Continuous parallel ESI-MS analysis of reactions carried out in a bespoke 3D printed device

• Jennifer S. Mathieson,
• Mali H. Rosnes,
• Victor Sans,
• Philip J. Kitson and
• Leroy Cronin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 285–291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.31

• . The oscillation was carried out by firstly filling pumps B and C at the same rate, with an outlet flow rate at pump C (containing Ni(NO3)2·6H2O) of 62.5 µL·min−1 and pump B (containing ttop) at a flow rate of 31.25 µL·min−1. The reaction solutions were then mixed together in the device to form the

Photoelectrochemical and Raman characterization of In₂O₃ mesoporous films sensitized by CdS nanoparticles

• Mikalai V. Malashchonak,
• Sergey K. Poznyak,
• Eugene A. Streltsov,
• Anatoly I. Kulak,
• Olga V. Korolik and
• Alexander V. Mazanik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 255–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.27

• , Minsk 220072, Belarus 10.3762/bjnano.4.27 Abstract The method of successive ion layer adsorption and reaction was applied for the deposition of CdS nanoparticles onto a mesoporous In2O3 substrate. The filling of the nanopores in In2O3 films with CdS particles mainly occurs during the first 30 cycles of

• steepest rise in the absorbance is observed when increasing the number of SILAR cycles from 10 to 30. The absorbance does not change notably with the further deposition of CdS, indicating that the filling of the nanopore volume in In2O3 films with CdS particles occurs mainly during the first 30 cycles of

• photocurrent by an order of magnitude. When increasing the number of cycles of CdS deposition, gradual filling of nanopores of the indium oxide film by CdS particles occurs resulting in a rise of the optical absorbance of the In2O3/CdS films and in an increase of the photocurrent of the corresponding

Functionalization of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes

• Eloise Van Hooijdonk,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Rony Snyders and
• Jean-François Colomer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 129–152, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.14

• functionalization is obtained by filling the inner cavity with guest nanoparticles [14] or molecules [15]. This can be achieved by using colloidal suspensions or applying special thermal or chemical conditions (called “wet chemistry”). In the second strategy, termed “exohedral functionalization”, only the external

• ] reported the engineering of VA-CNTs membranes in four steps: (i) growth of aligned MWCNTs by chemical vapor deposition, (ii) CNT filling with polystyrene, (iii) HF etching in order to separate the composite film from the substrate, and (iv) H2O plasma oxidation in order to remove excess surface polymer and

Structural and electronic properties of oligo- and polythiophenes modified by substituents

• Simon P. Rittmeyer and
• Axel Groß

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 909–919, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.101

• addressed charged polythiophenes in order to model doped systems and to check whether the modified electronic properties can simply be regarded as effects resulting from band filling or band emptying. Methods Our calculations are based on the periodic DFT code implemented in the Vienna Ab initio Simulation

Sub-10 nm colloidal lithography for circuit-integrated spin-photo-electronic devices

• Adrian Iovan,
• Marco Fischer,
• Roberto Lo Conte and
• Vladislav Korenivski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 884–892, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.98

• , possibly due to some shadow-filling and/or particle-shape modification during Al deposition. We found this mask-transfer process to reliably yield hole-masks in the ≈10 nm range, as verified by SEM, AFM, and transport data. A successful and stable lift-off process at these small length scales was found to

Characterization and properties of micro- and nanowires of controlled size, composition, and geometry fabricated by electrodeposition and ion-track technology

• Maria Eugenia Toimil-Molares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 860–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.97

• , polymerisation reactions, sol–gel template synthesis, and high-pressure injection of a melted material are examples of available techniques suitable for filling the pores. The electrodeposition of 40 nm diameter metal nanowires (Sn, In, and Zn) in etched fission tracks in mica was reported by Possin et al. back

• ]. Advantages of the electrodeposition method include low fabrication cost, high deposition rates, and its suitability for filling low- and high-aspect-ratio pores and trenches [25]. The wires are grown from the bottom to the top, yielding homogeneous replication of channels with any given geometry [26]. All

• ], Bi [56], Pt [55], Bi1−xSbx [60], Bi2Te3 [58], and Ni nanowires among others. The integral of the I–t curves between the beginning of the deposition and the transition to zone 3 corresponds to the charge Qexp applied during the growth process. Assuming complete pore filling, the expected total charge

Tuning the properties of magnetic thin films by interaction with periodic nanostructures

• Ulf Wiedwald,
• Felix Haering,
• Stefan Nau,
• Carsten Schulze,
• Herbert Schletter,
• Denys Makarov,
• Alfred Plettl,
• Karsten Kuepper,
• Manfred Albrecht,
• Johannes Boneberg and
• Paul Ziemann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 831–842, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.93

