Recent progress in enhancing built-in electric fields of perovskite solar cells via junction engineering

• Tong Xiao and
• Ke Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 602–621, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.42

Probing tribological evolution in atomically thin MoS₂ at different scales

• Xingzhong Zeng and
• Miao Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 586–597, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.40

• foundational phenomena in the nanotribology of atomically thin two-dimensional (2D) materials, yet their sub-nanoscale origins and load-dependent evolution remain insufficiently characterized. Herein, we systematically investigate the sub-nanoscale friction behaviors of atomically thin molybdenum disulfide

• load-dependent transition, remaining nearly constant under low loads before increasing with higher loads, and ultimately decreasing at ultrahigh loads. This transition arises from two competing mechanisms: under low loads, the evolution of interfacial contact quality dominates the strengthening effect

• friction properties [5][16]. Previous studies on MoS2 have reported that nanoscale friction decreases with increasing layer thickness, and a transient nanoscale strengthening effect (enhanced friction in the initial sliding cycles) is attributed to either interfacial contact quality evolution or the

Impacts of annealing on structural and photophysical properties of zinc phthalocyanine adsorbed on graphene

• Gautier Creutzer,
• Quentin Fernez,
• Nataliya Kalashnyk,
• Zohreh Safarzadeh,
• Lydia Sosa Vargas,
• Céline Fiorini-Debuisschert,
• Nicolas Fabre and
• Fabrice Charra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 576–585, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.39

• images show a marked evolution internally to the network unit cell upon annealing (compare Figure 3b and Figure 3e). Mainly, the brighter spots, attributable to ZnPc molecules, become smaller and, consequently, the less bright TSB35-C12 conjugated cores become more apparent around the ZnPc spots (see

Laser–material interactions in liquids for the synthesis of nanomaterials: current status and perspectives

• Carlos Doñate Buendia,
• Bilal Gökce and
• Leonid V. Zhigilei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 571–575, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.38

• requires input from computational modeling [33][36]. At longer timescales, shadowgraphy offers valuable information on bubble evolution [37], although processes occurring within the bubble remain largely inaccessible and necessitate the use of X-ray probing to elucidate nanoparticle growth mechanisms [38

• processing parameters has enabled a wide range of applications [53]. These include catalysis [54] (e.g., for oxygen [55] and hydrogen evolution reactions [56] in hydrogen production), sensing (e.g., surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy [51] for detection of pollutants and optical sensing of glucose [57

Synthesis of Cu–Mo/TiO₂ and Co–Mo/TiO₂ photocatalysts for the efficient degradation of organic pollutants in water

• Ilse Acosta,
• Brenda Zermeño,
• Edgar Moctezuma,
• Luis F. Garay-Rodríguez and
• Isaías Juárez-Ramírez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 559–570, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.37

• using a NOVA 2000e Quantachrome Instrument. The XPS analysis was performed on a SPECS instrument with an energy analyzer, PHOIBOS 150 WAL. A UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectrophotometer, Thermo Scientific Evolution 600, was used to measure the photocatalyst bandgap energy (Eg). All samples were analyzed

Fractional shot noise of an SU(N) Kondo system

• Damian Krychowski and
• Stanisław Lipiński

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 515–540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.34

• temperature evolution of Kondo peaks provide this information [57]. Although some information about correlations is hidden in the renormalization of transmission, a deeper insight into the correlations of electronic wave functions can be obtained from the shot noise; therefore, we especially focus in this

Probing internal continua and atomic ultrafast charge transfer within size-controlled nanoparticles by post-collision interaction in core-hole clock spectroscopy

• Johannes Lütgert,
• Erika Giangrisostomi,
• Nomi L. A. N. Sorgenfrei and
• Alexander Föhlisch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 505–514, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.33

• different photon energies strongly suggests that the observed variations are indeed the result of a size-dependent process. To gain further insight into the PCI effect, we modeled the observed evolution of the asymmetry parameter as a function of the particle size. As previously discussed, the strength of

• the dielectric constant εr are displayed in Figure 4 (bottom panel), exhibiting a trend matching the evolution of the relative asymmetry parameters. As expected, increasing shell thickness enhances electron density, leading to a higher dielectric constant and improved screening ability. These findings

• and, thus, does not allow for energy redistribution within itself. In fact, examining the evolution of the charge transfer times and of the asymmetry parameter across photon energies above the proposed CBM (light gray area in Figure 5), except within the dark gray area, both follow expectations

