The role of convolutional neural networks in scanning probe microscopy: a review

• Ido Azuri,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Neta Regev-Rudzki,
• Georg Fantner and
• Sidney R. Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 878–901, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.66

• layer of filters (i.e., kernels). Each filter is an array that contains parameters. Each filter is convoluted with each image resulting in mappings of the extracted features. These are called “feature maps”. The number of feature maps for an image is the number of filters applied to the image. In

Reducing molecular simulation time for AFM images based on super-resolution methods

• Zhipeng Dou,
• Jianqiang Qian,
• Yingzi Li,
• Rui Lin,
• Jianhai Wang,
• Peng Cheng and
• Zeyu Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 775–785, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.61

• “patch” of the feature map as follows: where W2 and B2 represent 32 types of convolution kernels with the size of 5 × 5 and the biases, respectively. The final super-resolution image is generated with the reconstruction layer as follows: where W3 and B3 represent a linear filter with the size of 5 × 5

Recent progress in actuation technologies of micro/nanorobots

• Ke Xu and
• Bing Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 756–765, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.59

• robot in 2002. The terminal of this micro/nanorobot was equipped with a platinum-plated porous glass filter, which can generate a large amount of oxygen through decomposition of H2O2 on the platinum surface and generate an actuation force at the interface between H2O2 solution and air to push the robot

Fate and transformation of silver nanoparticles in different biological conditions

• Barbara Pem,
• Marija Ćurlin,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Rinea Barbir,
• Vedran Micek,
• Raluca M. Fratila,
• Jesus M. de la Fuente and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 665–679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.53

• similar to those with CYS and GSH or as insoluble salts, such as AgCl. Such precipitates cannot pass through the filter used here to separate free Ag+ ions, leading to the false negative reading of released Ag fraction. Moreover, CYS or GSH may reduce Ag+ ions back into AgNPs [15]. The de novo formation

• kept in the dark at room temperature. A sample was taken immediately after dilution (0 h) and subsequently after 1, 4, and 24 h. The samples were processed by ultrafiltration using Amicon-4 Ultra centrifugal filter units with a cut-off size of 3 kDa (Merck Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany) in order to

The preparation temperature influences the physicochemical nature and activity of nanoceria

• Robert A. Yokel,
• Wendel Wohlleben,
• Johannes Georg Keller,
• Matthew L. Hancock,
• Jason M. Unrine,
• D. Allan Butterfield and
• Eric A. Grulke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 525–540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.43

• charge. The particles do not pass through a 0.2 micrometer MWCO filter, suggesting that they were quite large, which may have affected cell uptake. The results illustrate an effect of nanoceria dissolution on its biological identity. Nanoceria reactivity Nanoceria reactivity increased as the content of

Boosting of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution via chlorine doping of polymeric carbon nitride

• Malgorzata Aleksandrzak,
• Michalina Kijaczko,
• Wojciech Kukulka,
• Daria Baranowska,
• Martyna Baca,
• Beata Zielinska and
• Ewa Mijowska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 473–484, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.38

• removal. Then, the reactor was irradiated with a Xe lamp (150 W) with an air mass filter (A.M. 1.5 G) to achieve a simulated solar light. The photocatalytic H2 evolution rate was analyzed by using a Young Lin 6500 gas chromatograph (GC, micro TCD detector, ValcoPLOT Molesieve 5 Å fused-silica column, and

Characterization, bio-uptake and toxicity of polymer-coated silver nanoparticles and their interaction with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

• Sahar Pourhoseini,
• Reilly T. Enos,
• Angela E. Murphy,
• Bo Cai and
• Jamie R. Lead

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 282–294, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.23

• concentration of 1000 µg·L−1, with the remainder lost to surfaces such as containers or filter membranes. To confirm the results in the medium, and to compare the dissolution in RPMI and UHPW, the dissolution test was repeated using AgNO3 in UHPW and RPMI medium at two concentrations (500 and 1000 µg·L−1

• ., passivation, or as separate particles) or are bound to proteins. These leads to the formation of secondary NPs, chloro complexes and protein interactions in the RPMI medium yielding a Ag compounds that have a molecular mass above the nominal value of the 3 kDa filter membrane, which affects filter permeation

