Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• light scattering, and infrared spectroscopy. We probed particles adsorbed on hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and vibrational sum frequency generation (VSFG) spectroscopy, both operated under variable air humidity. For AFM, we additionally tested hydrophilic and

• inorganic surfaces, usually modified with organic layers, and probed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), vibrational sum frequency generation (VSFG), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). For VSFG and AFM, we systematically varied the relative air humidity (RH). DLS and ZP yield particle size

• (Keysight, Scientec, FR), in air in AC “noncontact” mode at 24 °C, at speeds between 0.8 and 1.2 lines/s. The scanning was performed in at least six replicates per condition for the PEG AuNPs and nine replicates for the dimanno-AuNPs. Silicon cantilevers (Multi 75, Budget Sensors) with a force constant k

Electron transport through nanoscale multilayer graphene and hexagonal boron nitride junctions

• Aleksandar Staykov and
• Takaya Fujisaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2132–2143, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.147

• tunneling behavior. Current–voltage characteristics showed linear dependence at low bias and exponential growth at higher voltages. Conductive atomic force microscopy measurements revealed highly uniform, defect-free tunneling across atomically flat h-BN terraces, with breakdown fields near 1 GV·m−1. These

Rapid synthesis of highly monodisperse AgSbS₂ nanocrystals: unveiling multifaceted activities in cancer therapy, antibacterial strategies, and antioxidant defense

• Funda Ulusu,
• Adem Sarilmaz,
• Yakup Ulusu,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Mahmut Kus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2105–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.145

• nanoparticles with bacterial cells and the production of ROS, which causes DNA damage and denaturation of proteins close to the bacterial membrane, causes cell membrane damage [37][38]. In addition, the electrostatic force generated between the bacterial cells and the synthesized NCs causes distraction of the

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• atomic force microscopy. Surface charge plays a significant role in determining how CNMs interact with biological membranes and intracellular environments. It influences processes such as cellular uptake, cytotoxicity, and inflammatory signalling. For example, BSA-derived negatively charged CDs exhibited

Calibration of piezo actuators and systems by dynamic interferometry

• Knarik Khachatryan and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2086–2091, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.143

• Knarik Khachatryan Michael Reichling Institut für Physik, Universität Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 7, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.16.143 Abstract To achieve precise measurements of small displacements in non-contact atomic force microscopy, it is crucial to control the position of moving

• oscillation amplitude calibration under conditions of various amounts of tube piezo contraction and extension. The merits and limits of accuracy for such type of calibration are discussed. Keywords: cantilever excitation; fiber interferometer; NC-AFM; piezo calibration; non-contact atomic force microscopy

• ; Introduction Interferometric displacement detection stands as a cornerstone in high-precision techniques employed in cantilever-based atomic force microscopy (AFM), since its early days [1][2][3][4][5][6]. This method of cantilever displacement detection is specifically well suited for non-contact atomic force

Multifrequency AFM integrating PeakForce tapping and higher eigenmodes for heterogeneous surface characterization

• Yanping Wei,
• Jiafeng Shen,
• Yirong Yao,
• Xuke Li,
• Ming Li and
• Peiling Ke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2077–2085, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.142

• Yanping Wei Jiafeng Shen Yirong Yao Xuke Li Ming Li Peiling Ke Public Technology Center, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China 10.3762/bjnano.16.142 Abstract This study introduces a multifrequency atomic force microscopy (AFM

• mappings obtained via the PeakForce tapping method. Furthermore, the technique’s dual capability, that is, quantitative mechanics via quasi-static force curves and qualitative material-sensitive information via eigenmode vibration signals, facilitates effective compositional differentiation in

• . Keywords: atomic force microscopy (AFM); high eigenmodes; multifrequency AFM; nanoscale material analysis; surface characterization; Introduction Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has become an indispensable tool for characterizing the morphology and surface properties of materials at the micro- and the

Molecular and mechanical insights into gecko seta adhesion: multiscale simulations combining molecular dynamics and the finite element method

• Yash Jain,
• Saeed Norouzi,
• Tobias Materzok,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Florian Müller-Plathe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2055–2076, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.141