• nanostructuring techniques. Defects may consist of an array of voids [15] or, even simpler, of nonmagnetic nanoobjects, such as particles, optimized with respect to both mutual distance and rather low filling factor. In that case, the information-storing layer is subsequently deposited onto the nanoobjects. In

• structure sizes of 40 nm at a distance of 180 nm, the contribution of magnetic caps to the MOKE signal is small due to the reduced filling factor and the stronger scattering of the reflected laser beam off the particle caps. The planar reference film shows a sharp switching at a coercive field of µ0·HC

• switched caps and calculating the ratio of bright and dark contrast in the film region (see reference [25] for details). For the magnetic caps, this approach yields µ0·HC = 450 mT and a broad SFD around 500 mT for the sample shown in Figure 7. Moreover, due to the low filling factor of defects, one expects

Dimer/tetramer motifs determine amphiphilic hydrazine fibril structures on graphite

• Loji K. Thomas,
• Nadine Diek,
• Uwe Beginn and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 658–666, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.75

• respect to the aromatic rings to a minimum. One could construct a perfectly planar molecular layer of surface-filling molecules based on the described construction principles. However, zigzag structures result from defects introduced by dimers flipped by 180° around the fibril axis (shaded blue and green

• structure appears in the above-mentioned projection, and tetramers 1, 2 and 3 appear as bright blobs in the STM image of Figure 6d ordered in a linear herringbone arrangement exhibiting the 120° angle. A 3-D space-filling model for the fibril is shown in Figure 6d, which is a periodic structure of the ring

• view of the three-strand fibril section from (a) and the corresponding space-filling model based on the construction principle discussed in the text. (a) Planar sheet (net) model (for representational purpose only) of a 1CHn-10 fibril section. The dashed line is drawn parallel to the fibril axis. (b) 3

Polymer blend lithography: A versatile method to fabricate nanopatterned self-assembled monolayers

• Cheng Huang,
• Markus Moosmann,
• Jiehong Jin,
• Tobias Heiler,
• Stefan Walheim and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 620–628, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.71

• containing two droplets of 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane (FDTS, Aldrich) and evacuated to a pressure of 50 mbar. The PS islands were later removed by snow-jet blasts. For sufficient impact it is important that the CO2 gas cylinder is at room temperature and has a proper filling level. The polymer

Synthesis and electrical characterization of intrinsic and in situ doped Si nanowires using a novel precursor

• Wolfgang Molnar,
• Alois Lugstein,
• Tomasz Wojcik,
• Peter Pongratz,
• Norbert Auner,
• Christian Bauch and
• Emmerich Bertagnolli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 564–569, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.65

• transformer, a glow discharge (10 W) of about 12 cm in length was generated. Then, pulsed microwave radiation was used to initiate plasma filling of the whole reaction tube at a length of 8 cm. The microwave pulse duration was set to 1 ms at 4 kW followed by a pause of 59 ms, resulting in an average power

Macromolecular shape and interactions in layer-by-layer assemblies within cylindrical nanopores

• Thomas D. Lazzara,
• K. H. Aaron Lau,
• Wolfgang Knoll,
• Andreas Janshoff and
• Claudia Steinem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 475–484, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.54

• -workers have recently simulated the pore-filling behavior during LbL deposition of both nanoparticle–polyelectrolyte [34] and polyelectrolyte–polyelectrolyte structures [35]. For the fabrication of LbL structures, both steric and electrostatic considerations related to the confined nanoporous geometry

• and shape of the growing multilayer film, and therefore modify the point at which hindrance to pore-filling is reached. The LbL deposition of linear polyelectrolytes (linear-PEs) and of globular proteins within AAO nanopores was contrasted to the previously reported behavior of dendrimer

• the coupling angle of a mode enables real-time, in situ monitoring of changes in the dielectric constant of the film, i.e., adsorption kinetics. The dielectric constant of AAO (εAAO) that is measured by OWS includes contributions from the alumina, the pore-filling medium (e.g., buffer), and any

Distribution of functional groups in periodic mesoporous organosilica materials studied by small-angle neutron scattering with in situ adsorption of nitrogen

• Monir Sharifi,
• Dirk Wallacher and
• Michael Wark

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 428–437, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.49

• in the benzene-PMO, due to the fact that the benzene-PMO walls possess a neutron scattering length density (SLD) similar to that of nitrogen in the condensed state. However, signals at higher q-values (>1 1/Å) are not affected with respect to their SANS intensity, even after complete pore filling

• ] and providing insight into both the sorption mechanism, i.e., micropore filling, formation of nitrogen layers and capillary condensation [23][24], and the structural properties. Often adsorbates are favored in which hydrogen atoms can be isotopically substituted by deuterium atoms and, hence, the

• adsorption (p/p0 > 0.9) for all the samples does not result from structural mesoporosity, but is caused by a condensation of nitrogen in the interstitial space between particles (void spaces) and cracks inside the particles. Due to the partial filling of the structural mesochannels by anchoring propyl-SO3H