Scanning transmission helium ion microscopy on carbon nanomembranes

• Daniel Emmrich,
• Annalena Wolff,
• Nikolaus Meyerbröker,
• Jörg K. N. Lindner,
• André Beyer and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 222–231, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.18

• transmission signal can be achieved in different ways. In a SE conversion plate holder, the sample is placed above a polished metal plate that is turned towards the SE detector of the microscope. Transmitted ions release SE from the plate while apertures on the polished metal plate filter bright-field and dark

• measure the pure STIM signal, SE emitted directly from the sample need to be blocked. Ideally, the resulting signal consists exclusively of SE released by transmitted ions. Three measures were taken to filter out direct SE. Firstly, CNMs have a low conductivity, which leads to charging and reduces the SE

• 60 and 80 keV to rule out possible deviations from the calculation of the attenuation length. Both energies are below the energy threshold for atom displacement in carbon membranes and should not lead to knock-on damage on the membrane [31]. The use of an energy filter reduces the beam energy at the

Paper-based triboelectric nanogenerators and their applications: a review

• Jing Han,
• Nuo Xu,
• Yuchen Liang,
• Mei Ding,
• Junyi Zhai,
• Qijun Sun and
• Zhong Lin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 151–171, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.12

• flexible all paper-based sensor. The upper ionogel-infiltrated paper-based flexible electrode was adhered to the back side of the filter paper as the upper triboelectrification layer, while the counter friction layer corresponded to the bottom ionogel-infiltrated paper attached inside of the filter paper

• . The bottom ionogel-infiltrated paper was in contact with the upper pristine filter paper to generate the induced electrostatic charge. In addition, it worked as an electrode conducting the electrons to the external circuit. The all paper-based flexible sensor could detect different impulsive forces

A review on the green and sustainable synthesis of silver nanoparticles and one-dimensional silver nanostructures

• Sina Kaabipour and
• Shohreh Hemmati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 102–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.9

• amorphous calcium phosphate particles for enhanced adhesive applications [124]. The spray pyrolysis process requires using an atomizer, a tube furnace, a reaction tube, a collection filter, and a vacuum pump [124]. This method is also often used for production of metal powders and demonstrates less

Effect of different silica coatings on the toxicity of upconversion nanoparticles on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells

• Cynthia Kembuan,
• Helena Oliveira and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 35–48, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.3

• a filter unit (pore size: 3000 NWCO) to separate the UCNPs from possibly released ions. A concentration of 200 μg/mL was chosen, since this was the highest concentration used in the cytotoxicity experiments. Hence, the concentration of released ions is representative of the maximum concentration of

• 1.0 ± 0.1 and 2.0 ± 0.1 ppm. These solutions were, then, centrifuged with centrifuge tubes containing a filter unit. The filtrate was measured via ICP-OES to determine the percentage of ions filtered through the centrifuge tube filter. Similar preliminary tests were also performed with UCNPs and

• reaction vessels were cleaned with hydrofluoric acid (8 vol %) and repeatedly rinsed with water. The nanoparticles were redispersed using an ultrasonic bath operating at 860 W, 35 kHz (Sonorex RK512H, Bandelin). Ultrapure water (filter size = 0.22 μm, R = 18.2 MΩ·cm, Millipore) was used for all synthesis

Free and partially encapsulated manganese ferrite nanoparticles in multiwall carbon nanotubes

• Saja Al-Khabouri,
• Salim Al-Harthi,
• Toru Maekawa,
• Mohamed E. Elzain,
• Ashraf Al-Hinai,
• Ahmed D. Al-Rawas,
• Abbsher M. Gismelseed,
• Ali A. Yousif and
• Myo Tay Zar Myint

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1891–1904, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.170

• (0.5 g), manganese nitrate (Mn(NO3)2·6H2O, 2.0 g) and iron nitrate (Fe(NO3)3·9H2O, 5.6 g) dissolved in 18.0 mL of nitric acid (69%) was heated to reflux for 4.5–5 h. The nitric acid solution was decanted and the black sludge was filtered through a glass fiber filter paper. A vacuum filter flask was

Kondo effects in small-bandgap carbon nanotube quantum dots

• Patryk Florków,
• Damian Krychowski and
• Stanisław Lipiński

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1873–1890, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.169

• . An interesting feature regarding spintronics is the occurrence of Kondo lines with high positive and negative conductance polarizations, between which one can switch through changing the gate voltage (spin filter). For any narrow-bandgap nanotube, one can move the SU(3) point between different