Defects and defect-mediated engineering of two-dimensional materials: challenges and open questions

• Arkady V. Krasheninnikov,
• Matthias Batzill,
• Anouar-Akacha Delenda,
• Marija Drndić,
• Chris Ewels,
• Katharina J. Franke,
• Mahdi Ghorbani-Asl,
• Alexander Holleitner,
• Ado Jorio,
• Ute Kaiser,
• Daria Kieczka,
• Hannu-Pekka Komsa,
• Jani Kotakoski,
• Manuel Längle,
• David Lamprecht,
• Yun Liu,
• Steven G. Louie,
• Janina Maultzsch,
• Thomas Michely,
• Katherine Milton,
• Anna Niggas,
• Hanako Okuno,
• Joshua A. Robinson,
• Marika Schleberger,
• Bruno Schuler,
• Alexander Shluger,
• Kazu Suenaga,
• Kristian S. Thygesen,
• Richard A. Wilhelm,
• E. Harriet Åhlgren and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 454–488, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.31

• evolution in real time. However, it was realized long ago [32][33] that energetic electrons in the TEM interacting with the specimen can give rise to the formation of defects or even to the complete destruction of the sample, an undesirable effect, which stimulated the research on beam–sample interactions

• can these limitations be addressed? X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a powerful tool for identifying and quantifying defects in 2D materials, offering unique advantages in surface sensitivity, chemical state analysis, and real-time monitoring of defect evolution. While challenges such as

• surface contamination, depth sensitivity, energy resolution, and data complexity exist, they can be addressed through careful sample preparation, the use of complementary techniques, and the integration of theoretical modelling for data analysis. The ability of XPS to study defect evolution under specific

Ferroelectric nanodot reservoir for neuromorphic computing

• Anna Razumnaya,
• Yuri Tikhonov,
• Dmitrii Naidenko,
• Léo Boron,
• Valerii Vinokur and
• Igor Lukyanchuk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 352–364, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.24

• evolution of polarization states with low energy consumption and fast switching speeds, leveraging the intrinsic properties of ferroelectrics. Furthermore, while previous considerations of neuromorphic ferroelectric nanodot-based setups [38][39] demonstrated static logic functions in topologically

• structured ferroelectric domain networks, the present system shifts toward dynamic, time-dependent processing, essential for tasks such as time-series prediction, temporal pattern recognition, and classification. The reservoir’s ability to encode temporal correlations through physical polarization evolution

• dot with the lowest switching threshold among the eligible ones undergoes a polarization reversal, thereby updating the system state. This discrete event simulation captures the nonlinear hysteretic evolution of the entire reservoir. Importantly, because of the broad distribution of Ec and the

Beam shaping techniques for pulsed laser ablation in liquids: Unlocking tunable control of nanoparticle synthesis in liquids

• Sergio Molina-Prados,
• Nadezhda M. Bulgakova,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov,
• Jesus Lancis,
• Gladys Mínguez Vega and
• Carlos Doñate-Buendia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 309–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.22

• approximated by the Bessel function J0 [145]. The anatomy of the quasi-Bessel beam propagation in space is shown in Figure 8 with a detailed view of its spatiotemporal shape including the evolution of the cross-sectional structure [146]. Two laser beams, one continuous wave (CW) and a femtosecond pulsed laser

• distribution. Figure 11 shows simulated intensity distributions of a Gaussian and DS beam with the same pulse energy [154]. When a DS pulse is focused inside a liquid at a fluence above the liquid breakdown, a ring CB is generated, followed by a series of transient phenomena [155]. The evolution of the DS

• bubble, it induces a tertiary bubble cloud that vanishes within approx. 100 ns. Finally, the central bubble collapses after 1–2 µs, and the annular bubble fragments into cylindrical bubbles within approx. 100 µs. This evolution differs from Gaussian pulses in liquids, where a single bubble exhibits large

Micro- and nanoscale effects in biological and bioinspired materials and surfaces

• Thies H. Büscher,
• Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira,
• Manuela Rebora and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 214–217, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.14

• varying environmental parameters. For terrestrial animals, adhesive systems usually provide temporary adhesion and do not make use of cements. A study on the evolution of subdigital microstructures in Cyrtodactylus geckos by Ginal et al. [16] addressed how adhesive microstructures (setae) have

Safe and sustainable by design with ML/AI: A transformative approach to advancing nanotechnology

• Georgia Melagraki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 176–185, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.11