Ultraviolet photodetection of flexible ZnO nanowire sheets in polydimethylsiloxane polymer

• Jinzhang Liu,
• Nunzio Motta and
• Soonil Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 353–359, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.41

• . With PDMS (refractive index ≈ 1.5) filling the interspaces between nanowires, the paper-like ZnO nanowire film becomes more translucent to the naked eye, facilitating UV-light scattering to a deeper level in the nanowire sheet. Therefore more nanowires will receive UV photons, leading to the enhanced

Electron-beam patterned self-assembled monolayers as templates for Cu electrodeposition and lift-off

• Zhe She,
• Andrea DiFalco,
• Georg Hähner and
• Manfred Buck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 101–113, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.11

• filling of the grooves with epoxy glue is rather incomplete. Taking into account that the fairly viscous glue is applied under ambient conditions, we consider air trapped in the grooves to be the major reason. Unfortunately, further studies excluding air, in particular to see whether the glue in the lines

• the same. The depth between the Cu surface and the copper-free area was 30 nm after lift-off, revealing an incomplete filling of the trench by the glue, which is again likely due to trapping of air. On comparison of the friction images of the Cu structure as deposited and after lift-off (Figures 9b

When “small” terms matter: Coupled interference features in the transport properties of cross-conjugated molecules

• Gemma C. Solomon,
• Justin P. Bergfield,
• Charles A. Stafford and
• Mark A. Ratner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 862–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.95

• Fermi energy. The order of the node increases with the number of cross-conjugated units from quadratic to quartic. The chemical structure (inset top), space-filling model (inset bottom) and transmission for the 2cc system calculated by using gDFTB. The total transmission (red) is plotted along with the

• included. The large, symmetric splitting of the interference features observed in the gDFTB calculations is only recovered when the very small third-nearest-neighbor coupling elements are included. The chemical structure (inset top), space-filling model (inset bottom) and transmission for the 2ccs system

• -filling model (inset bottom) and transmission for the 2cc-type system with hyperconjugative coupling between the cross-conjugated units as calculated by using gDFTB. The total transmission (red) is plotted along with the σ- (orange) and π- (green) components. The π-transmission exhibits degenerate

Lifetime analysis of individual-atom contacts and crossover to geometric-shell structures in unstrained silver nanowires

• Christian Obermair,
• Holger Kuhn and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 740–745, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.81

• = 2e2/h for simple metals (such as alkali metals) as well as for gold and silver; the exact behavior depending on the signature of their chemical valence. Contacts with larger contact areas show a more complex behavior including electronic-shell effects and the filling of geometric shells. In both cases

• effects and finally accomplishing the crossover to the filling of complete geometric shells corresponding to crystallographic facets of the nanowire. A detailed lifetime analysis for selected contacts helps us to obtain a detailed understanding of the correlation between the physics of quantized

• quantization. Due to the proportionality of (G/G0)1/2 to the contact radius, this equidistant sequence corresponds to an increase in equidistant steps in the contact radius of the nanowires. This, in turn, can be explained by a subsequent filling of geometric shells with atoms around the contacting nanowire

An MCBJ case study: The influence of π-conjugation on the single-molecule conductance at a solid/liquid interface

• Wenjing Hong,
• Hennie Valkenier,
• Gábor Mészáros,
• David Zsolt Manrique,
• Artem Mishchenko,
• Alexander Putz,
• Pavel Moreno García,
• Colin J. Lambert,
• Jan C. Hummelen and
• Thomas Wandlowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 699–713, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.76

• measurement, a long-distance z-movement, and subnanometer resolution. The implemented liquid cell has a filling volume of 150 μL. A tubing system for inert solution exchange and gas purging is also attached (Figure 2). Electronics design Controller and current-measurement units The MCBJ controller is based on

Surface induced self-organization of comb-like macromolecules

• Konstantin I. Popov,
• Vladimir V. Palyulin,
• Martin Möller,
• Alexei R. Khokhlov and
• Igor I. Potemkin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 569–584, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.61

• condition of the monomer units in the ring of width dr: 2πrdr = adsQNA. Therefore, taking into account the space filling condition Equation 4, we get: To calculate the elastic free energy of B side chains, the radial distribution of the free ends has to be taken into account. This term can be approximated

• 2R and thickness h (condition 1 ≤ h << R remains valid). For this structure the total free energy has the form: where the space-filling conditions are: 2LRh = QNBMB and 2L(R0 − R) = QNAMA, respectively. Here, L → ∞ is the length of the stripes. The first term in Equation 17 is the elastic free energy

Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopic imaging of patterned thiol monolayers

• Johannes Stadler,
• Thomas Schmid,
• Lothar Opilik,
• Phillip Kuhn,
• Petra S. Dittrich and
• Renato Zenobi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 509–515, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.55