Self-standing heterostructured NiC_x-NiFe-NC/biochar as a highly efficient cathode for lithium–oxygen batteries

• Shengyu Jing,
• Xu Gong,
• Shan Ji,
• Linhui Jia,
• Bruno G. Pollet,
• Sheng Yan and
• Huagen Liang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1809–1821, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.163

• the anode, and LiCF3SO3 dissolved in tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether was used as the electrolyte. A glass filter (Whatman grade GF/D) was used as the separator in these coin cells. The cell assembly was carried out in an Ar-filled glove box (H2O < 0.5 ppm, O2 < 0.5 ppm). The sealed coin cells were

Imaging and milling resolution of light ion beams from helium ion microscopy and FIBs driven by liquid metal alloy ion sources

• Nico Klingner,
• Gregor Hlawacek,
• Paul Mazarov,
• Wolfgang Pilz,
• Fabian Meyer and
• Lothar Bischoff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1742–1749, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.156

• process of field evaporation. This initially provides a beam containing ions with different masses and charge states, whose fractions depend on the composition of the alloy and the ionization probability. To overcome this problem, an ExB mass filter is introduced in the ion optical column, described in

• more detail in [2]. In principle, an ExB filter acts as a velocity filter and splits the beam according to the mass-to-charge ratio of its constituents. The mass resolution m/Δm of an ExB filter can be written in the following form [26]: Here, Uacc is the acceleration voltage of the ion beam and Ex is

• the electric field strength of the filter perpendicular to the optical axis of the ion column. l is the filter length, D is the distance between the filter and the separation aperture at the exit of the filter, and d is the diameter of this aperture. As an example for a LMAIS mass spectrum, we show

Cardiomyocyte uptake mechanism of a hydroxyapatite nanoparticle mediated gene delivery system

• Hiroaki Komuro,
• Masahiro Yamazoe,
• Kosuke Nozaki,
• Akiko Nagai and
• Tetsuo Sasano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1685–1692, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.150

• 0.45 µm filter to remove aggregated nanoparticles. The concentration of the filtered solutions was measured using a calcium assay kit in accordance with the guidelines of the manufacturer (BioAssay Systems). TEM was performed to observe the size and shape of HAp nanoparticles at an acceleration voltage

The influence of an interfacial hBN layer on the fluorescence of an organic molecule

• Christine Brülke,
• Oliver Bauer and
• Moritz M. Sokolowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1663–1684, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.149

• pumped cw semiconductor laser (Coherent Sapphire LP UBB CDRH) with a wavelength of 458 nm (photon energy of 2.698 eV or 21,816 cm−1) and P = 50 mW. To block the laser light from entering the spectrometer, a long-pass filter (cut-off at 475 nm) was positioned in front of the entrance slit of the

Electrokinetic characterization of synthetic protein nanoparticles

• Daniel F. Quevedo,
• Cody J. Lentz,
• Adriana Coll de Peña,
• Yazmin Hernandez,
• Nahal Habibi,
• Rikako Miki,
• Joerg Lahann and
• Blanca H. Lapizco-Encinas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1556–1567, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.138

• solution of ultrapure H2O + 0.01% Tween 20. The collected solution was then sonicated on ice, run through a Falcon 40 μm cell filter (Fisher Scientific), and then centrifuged at 3,200 RCF for 5 min to remove large particles. The resulting supernatant was then centrifuged at 21,130 RCF for 40 min to collect

A wideband cryogenic microwave low-noise amplifier

• Boris I. Ivanov,
• Dmitri I. Volkhin,
• Ilya L. Novikov,
• Dmitri K. Pitsun,
• Dmitri O. Moskalev,
• Ilya A. Rodionov,
• Evgeni Il’ichev and
• Aleksey G. Vostretsov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1484–1491, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.131

• highly stable current source (marked as CS in Figure 5). The sample was placed in the copper sample holder with Pb and Mu-metal electromagnetic shields at the 10 mK temperature stage. A two-stage differential low-pass filter (marked as LPF) with 10 kHz bandwidth and wide stopband frequency range was

• would like to mention that the current graph was obtained with 100 Hz of the intermediate frequency VNA filter bandwidth and for our experimental setup only four averages were required. In this sense, the cLNA reduces the measurement time of the experiment, which is especially important for preliminary