• materials before producing them. This perspective article highlights how ML and AI are driving the evolution of SSbD in nanotechnology, focussing on predictive toxicology, materials informatics, lifecycle analysis, and the pivotal role of digital twins. It also explores current challenges, emerging

From shield to spear: Charge-reversible nanocarriers in overcoming cancer therapy barriers

• Madhuri Yeduvaka,
• Pooja Mittal,
• Ameer Boyalakuntla,
• Usman Bee Shaik,
• Himanshu Sharma,
• Thakur Gurjeet Singh,
• Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula and
• Lakshmi Vineela Nalla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 159–175, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.10

• therapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy modalities that enable more precise and personalized cancer management [7]. In parallel, complementary strategies such as photodynamic therapy and hyperthermia further enhance treatment effectiveness, collectively reflecting the ongoing evolution of cancer

Influence of surface characteristics on the in vitro stability and cell uptake of nanoliposomes for brain delivery

• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Andreas Zimmer,
• Otmar Geiss,
• Sabrina Gioria,
• Diletta Scaccabarozzi and
• Marija Glavas Dodov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 139–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.9

• evolution of physicochemical characteristics and surface properties of NLs in biorelevant media. Additionally, in order to point out the influence of specific characteristics on the brain targeting potential of these formulations, we investigated interactions between NLs and blood–brain barrier (BBB, hCMEC

• the internalization pathway and intracellular trafficking [17]. In contrast, this study focuses on the evolution of physicochemical and surface properties of NLs in biorelevant media depending on the different amount of PEG onto NLs surface, thus correlating these findings with the cell

Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review

• Giuseppe Cesare Lama,
• Marino Lavorgna,
• Letizia Verdolotti,
• Federica Recupido,
• Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6

• early evolution of the techniques to protect metal-based sculptures are represented by, again, natural-derived materials like waxes (beeswax among all) and mixtures of wax and resins [19]. However, when wooden sculptures or paintings were considered, linseed oil was applied to prevent cracking and

Microscopic study of the intermediate mixed state in intertype superconductors

• Vyacheslav D. Neverov,
• Alexander V. Kalashnikov,
• Andrey V. Krasavin and
• Alexei Vagov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 57–62, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.5

• range 0 < T < Tc and investigate the evolution of few-vortex states as the system changes between type-I and type-II regimes. Our results show that the key qualitative features of the IT superconductivity persist throughout this range; however, the IT domain gradually narrows as the temperature

• study of three-vortex configurations presented here. Conclusion This work presents a fully microscopic analysis of the intermediate mixed state in IT superconductors between the type-I and type-II regimes. Using self-consistent Bogoliubov–de Gennes simulations, we traced the evolution of vortex

Subdigital integumentary microstructure in Cyrtodactylus (Squamata: Gekkota): do those lineages with incipiently expressed toepads exclusively exhibit adhesive setae?

• Philipp Ginal,
• Yannick Ecker,
• Timothy Higham,
• L. Lee Grismer,
• Benjamin Wipfler,
• Dennis Rödder,
• Anthony Russell and
• Jendrian Riedel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 38–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.4

• Philipp Ginal Yannick Ecker Timothy Higham L. Lee Grismer Benjamin Wipfler Dennis Rodder Anthony Russell Jendrian Riedel Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change – Museum Koenig Bonn, Bonn, Germany Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California

• , making it a promising candidate for studying toepad evolution. We investigated the subdigital microstructures of 27 Cyrtodactylus species occupying a wide range of habitats, and exhibiting a spectrum of subdigital morphology, from the presence of the ancestral condition of small, rounded scales to the

• hypothesis. Most transitions to incipient toepads occurred within this clade, consistent with hypothesis 1, and we reveal that the evolution of setae likely preceded that of broadened scales. Although microstructure types did not significantly correlate with ecotype, specific morphometric traits varied

Chiral plasmonic nanostructures fabricated with circularly polarized light

• Tian Qiao and
• Ming Lee Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2245–2264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.154

• different cPNSs synthesized using this method. Section 3 will discuss universal metrics to characterize cPNSs. Furthermore, Section 4 will examine the roles of cPNSs in various applications. Finally, we will share insights into future directions for cPNSs fabricated using CPL. Review 1 Evolution of chiral

• growth of Ag was observed under CPL without CTAB passivation. The structural evolution of the chiral AgNRs is shown in the top two rows of Figure 4e. The nanostructures obtained with CPL of opposite handedness are clear enantiomorphs of each other at each stage. Intense CD signals were collected from

