Experimental investigation of usage of POE lubricants with Al₂O₃, graphene or CNT nanoparticles in a refrigeration compressor

• Kayhan Dağıdır and
• Kemal Bilen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1041–1058, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.86

• and condensation temperatures. To validate the study, the actual refrigeration cycle with R1234yf is presented as in previous studies [36]. The pressure (P) – specific enthalpy (h) diagram obtained from the validation tests was given in Figure 11. Accordingly, it was seen that the actual P–h diagram

Fragmentation of metal(II) bis(acetylacetonate) complexes induced by slow electrons

• Janina Kopyra and
• Hassan Abdoul-Carime

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 980–987, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.81

• constant. Taking into account the sublimation enthalpy, ΔHsub, for MnL2 and CoL2 (i.e., 139.3 and 130.1 kJ/mol, respectively [24]), and the working temperature (i.e., 390 and 420 K, respectively), we estimate the value of PCoL2/PMnL2 to be about 38, assuming C to be constant. This ratio of pressures, also

• of the precursor anion leads to a substantial increase in the M···O bond length. Thus, stabilization of the [ML2]− anion prevents the dissociation of the TNI and, hence, the production of [L]− near 0 eV. Furthermore, the formation enthalpy of this fragment has been calculated to be 2.01, 1.72, 0.95

Antibody-conjugated nanoparticles for target-specific drug delivery of chemotherapeutics

• Mamta Kumari,
• Amitabha Acharya and
• Praveen Thaggikuppe Krishnamurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 912–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.75

• binding is a highly selective interaction because both enthalpy and entropy are involved in the binding thermodynamics [73]. In case of multivalent particles, the entropy loss on binding is less than that of the two molecules in free solution. The multivalent NPs are very specific for the corresponding

Two-dimensional molecular networks at the solid/liquid interface and the role of alkyl chains in their building blocks

• Suyi Liu,
• Yasuo Norikane and
• Yoshihiro Kikkawa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 872–892, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.72

• were partially desorbed from the surface of HOPG. Desorption from the surface is unfavorable regarding enthalpy. However, the detached alkyl chain is mobile in the solution phase; thus, desorption from the surface is favorable concerning entropy. Therefore, the peculiar 2D structural change can be

Nanostructured lipid carriers containing benznidazole: physicochemical, biopharmaceutical and cellular in vitro studies

• Giuliana Muraca,
• María Esperanza Ruiz,
• Rocío C. Gambaro,
• Sebastián Scioli-Montoto,
• María Laura Sbaraglini,
• Gisel Padula,
• José Sebastián Cisneros,
• Cecilia Yamil Chain,
• Vera A. Álvarez,
• Cristián Huck-Iriart,
• Guillermo R. Castro,
• María Belén Piñero,
• Matias Ildebrando Marchetto,
• Catalina Alba Soto,
• Germán A. Islan and
• Alan Talevi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 804–818, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.66

• thermograms are shown in Figure 2, whereas the melting temperature (Tm), the enthalpy of fusion (ΔHf), and crystallinity index (CI) are presented in Table 1. Whereas BNZ showed an endothermic peak at its melting point (191.2 °C) [23], the formulation showed two endothermic peaks in the range of 40–50 °C

• the nanoparticle thermogram, indicating that BNZ was dispersed within the lipid matrix [24]. Correlating with the lower enthalpy of fusion, the CI (%) value of the nanoparticles was lower than that of the bulk myristyl myristate. Lipid molecules could be less ordered in the nanoparticles than in the

• to identify significant differences against the control group. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. Thermal properties of benznidazole (BNZ), myristyl myristate, poloxamer 188, and nanoparticles (NLC-VEHICLE and NLC-BNZ). Abbreviations: Tm, melting temperature; ΔHf, fusion enthalpy; CI (%), crystallinity index

Conjugated photothermal materials and structure design for solar steam generation

• Chia-Yang Lin and
• Tsuyoshi Michinobu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 454–466, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.36

