 5 kV using

Bulk chemical composition contrast from attractive forces in AFM force spectroscopy

• Dorothee Silbernagl,
• Media Ghasem Zadeh Khorasani,
• Natalia Cano Murillo,
• Anna Maria Elert and
• Heinz Sturm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 58–71, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.5

• to a decrease in the lateral resolution compared to other AFM methods, such as tapping [28]. ncAFM is a more universal applicable method since it is carried out over the whole regime of attractive forces: It is sensitive to electrostatic forces (long range, >30 nm), van der Waals forces (intermediate

• FvdW, in general, distinguishable from short-ranged chemical forces and long-ranged electrostatic forces and also dominant in an AFM setup under ambient conditions. But how is this property specific for different materials? In simplified terms, oscillating dipoles emit electromagnetic waves which in

Vibration analysis and pull-in instability behavior in a multiwalled piezoelectric nanosensor with fluid flow conveyance

• Sayyid H. Hashemi Kachapi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1072–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.92

• Waals and electrostatic forces. Hamilton’s principle is used to derive the governing and boundary conditions and is also the assumed mode method used for changing the partial differential equations into ordinary differential equations. The influences of the surface/interface effect, such as Lame’s