Missing links in nanomaterials research impacting productivity and perceptions

• Santosh K. Tiwari and
• Nannan Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2168–2176, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.149

• of the most important achievements in the history of science. The influence of nanomaterials research goes beyond academic curiosity. It has triggered the evolution of microscopic and analytical techniques to visualize matter at unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution, to the point where we can

Molecular and mechanical insights into gecko seta adhesion: multiscale simulations combining molecular dynamics and the finite element method

• Yash Jain,
• Saeed Norouzi,
• Tobias Materzok,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Florian Müller-Plathe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2055–2076, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.141

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

• shown below. However, obtaining the information on spatial and temporal evolution of transient laser-induced plasma represents a challenge due to the short plasma lifetime. 1.1 Plasma formation and propagation In a widely accepted mechanism of PLAL, the formation of NPs occurs via two major processes

• generation of shockwaves and formation of cavitation bubbles, which typically have a lifetime of several microseconds. During its evolution, the cavitation bubble expands to reach the equilibrium with the confining liquid, after which the shrinking stage begins, which involves the ablated material moving

• influencing the mechanisms of NP formation and growth at the subsequent stages of laser ablation, including the generation of shockwaves, cavitation bubble dynamics, and NP evolution after the release into the colloidal solution. The excessive charge at their surface ensures repulsion and stability of the NP

Mechanical property measurements enabled by short-term Fourier-transform of atomic force microscopy thermal deflection analysis

• Thomas Mathias,
• Roland Bennewitz and
• Philip Egberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1952–1962, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.136

• AFM experiments on well-characterized surfaces, such as highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), using silicon cantilevers with integrated probes. To examine the time evolution of the AFM cantilever’s oscillatory modes during an experiment, STFTs, rather than wavelet transforms, of the thermal motion

• calculated Fourier transform, was carefully chosen to ensure that β in Equation 2 was much larger than 1 [22]: Fitting of the first resonant peak of the cantilever in contact with the surface during the force-versus-distance measurement thus provides the evolution of the f1, Q1, and D1 values as functions of

Evaluating metal-organic precursors for focused ion beam-induced deposition through solid-layer decomposition analysis

• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Franciszek Krok and
• Iwona B. Szymańska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1942–1951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.135

• spectra before (black) and after sublimation on a silicon wafer (blue) for the compounds 1–4 (p = 10−2 mbar). (a) SEM BSE morphology evolution studies of precursor 4 layer decomposition during gallium FIB irradiation experiments. (b) SEM BSE intensity (proportional to the atomic number Z) changes of the

Programmable soliton dynamics in all-Josephson-junction logic cells and networks

• Vsevolod I. Ruzhickiy,
• Anastasia A. Maksimovskaya,
• Sergey V. Bakurskiy,
• Andrey E. Schegolev,
• Maxim V. Tereshonok,
• Mikhail Yu. Kupriyanov,
• Nikolay V. Klenov and
• Igor I. Soloviev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1883–1893, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.131

• soliton passage. The Josephson phase is plotted against the integer node index k, whereas the current is plotted at the midpoint index k + 0.5 to represent the junction between nodes k and k + 1, see Figure 1a. Temporal evolution of Josephson phase asymmetry in a soliton diode: (a) initial state; (b

Further insights into the thermodynamics of linear carbon chains for temperatures ranging from 13 to 300 K

• Alexandre Rocha Paschoal,
• Thiago Alves de Moura,
• Juan S. Rodríguez-Hernández,
• Carlos William de Araujo Paschoal,
• Yoong Ahm Kim,
• Morinobu Endo and
• Paulo T. Araujo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1818–1825, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.125

• . Our analysis follows the same protocols described in reference [30]: the temperature evolution of the longitudinal optical phonon (so-called C-band), which is Raman active with frequencies (ωLCC) around 1850 cm−1, is thoroughly tracked and ωLCC is used to indirectly access important thermodynamic

• Raman spectra as well as the independent evolution as a function of temperature of the Raman bands from CNT and LCC (see Figure 1 and Figure S1 in Supporting Information File 1) suggest that the interaction between distinct LCC, and LCC and CNT are not strong enough to affect their electronic and phonon

• temperature, ωLCC is dependent on the chain length (i.e., N-dependent) as well (see Figure 3b). This is an expected behavior since the size of the chain affects the bond length alternation (BLA) strength of the polyynes. Figure 2a shows the evolution of ωLCC with T, and again, it is noteworthy that no matter