• the initial temperature of water, c is the specific heat of water (4.2 J·g−1·K−1), Q is the sensible heat of water, HLV is the enthalpy of water vaporization, and Ein is the energy of the incident light. Conjugated organic photothermal materials Conjugated organic small molecules Organic molecular

Plasmonic nanotechnology for photothermal applications – an evaluation

• A. R. Indhu,
• L. Keerthana and
• Gnanaprakash Dharmalingam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 380–419, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.33

• water vaporisation can be calculated from Δm is the water mass loss during irradiation, is the phase change enthalpy of water to vapour, M is the molar mass of water, I is the solar power intensity at the surface of the sample, S is the irradiated area of the water surface, and τ is the irradiation

Sputtering onto liquids: a critical review

• Anastasiya Sergievskaya,
• Adrien Chauvin and
• Stephanos Konstantinidis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 10–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.2

• while the distance between the target and the substrate is of the order of several centimeters. Ultimately, these atoms may be thermalized if the number of collisions is high and the atoms land on the surface with a kinetic energy of the order of the gas temperature (ca. 1/40 eV). Condensation enthalpy

Criteria ruling particle agglomeration

• Dieter Vollath

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1093–1100, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.81

• direction of a minimum of the free enthalpy. In this context, one may observe mechanisms leading to a reduction of the surface energy or controlled by the van der Waals interaction. Additionally, the ensemble may arrange in the direction of a maximum of the entropy. Simulations based on Monte Carlo methods

• of an agglomerated ensemble, that is, an exponential function characterized by two parameters. In this context, it is important to realize that one has to take care of fluctuations of the entropy. Keywords: agglomeration; enthalpy; entropy; simulation; surface energy; van der Waals interaction

• . Synthesis of larger particles may be carried out in the gas phase, where the probability of collision is controlled by the geometry of the particles or forces among the particles [1]. Alternatively, in case of existing particles, the agglomeration is controlled by the minimum of free enthalpy. In this case

Prediction of Co and Ru nanocluster morphology on 2D MoS₂ from interaction energies

• Cara-Lena Nies and
• Michael Nolan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 704–724, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.56

• , this indicates a strong interaction with the MoS2 ML, while tetrahedral geometries have an energy gain originating from Co–Co interactions instead. If we compare with Cu, the Co–S bond enthalpy is much higher than the Cu–S bond enthalpy, at 331 kJ/mol and 274.5 kJ/mol respectively (we did not find data

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering of water in aqueous dispersions of silver nanoparticles

• Paulina Filipczak,
• Krzysztof Hałagan,
• Jacek Ulański and
• Marcin Kozanecki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 497–506, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.40

• -exponential factor and R is the universal gas constant. This data treatment is analogous to the procedures proposed by Walrafen et al. [46] for the calculation of the enthalpy ΔH° referring to the formation of O–H∙∙∙O units. The results presented here are consistent with the results proposed by Walrafen et al

ZnO and MXenes as electrode materials for supercapacitor devices

• Ameen Uddin Ammar,
• Ipek Deniz Yildirim,
• Feray Bakan and
• Emre Erdem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 49–57, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.4

• abundant raw materials. Also, it is less harmful to the environment [19]. Miao et al. fabricated 3D porous MXene-rGO films by using a self-propagating approach, which involves great enthalpy change, chain reactions, and drastically propagates onto the entire film in seconds. As a result, a specific

Magnetohydrodynamic stagnation point on a Casson nanofluid flow over a radially stretching sheet

• Ganji Narender,
• Kamatam Govardhan and
• Gobburu Sreedhar Sarma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1303–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.114

• enthalpy. The kinetic energy of the fluid particles increases for higher values of Ec. Hence, the temperature of the fluid rises marginally and therefore, the associated momentum and thermal boundary layer thickness are enhanced. Figure 14 and Figure 15 elucidate the effect of the radiation parameter, R

Growth of a self-assembled monolayer decoupled from the substrate: nucleation on-command using buffer layers

• Robby Reynaerts,
• Kunal S. Mali and
• Steven De Feyter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1291–1302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.113

