Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

• Nguyen Nhat Nam,
• Nguyen Khoi Song Tran,
• Tan Tai Nguyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Trai,
• Nguyen Phuong Thuy,
• Hoang Dang Khoa Do,
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran and
• Kieu The Loan Trinh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 396–415, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.36

• peroxide or organic hydroperoxide (ROOH) to produce ROS. In nature, biological systems commonly use catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) as preventive antioxidants to degrade hydrogen peroxide, which is a precursor of ROS. CAT, containing a heme active site, and GPx, containing a selenium active

• incubation at 60 °C for 5 h, while free CAT lost nearly 90% of the catalytic activity under the same conditions [41]. GPx mimics: GPx protects the body from oxidative stress by participating in the conversion of H2O2 into H2O. GPx requires the presence of glutathione (GSH) to function properly [42

Nanomedicines against Chagas disease: a critical review

• Maria Jose Morilla,
• Kajal Ghosal and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 333–349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.30

• , resulting in its fast killing. Lately, it was suggested that the major metabolic impact of BNZ is on the glutathione (and trypanothione) pathway so that covalent binding of BNZ with low-molecular-weight thiols and with protein thiols is the drug’s primary mode of action against T. cruzi [15]. In mammalian

• with fetal components in vivo [16][17][18]. The consumption of glutathione resulting from its reaction with BNZ metabolites would later lead to oxidative stress processes. One of the main disadvantages of BNZ pharmacotherapy is the high doses administered, thought to be responsible for the pronounced

Exploring the relationships between physiochemical properties of nanoparticles and cell damage to combat cancer growth using simple periodic table-based descriptors

• Joyita Roy and
• Kunal Roy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 297–309, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.27

• affect the pH value of the cell and increase the catalytic properties of metal oxides, thereby increasing ROS generation. Tumor cells have a mechanism for dealing with hypoxia, acidosis, and high glutathione (GSH) levels, which promote drug resistance, especially for ROS-dependent drugs (Figure 5

Assessing phytotoxicity and tolerance levels of ZnO nanoparticles on Raphanus sativus: implications for widespread adoptions

• Pathirannahalage Sahan Samuditha,
• Nadeesh Madusanka Adassooriya and
• Nazeera Salim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 115–125, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.11

• evidence confirmed that the effect of ZnO NPs on photosynthetic pigments is highly crop-specific and dose-specific. Many researchers have reported increased antioxidant content when treated with ZnO NPs. For example, increased activity levels of catalase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, and

• glutathione S-transferase in Hordeum vulgare by 3-fold in roots exposed to 2000 mg/L of ZnO NPs have been reported [42]. Also, Zn is an essential element of carbohydrate metabolism in plants [43]. The highest proportions of carbohydrates (40.3%), fiber (12.0%), and energy (161.2% in kcal/g carbohydrates) were

Nanotechnological approaches in the treatment of schistosomiasis: an overview

• Lucas Carvalho,
• Michelle Sarcinelli and
• Beatriz Patrício

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 13–25, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.2

• mobility, couple separation, and tegument alterations. In vivo, the main criteria used is reducing worm burden, quantity and diameter of granuloma, eggs in feces, and oxidative stress markers (e.g., glutathione, nitrite/nitrate, and malondialdehyde). Generally, articles that do not show effectiveness data

• . The nanoparticles avoided weight gain in infected mice, increased glutathione levels, and reduced the levels of oxidative stress markers. This work showed that selenium nanoparticles were even more effective than PZQ, reducing inflammation signs in jejunal tissue and tissue injury levels similarly to

Carboxylic acids and light interact to affect nanoceria stability and dissolution in acidic aqueous environments

• Matthew L. Hancock,
• Eric A. Grulke and
• Robert A. Yokel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 762–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.63

• resulted in loss or overcoating of the surface citrate, and, in some cases, agglomeration [10]. Exposure to vitamin C and glutathione led to dissolution-accompanied aggregation of mesoporous silica CeO2 nanoparticles [35]. The shortening of ceria nanorods from 25 to 8 nm after 14 days at 200 °C was

Plasmonic nanotechnology for photothermal applications – an evaluation

• A. R. Indhu,
• L. Keerthana and
• Gnanaprakash Dharmalingam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 380–419, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.33