• amounts of ethanol. The pattern was then printed onto the gold film by placing the stamp with the pressure of its own weight onto the gold film for 10 s followed by careful lift-off. The filling of the bare gold areas by 4-PySH was achieved by covering the entire printed gold film with a 10 mM ethanolic

Inorganic–organic hybrid materials through post-synthesis modification: Impact of the treatment with azides on the mesopore structure

• Miriam Keppeler,
• Jürgen Holzbock,
• Johanna Akbarzadeh,
• Herwig Peterlik and
• Nicola Hüsing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 486–498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.52

• –N3 exhibit stretching along the volume axis, adsorption and desorption isotherms display a sharper capillary condensation step and the relative pressure of the pore filling is shifted to larger values compared to the corresponding SiO2–(CH2)1,3–Cl. These variations in the hysteresis loops indicate an

• untreated silica gels, but this effect was clearly intensified by the addition of NaN3, as demonstrated by the stretching of the hysteresis loops along the volume axis. Furthermore, the addition of NaN3 led to a shift of the relative pressure of the pore filling, by capillary condensation, to higher values

Plasmonic nanostructures fabricated using nanosphere-lithography, soft-lithography and plasma etching

• Manuel R. Gonçalves,
• Taron Makaryan,
• Fabian Enderle,
• Stefan Wiedemann,
• Alfred Plettl,
• Othmar Marti and
• Paul Ziemann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 448–458, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.49

• hemispheres Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) from Dow Chemical was prepared using the elastomer and curing agent in a ratio of 10:1. The two components were mixed and air bubbles were removed by submitting the liquid to primary vacuum for 15 min. The cast of polymer beads was achieved by filling a cylindrical ring

Characterization of protein adsorption onto FePt nanoparticles using dual-focus fluorescence correlation spectroscopy

• Pauline Maffre,
• Karin Nienhaus,
• Faheem Amin,
• Wolfgang J. Parak and
• G. Ulrich Nienhaus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 374–383, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.43

• data [11], which led us to the suggestion that HSA molecules adsorb via their triangular surfaces onto the NPs. Also shown in Figure 3a (right) are space-filling models colored so as to visualize the electrostatic surface potentials. One of the triangular protein surfaces shows a pronounced positive

• the proteins including approximate dimensions (in nm). Right column: Space-filling models colored to indicate their surface electrostatics at pH 7.4 (blue: negative potential, red: positive potential; range from −5 kBT/e to +5 kBT/e; calculated online at http://kryptonite.nbcr.net/pdb2pqr/ [31

Intermolecular vs molecule–substrate interactions: A combined STM and theoretical study of supramolecular phases on graphene/Ru(0001)

• Michael Roos,
• Benedikt Uhl,
• Daniela Künzel,
• Harry E. Hoster,
• Axel Groß and
• R. Jürgen Behm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 365–373, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.42

• different intermolecular interactions, namely (i) 2-phenyl-4,6-bis(6-(pyridin-3-yl)-4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyridin-2-yl)pyrimidine (3,3'-BTP) [24][25] and (ii) 3,4,9,10-perylene tetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) on graphene/Ru(0001). Schematic representations and space filling models of these molecules are

• filling models with lateral dimensions of 3,3'-BTP. (c) Schematics and correlation between the STM image and the intermolecular structure of PTCDA, and (d) the space filling model of PTCDA. (a) STM image of 3,3'-BTP molecules on graphene (UT = −2.36 V, IT = 30 pA, T = 115 K, 35 nm × 35 nm). The inset

Infrared receptors in pyrophilous (“fire loving”) insects as model for new un-cooled infrared sensors

• David Klocke,
• Anke Schmitz,
• Helmut Soltner,
• Herbert Bousack and
• Helmut Schmitz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 186–197, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.22

• , e.g., high thermal expansion coefficient and low heat capacity. Here several liquids permit an improvement. Methanol is a good candidate compared to n-pentane and toluene because of easier handling during the filling process of the cavity. The comparison of a liquid-filled cavity with a gas-filled

Magnetic nanoparticles for biomedical NMR-based diagnostics

• Huilin Shao,
• Tae-Jong Yoon,
• Monty Liong,
• Ralph Weissleder and
• Hakho Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2010, 1, 142–154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.1.17

• solenoid thus can be filled with sample to achieve maximal filling factor (≈1), the fraction of the coil volume occupied by the sample. Due to the larger cross-sectional area of the winding wires, the solenoidal coils also have smaller less electrical resistance than lithographically-patterned coils. With

• sample handling and mixing, miniaturized NMR electronics and a portable permanent magnet to generate a polarizing magnetic field. (b) The second-generation consists of a solenoidal coil embedded in a microfluidic device. As compared to the previous generation, this improved device has a higher filling