• detachment, thereby enhancing adhesion strength. The computed pull-off forces and observed mechanisms are consistent with atomic force microscopy measurements and previous simulations. These results align with existing experimental and computational studies. They also overcome scale and resolution

• scales involved. In previous research, we used molecular dynamics simulations to explore various aspects of gecko adhesion [10][11][12][13]. We found that humidity increases the force required to pull a spatula off from a substrate [10][12], a phenomenon also observed in high-humidity atomic force

• natural hierarchy of real gecko setae, which includes finer branches, varying cross sections, and region-specific material anisotropy. Real setae possess complex cross-sectional shapes and non-uniform branching angles, which could lead to variations in force distributions. Nonetheless, this idealized

Mechanical property measurements enabled by short-term Fourier-transform of atomic force microscopy thermal deflection analysis

• Thomas Mathias,
• Roland Bennewitz and
• Philip Egberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1952–1962, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.136

• Contact resonance atomic force microscopy (CR-AFM) has been used in many studies to characterize variations in the elastic and viscoelastic constants of materials along a heterogeneous surface. In almost all experimental work, the quantitative modulus of the surface is calculated in reference to a known

• model, improved matching the cantilever/sample stiffness to obtain a larger variation in contact stiffness with frequency, or investigating the use of higher-order modes that may achieve this improved match. Keywords: atomic force microscopy; contact resonance; highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG

• ); mechanical property measurements; surface science; Introduction Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has become an indispensable tool for imaging the surface topography on a variety of surfaces [1]. Since the invention of the AFM [2], several other modes of AFM have been developed, including friction force

PEGylated lipids in lipid nanoparticle delivery dynamics and therapeutic innovation

• Peiyang Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1914–1930, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.133

• of motional freedom could correspond to a brush conformation signature, where adjacent PEG chains force them into a linear orientation. In contrast, PEG chains in mushroom conformation would exhibit restricted motion and thus broader peaks [13]. While direct investigations into PEG conformations on

Programmable soliton dynamics in all-Josephson-junction logic cells and networks

• Vsevolod I. Ruzhickiy,
• Anastasia A. Maksimovskaya,
• Sergey V. Bakurskiy,
• Andrey E. Schegolev,
• Maxim V. Tereshonok,
• Mikhail Yu. Kupriyanov,
• Nikolay V. Klenov and
• Igor I. Soloviev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1883–1893, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.131

• quasiparticle current () that flows as a junction switches. This larger current provides a stronger driving force to the next junction in the line, causing it to reach its critical threshold and switch more rapidly, thus increasing the overall propagation velocity of the soliton. The functionality of the KICK

Low-temperature AFM with a microwave cavity optomechanical transducer

• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• August K. Roos,
• Erik Holmgren,
• Riccardo Borgani,
• Mats O. Tholén and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1873–1882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.130

• /bjnano.16.130 Abstract We demonstrate atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging with a microcantilever force transducer where an integrated superconducting microwave resonant circuit detects cantilever deflection using the principles of cavity optomechanics. We discuss the detector responsivity and added

• noise, pointing to its crucial role in the context of force sensitivity. Through analysis of noise measurements we determine the effective temperature of the cantilever eigenmode and we determine the region of detector operation in which the sensor is thermal-noise-limited. Our analysis shows that the

• force-sensor design is a significant improvement over piezoelectric force sensors commonly used in low-temperature AFM. We discuss the potential for further improvement of the sensor design to achieve optimal detection at the standard quantum limit. We demonstrate AFM operation with surface-tracking

Piezoelectricity of layered double hydroxides: perspectives regarding piezocatalysis and nanogenerators

• Evgeniy S. Seliverstov,
• Evgeniya A. Tarasenko and
• Olga E. Lebedeva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1812–1817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.124

• ultrasound exposure broke the inversion symmetry of Ni/Fe-LDH, causing positive and negative polarization charges to arise. The migration of created charges in opposite directions under external mechanical force caused an intrinsic electric field. The authors also hypothesized that LDHs, as some 2D layered