• following major avenues: (1) The buffer layers, in principle, offer a new substrate with a different, often lower, symmetry. (2) The buffer layer has a different lattice constant compared to the solid substrate. (3) The adsorption enthalpy of the assembling moiety on the buffer layer is often different

Agglomerates of nanoparticles

• Dieter Vollath

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 854–857, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.70

• Dieter Vollath NanoConsulting, Primelweg 3, Stutensee 76297, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.11.70 Abstract Nanoparticles tend to agglomerate. The process of agglomeration is ruled by thermodynamics. Depending on the sign of the enthalpy of interaction, ensembles consist of (repelling) poorly agglomerated

• . The exact determination of the size distribution of the agglomerates also gives the maximum size of the agglomerates. These considerations lead to an improved understanding of ensembles of agglomerated nanoparticles. Keywords: agglomeration; enthalpy; entropy; Gibbs entropy; nanoparticles; size

• experimental results, assuming that not all the particles of an ensemble are equal in size. The free enthalpy G of an ensemble with N particles showing interaction is given by The quantity U = N*u is the enthalpy of interaction. In an ensemble only N* particles having interaction partners are bound with the

BergaCare SmartLipids: commercial lipophilic active concentrates for improved performance of dermal products

• Florence Olechowski,
• Rainer H. Müller and
• Sung Min Pyo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2152–2162, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.208

• is very easy by measuring the melting enthalpy using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The melting enthalpy of a SmartLipids suspension can be determined before addition to the product, after addition to a gel or a cream and after storage. In case the particles dissolve, e.g., in an oil of a

• cream, the melting enthalpy will decrease. Thus, the physical stability of SmartLipids is easy to analyze and to prove. Chemical stabilization of active agents Classical fluid carriers such as nanoemulsion and liposomes have a limited ability to protect labile lipophilic active agents. Due to the

Energy distribution in an ensemble of nanoparticles and its consequences

• Dieter Vollath

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1452–1457, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.143

• . The energies ei and are given by The quantity u stands for the enthalpy, and cp for the heat capacity. As within one ensemble, only one average temperature is possible for the whole ensemble, only one characteristic temperature Tchar is assumed. The characteristic temperature Tchar may be interpreted

• quantities gi−1 and gi−2 stand for the free enthalpy of the particle i in the phases 1 and 2, and |Δgi| stands for the difference of the free enthalpy of the two phases at the temperature Ti. Equation 5 gives the boundary condition for fluctuation, but does not give any information about the probability

• . Therefore, the description of fluctuations has to be expanded. This necessary extension is demonstrated using as an example of melting gold particles at different particle sizes. Figure 1 displays the free enthalpy of the solid and the liquid phase of a 2 nm gold particle in the vicinity of the melting

Gas sensing properties of individual SnO₂ nanowires and SnO₂ sol–gel nanocomposites

• Alexey V. Shaposhnik,
• Dmitry A. Shaposhnik,
• Sergey Yu. Turishchev,
• Olga A. Chuvenkova,
• Stanislav V. Ryabtsev,
• Alexey A. Vasiliev,
• Xavier Vilanova,
• Francisco Hernandez-Ramirez and
• Joan R. Morante

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1380–1390, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.136

• phenomenon can be explained by two factors. The first one is the single crystal character of the nanowires. Uniform adsorption enthalpy of all the centers is typical of Langmuir-type adsorption, which is characterized by low power factors in the power-law approximation. Vice versa, the small size of

Serum type and concentration both affect the protein-corona composition of PLGA nanoparticles

• Katrin Partikel,
• Robin Korte,
• Dennis Mulac,
• Hans-Ulrich Humpf and
• Klaus Langer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1002–1015, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.101

• protein) adsorbed per weight of adsorbent (PLGA NPs), c is the serum protein concentration at equilibrium, KL is a constant related to the enthalpy of adsorption and qmax is related to the surface area of the solid. This equation was arranged into the linear form The value of qmax is a measure of the