Recent progress in cancer cell membrane-based nanoparticles for biomedical applications

• Qixiong Lin,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Yanyan Wen,
• Xiaoqiong Li,
• Donglian Du,
• Weibin Dai,
• Wei Tian and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 262–279, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.24

• , it has also been demonstrated that cell membrane coating does not affect the ability to generate ROS during treatment [82]. Tumor growth and progression are accompanied by an abnormal microenvironment (e.g., low pH, local hypoxia, overexpression of glutathione (GSH), and high levels of H2O2) [39

Cyclodextrins as eminent constituents in nanoarchitectonics for drug delivery systems

• Makoto Komiyama

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 218–232, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.21

• endogenous glutathione, which is abundant in the cells. Upon UV irradiation, however, azobenzene isomerizes from the trans form to the cis form and spontaneously dissociates from β-CyD. As a result, the disulfide linkage becomes more exposed and is reductively cleaved by glutathione. Thus, the mesopore is

• S–S linkages by intracellular glutathione (GSH). As the result, both gene editing by sgRNA/Cas9 and gene silencing by the antisense DNA cooperatively suppressed the PLK1 gene, providing remarkable antitumor activity. 4 CyD-based nanoarchitectures for effective photodynamic therapy Photodynamic

• the entry of the resultant nanoparticles to cells, the S-nitrosothiol reacts with glutathione to release NO, which relieves hypoxia at tumor sites through NO-mediated blood vessel relaxation. Furthermore, the NO reacts with ROSs, generated by light-activation of chlorin e6, to form ONOO− and other

Recent advances in green carbon dots (2015–2022): synthesis, metal ion sensing, and biological applications

• Aisha Kanwal,
• Naheed Bibi,
• Sajjad Hyder,
• Arif Muhammad,
• Hao Ren,
• Jiangtao Liu and
• Zhongli Lei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1068–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.93

• glutathione, as a dopant for both S and N, and a green source of celery leaves to synthesize CDs. Low-cost celery leaves containing folic acid with many –COOH and –NH2 groups contribute to high QYs. The reported CDs were novel fluorescent paper sensors and showed remarkable sensitivity and selectivity in the

Correction: Coordination-assembled myricetin nanoarchitectonics for sustainably scavenging free radicals

• Xiaoyan Ma,
• Haoning Gong,
• Kenji Ogino,
• Xuehai Yan and
• Ruirui Xing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 570–571, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.48

• , Beijing, P. R. China School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China 10.3762/bjnano.13.48 Keywords: antioxidant; co-assembly; glutathione; myricetin; nanoarchitectonics; Correction 1: In the abbreviation of the radical cation "ABTS+", the dot indicating

Detection and imaging of Hg(II) in vivo using glutathione-functionalized gold nanoparticles

• Gufeng Li,
• Shaoqing Li,
• Rui Wang,
• Min Yang,
• Lizhu Zhang,
• Yanli Zhang,
• Wenrong Yang and
• Hongbin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 549–559, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.46

• molecules, which can then be used, for example, to detect metal ions in solution. Herein, we describe 13 nm GNPs functionalized by glutathione (GSH) and conjugated with a rhodamine 6G derivative (Rh6G2), which can be used to detect Hg(II) in cells. The detection of Hg2+ ions is based on an ion-catalyzed

• the fluorescent “ON” form. Keywords: cell imaging; fluorescence probes; glutathione; gold nanoparticles; mercury ions; rhodamine 6G derivatives; Introduction Metal nanoparticles have been widely used in the development and construction of sensor systems and drug carriers due to their excellent

• molecular release system. After adding Cu(II), we observed a switching of the GNP–ʟ-Cys–Rh6G2 fluorescence from “OFF” to “ON” with high stability. Furthermore, it is worth noting that glutathione (GSH) contains a thiol and an amino group. It can not only conjugate to the nanoparticle surfaces through the

Coordination-assembled myricetin nanoarchitectonics for sustainably scavenging free radicals

• Xiaoyan Ma,
• Haoning Gong,
• Kenji Ogino,
• Xuehai Yan and
• Ruirui Xing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 284–291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.23