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• atomic force microscopy. Electrical properties as a function of air humidity were evaluated using a two-point method, and photocatalytic activity was tested by monitoring the UV-induced decomposition of rhodamine B. The results demonstrate that ion implantation significantly reduces surface resistivity

• amorphization of the material and probably to the carbonization of the polyimide. Surface morphology studied by AFM Changes in the surface morphology of PI implanted with 20 keV and 1.5 MeV Ag ions at different fluences were examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The basic parameters arithmetic average

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• aptamer, sorafenib, and ursolic acid as an API at 4 mg·mL−1 in methanol. Physicochemical tests showed that the nanoparticles have a spherical shape, confirmed by atomic force microscopy (AFM), and are stable in ultrapure water and Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium (DMEM) with 10% FBS. Procedures to

Venom-loaded cationic-functionalized poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles for serum production against Tityus serrulatus scorpion

• Philippe de Castro Mesquita,
• Karla Samara Rocha Soares,
• Manoela Torres-Rêgo,
• Emanuell dos Santos-Silva,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva-Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1633–1643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.115

• analysis supported small and narrow-sized cationic functionalized nanoparticles. Atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy images showed nanoparticles with a spherical and smooth shape. The stability of tested formulations was accessed for six weeks, and the sustained release of proteins

• corroborates the high encapsulation efficiency obtained by the BCA assay. Field emission gun scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy analyses Field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEGSEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analyses were realized to access shape and surface features

• . serrulatus venom protein-loaded PLA nanoparticles at 1.0% (NPs + Tsv 1.0%). MM: molecular mass marker. Gel stained with Coomassie brilliant blue R-250. 2D and 3D atomic force microscopy and field emission gun scanning electron microscopy images, respectively, of formulations of Tityus serrulatus venom-loaded

Bioinspired polypropylene-based functionally graded materials and metamaterials modeling the mistletoe–host interface

• Lina M. Rojas González,
• Naeim Ghavidelnia,
• Christoph Eberl and
• Max D. Mylo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1592–1606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.113

• − l0)/l0 = Δl/l0) values were calculated from the resulting force and displacement data and specimen geometries. The Young’s modulus (E = σ/ε) of the specimens was calculated within the linear region of the stress–strain curves, and the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) was calculated as the highest

Modeling magnetic properties of cobalt nanofilms used as a component of spin hybrid superconductor–ferromagnetic structures

• Aleksey Fedotov,
• Olesya Severyukhina,
• Anastasia Salomatina and
• Anatolie Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1557–1566, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.110

• : where UMEAM(r) is the force potential, the modified embedded atom method (MEAM) potential was used in this work; Hex(r) is the exchange interaction energy of spins; r = {r1,r2,…,rN} is the generalized variable showing the dependence on the whole set of radial vectors of atoms; κ,λ are viscous friction

• force parameter and damping spin coefficient, respectively; χ(t), η(t) are white noise present in the description of atom motion processes and the behavior of their spins, respectively; and ωi is the multiplication value of the gyromagnetic ratio and the local magnetic field [22]. It has been known for

• properties, are used: where t and t´ are different time points; α and β are components of the random force vector, for the three-dimensional case {α,β} = {x,y,z}; δ(t − t´) is the Dirac delta measure; kB is the Boltzmann constant; is the reduced Planck constant; B is the mobility value of the Brownian

Influence of laser beam profile on morphology and optical properties of silicon nanoparticles formed by laser ablation in liquid

• Natalie Tarasenka,
• Vladislav Kornev,
• Alena Nevar and
• Nikolai Tarasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1533–1544, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.108

• directions depending on the material and laser parameters. As shown previously [33], contrary to conventional optical traps using Gaussian beams, Bessel beam traps exhibit significant gradients only in the transverse directions, which leads to particle confinement in two dimensions with a scattering force in

Cross-reactivities in conjugation reactions involving iron oxide nanoparticles

• Shoronia N. Cross,
• Katalin V. Korpany,
• Hanine Zakaria and
• Amy Szuchmacher Blum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1504–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.106

• thermodynamic driving force, use simple reaction conditions, produce no interfering byproducts, produce products that are stable under physiological conditions, and can be purified easily using non-chromatographic means. The copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction is one of the most