Outstanding chain-extension effect and high UV resistance of polybutylene succinate containing amino-acid-modified layered double hydroxides

• Adam A. Marek,
• Vincent Verney,
• Christine Taviot-Gueho,
• Grazia Totaro,
• Laura Sisti,
• Annamaria Celli and
• Fabrice Leroux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 684–695, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.68

• was deleted and a second scan profile was performed by heating from −60 °C to 150 °C at 10 °C min−1. The glass transition temperature (Tg), the melting temperature (Tm) and the enthalpy of fusion (∆Hm) were measured from the second scan. Tg was taken as the midpoint of the heat capacity increment

• associated with the glass-to-rubber transition. The crystallization temperature (Tc) and the enthalpy of crystallization (∆Hc) were measured during the cooling scan. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of LDH fillers and composites was performed in air atmosphere (gas flow 30 mL min−1) using a Perkin Elmer TGA7

One-step nonhydrolytic sol–gel synthesis of mesoporous TiO₂ phosphonate hybrid materials

• Yanhui Wang,
• P. Hubert Mutin and
• Johan G. Alauzun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 356–362, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.35

• ). Interestingly, the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) C constant, which is related to the adsorption enthalpy, decreased with the P/Ti ratio (42 for TiP0.02, 36 for TiP0.05, 28 for TiP0.1), as previously reported for nanoparticles grafted by octylphosphonic acid [37]. According to the recent IUPAC classification, the

Interaction of Te and Se interlayers with Ag or Au nanofilms in sandwich structures

• Arkadiusz Ciesielski,
• Lukasz Skowronski,
• Marek Trzcinski,
• Ewa Górecka,
• Wojciech Pacuski and
• Tomasz Szoplik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 238–246, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.22

• [21][32], which contribute to the enthalpy (ΔH) of segregation. However, as shown in the previous work, the segregation process can be strongly influenced by the grain size distribution of the metal layer as well as its density profile [12], which may direct the segregation towards a specific

• interstitial lattice sites accessible to the minority atom as well as higher coordination number. Therefore, a system in which minority atoms reside in such voids has a higher entropy S (and thus lower free enthalpy G) than a system in which they reside in a simple grain boundary. Therefore, the distribution

Block copolymers for designing nanostructured porous coatings

• Roberto Nisticò

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2332–2344, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.218

• of the thermal expansion coefficients and/or directional enthalpy (or entropy) changes, as shown in [83]. Furthermore, crystallinity is also an important parameter that can influence the domain orientation. As reported by Register and co-workers [84], there are three different levels of orientation

Surface energy of nanoparticles – influence of particle size and structure

• Dieter Vollath,
• Franz Dieter Fischer and
• David Holec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2265–2276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.211

• obtains In this equation the quantities Q∞ and Q stand for the enthalpy of sublimation of the bulk and the enthalpy of sublimation for the particle in question, respectively. Vm stands for the molar volume of the atoms in the particle and r for its radius. Also in this case, the definition of the particle

• radius is a crucial problem that may be solved using a correction derived by Holec et al. [53]. The enthalpy of sublimation is determined as the binding energy of the outmost atoms of the particle. Figure 18 displays the binding energy for the atoms of the outmost layer of the glassy Au55 cluster. To

Absence of free carriers in silicon nanocrystals grown from phosphorus- and boron-doped silicon-rich oxide and oxynitride

• Daniel Hiller,
• Julian López-Vidrier,
• Keita Nomoto,
• Michael Wahl,
• Wolfgang Bock,
• Tomáš Chlouba,
• František Trojánek,
• Sebastian Gutsch,
• Margit Zacharias,
• Dirk König,
• Petr Malý and
• Michael Kopnarski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1501–1511, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.141

• as used in our work, the effective (endothermic) dissociation enthalpy of the reactions 2 P-DB + H2 → 2 P-H and 2 Si-DB + H2 → 2 Si-H yield ca. 0.05 eV and ca. 0.09 eV per DB passivation, respectively [51]. This finding renders the P–H bond breakage to occur at significantly lower temperatures as