• CC2 are cryogenic circulators with 50 Ω termination (LPF: low-pass filter for the superconducting coil line, CS: high-precision current source). The following setup was installed in a BlueFors BF-LD400 dilution refrigerator. The qubit “sweet spot”. The transmission (color intensity graph with the blue

Antimicrobial metal-based nanoparticles: a review on their synthesis, types and antimicrobial action

• Matías Guerrero Correa,
• Fernanda B. Martínez,
• Cristian Patiño Vidal,
• Camilo Streitt,
• Juan Escrig and
• Carol Lopez de Dicastillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1450–1469, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.129

• NPs has been directed towards water disinfection, food packaging in addition to their known use as a UV filter to prevent skin cancer [114]. Lopez de Dicastillo et al. (2019) developed hollow TiO2 nanotubes and nanospheres with high antimicrobial activity through the combination of electrospinning and

• the growth of common microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and yeast, in a rapid manner. As Figure 2 shows, in this method, a standardized concentration of the microorganism is inoculated onto the Petri dish containing the growth culture medium, and filter paper disks with the antimicrobial agents

• modifications included substituting the filter paper disks for wells made in the Petri dish agar which were filled with different concentrations of Ag NPs. After the incubation period, the inhibition zones were measured. This alternative is generally called the agar well diffusion method. The MIC values of Ag

Protruding hydrogen atoms as markers for the molecular orientation of a metallocene

• Linda Laflör,
• Michael Reichling and
• Philipp Rahe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1432–1438, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.127

• in the constant-height mode (adapted from [22]). The orientations of the two geometries geo 1 and geo 2 are marked by solid green and dashed blue lines, respectively, and are included in all images with the respective orientation. (A five pixel averaging filter was applied to reduce noise within the

• molecules are marked by a green dumbbell. (a) Experimental STM image (U = 4 V, It = 2 pA). (b–e) Experimental constant-height NC-AFM data (f0 = 24363 Hz, Q0 ≈ 6000, A0 = 0.27 nm). Frequency shift ranges are shown below each image (inverted colour scales are used). A four pixel averaging filter was applied

An atomic force microscope integrated with a helium ion microscope for correlative nanoscale characterization

• Santiago H. Andany,
• Gregor Hlawacek,
• Stefan Hummel,
• Charlène Brillard,
• Mustafa Kangül and
• Georg E. Fantner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1272–1279, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.111

• significant oscillations were seen. AFM images were processed in the software Gwyddion [54]. Pixels were squared to account for X–Y pixel size mismatch when necessary, the background was flattened and a conservative de-noising filter was applied. Finally, hysteresis correction was performed in MATLAB using

Gas sorption porosimetry for the evaluation of hard carbons as anodes for Li- and Na-ion batteries

• Yuko Matsukawa,
• Fabian Linsenmann,
• Maximilian A. Plass,
• George Hasegawa,
• Katsuro Hayashi and
• Tim-Patrick Fellinger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1217–1229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.106

• investigate the Li-ion capacity of the hard carbon active materials, three-electrode Swagelok T-cells were assembled in an argon-filled glovebox using four glass fiber separators (glass microfiber filter, 691, VWR, Germany, with a diameter of 11 mm), a lithium counter electrode (450 µm thick Li foil, Rockwood

Revealing the local crystallinity of single silicon core–shell nanowires using tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

• Marius van den Berg,
• Ardeshir Moeinian,
• Arne Kobald,
• Yu-Ting Chen,
• Anke Horneber,
• Steffen Strehle,
• Alfred J. Meixner and
• Dai Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1147–1156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.99

• ]. For polarization angle-resolved emission measurements, a Glan–Taylor prism as polarization filter is positioned in front of the entrance slit of the spectrometer. a) High-resolution TEM image of a segment of a SiNW obtained through Pt-catalyzed growth that exhibits several defects and differently

Thermophoretic tweezers for single nanoparticle manipulation

• Jošt Stergar and
• Natan Osterman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1126–1133, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.97

• implemented using a custom-built fluorescence microscope. By using an LED-optimized filter cube (Dapi/FITC/Cy3/Cy5 Quad LED HC Filter Set, AHF analysentechnik AG), Köhler illumination is utilized for fluorescence imaging using an LED as its light source. Light is collected from the sample plane by a 63