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• photodetectors, and the film surface coverage was improved by multiple layer depositions and condensation of colloidal suspension. Irregular particle shapes and sizes were visible in 3D atomic force microscopy (AFM) images with sizes ranging between 60 and 80 nm. The NPs agglomerated to form submicroparticles

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• light scattering (DLS) is commonly used to determine liposome size and size distribution. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) can be used to image liposome morphology and determine lamellarity. Zeta potential measurements assess the surface charge of liposomes, which

Chitosan nanocomposite containing rotenoids: an alternative bioinsecticidal approach for the management of Aedes aegypti

• Maria A. A. Bertonceli,
• Vitor D. C. Cristo,
• Ivo J. Vieira,
• Francisco J. A. Lemos,
• Arnoldo R. Façanha,
• Raimundo Braz-Filho,
• Gustavo V. T. Batista,
• Luis G. M. Basso,
• Sérgio H. Seabra,
• Thalya S. R. Nogueira,
• Felipe F. Moreira,
• Arícia L. E. M. Assis,
• Antônia E. A. Oliveira and
• Kátia V. S. Fernandes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1197–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.88

• of 1 cm−1 and an accumulation of 35 scans per spectrum. A compressive force of 15 N was applied to the samples during measurement to ensure proper contact with the ATR crystal surface. Quantification of rotenoids by high-performance liquid chromatography The quantification of rotenoids was performed

Electronic and optical properties of chloropicrin adsorbed ZnS nanotubes: first principle analysis

• Prakash Yadav,
• Boddepalli SanthiBhushan and
• Anurag Srivastava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1184–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.87

• was performed with stringent convergence criteria: a maximum force tolerance of 0.05 eV/Å and a stress tolerance of 0.05 eV/Å3. These parameters ensured the reliability and accuracy of the resulting structural configurations for subsequent electronic and transport property analyses. To study the

Mechanical stability of individual bacterial cells under different osmotic pressure conditions: a nanoindentation study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Lizeth García-Torres,
• Idania De Alba Montero,
• Eleazar Samuel Kolosovas-Machuca,
• Facundo Ruiz,
• Sumati Bhatia,
• Jose Luis Cuellar Camacho and
• Jaime Ruiz-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1171–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.86

• , S.L.P. México 10.3762/bjnano.16.86 Abstract Nanomechanical maps to test the mechanical response of the outer envelope of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were obtained utilizing atomic force microscopy in force–volume mode in the low range of loading forces when exposed to hypotonic (Milli-Q water), isotonic

• (PBS), and hypertonic (0.5 M NaCl) solutions. Imaging and mechanical testing showed that bacteria are highly resilient to deformation and can withstand repetitive indentations in the range of 500 pN. Analysis of force spectra revealed that although there are differences in the mechanical response

• within the first stages of nanoindentation, similar values in the slopes of the curves reflected a stable stiffness of about kB = 20 mN/m and turgor pressures of Pt = 12.1 kPa. Interestingly, a change in the nonlinear regime of the force curves and a gradual increase in maximal deformation by the AFM tip

Deep learning for enhancement of low-resolution and noisy scanning probe microscopy images

• Samuel Gelman,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Nir Kampf,
• Marek Patočka,
• Maricarmen Rios,
• Marcos Penedo,
• Georg Fantner,
• Amir Beker,
• Sidney R. Cohen and
• Ido Azuri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1129–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.83

• shows deep learning models to be superior for super-resolution tasks and enables significant reduction in AFM measurement time, whereby low-pixel-resolution AFM images are enhanced in both resolution and fidelity through deep learning. Keywords: atomic force microscopy; deep learning; fast scanning

• ; low resolution; super resolution; Introduction The capability of atomic force microscopy (AFM) to achieve high resolution at the nanometer level in plane (xy) and at the angstrom level in height (z), on a variety of surfaces, is one of its major advantages. AFM topographical imaging enables high

• scan direction (here, x). However, in some modes, such as peak force and photothermal off-resonance tapping as used here, unless the data is significantly oversampled, decreasing the number of pixels in both x and y scan directions will lower acquisition time proportionately. We therefore sample here