• signal pathways and, thus, of sustainably scavenging radicals. However, Myr is poorly soluble in water, which limits its bioavailability for biomedical applications, and even its clinical therapeutic potential. The antioxidant peptide glutathione (GSH) plays a role as antioxidant in cells and possesses

• offers a new design to harness stable, sustainable antioxidant nanoparticles with high loading capacity, high bioavailability, and good biocompatibility as antioxidants. Keywords: antioxidant; co-assembly; glutathione; myricetin; nanoarchitectonics; Introduction Oxidative stress, caused by an imbalance

• used for effectively scavenging multiple ROS. Metal-based nanomaterials, such as CeO2 and Fe3O4, have been widely applied for antioxidant therapy [10]. In addition, bioactive small-molecule compounds, such as bilirubin and curcumin, and antioxidant peptides such as glutathione (GSH) and casein

Self-assembly of amino acids toward functional biomaterials

• Huan Ren,
• Lifang Wu,
• Lina Tan,
• Yanni Bao,
• Yuchen Ma,
• Yong Jin and
• Qianli Zou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1140–1150, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.85

• coordination of Mn2+, Fmoc-ʟ-L, and Ce6, a yield of 36 wt % can be obtained. After the uptake of FMC NPs by cancer cells, Mn2+ and Ce6 can be released in response to intracellular high levels of glutathione (GSH). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) results showed an almost complete elimination of the tumor three

• metal nanoparticles under physiological conditions and the abrupt responsive release upon pH and glutathione changes. The half-life of Ce6 in Fmoc-H/Zn2+/Ce6 (8.71 h) and Z-HF/Zn2+/Ce6 (6.33 h) was much longer than that of unencapsulated Ce6 (3.69 h), according to the fitting results of the

• photothermal therapy. Geniposide is a natural crosslinking agent that provides strong covalent interactions to enhance stability. In addition, they attached disulfide groups to phenylalanine in response to glutathione. The obtained nanoparticles (GDSP) have high stability and can improve the photostability and

Use of nanosystems to improve the anticancer effects of curcumin

• Andrea M. Araya-Sibaja,
• Norma J. Salazar-López,
• Krissia Wilhelm Romero,
• José R. Vega-Baudrit,
• J. Abraham Domínguez-Avila,
• Carlos A. Velázquez Contreras,
• Ramón E. Robles-Zepeda,
• Mirtha Navarro-Hoyos and
• Gustavo A. González-Aguilar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1047–1062, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.78

• conjunction with inhibition of angiogenic/inflammatory proteins in an NF-κB-dependent manner [18]. Zhang et al. [75] reported that a combination of nanosized particles and the inclusion of glutathione (which has a thiol group that can initiate thiolysis and release CUR) results in a synergistic effect. This

• has been previously reported when using glutathione-responsive self-delivery nanocapsules (100 nm), a strategy that increases cellular uptake efficiency, intracellular CUR delivery, and transport to the nucleus, which results in growth inhibition of HeLa (human cervical carcinoma) cells [75]. Similar

• results have been obtained in glutathione-sensitive PEGylated CUR prodrug nanomicelles [76]. Polymeric nanoparticles (PNP). Polymeric nanoparticles are solid colloids with a size of up to 1000 nm; the drug is loaded into the polymeric matrix, preferably using biodegradable polymers [77][78]. If the drug

The role of deep eutectic solvents and carrageenan in synthesizing biocompatible anisotropic metal nanoparticles

• Nabojit Das,
• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 924–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.69

• determining toxicity and cell internalization of nanoparticles due to capping agents is critical. It has been reported that glutathione-capped gold nanoparticles underwent efficient cell internalization and efficient renal clearance compared to PEGylated and citrate-capped gold nanoparticles [68][69]. This

• was observed due to the difference in the binding affinity of the capping agents toward serum proteins. Glutathione showed less affinity towards serum proteins than citric acid. In an exposure time duration study by Lopez-Chaves et al., size-dependent metabolic fate and deposit formation of gold

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

Fate and transformation of silver nanoparticles in different biological conditions

• Barbara Pem,
• Marija Ćurlin,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Rinea Barbir,
• Vedran Micek,
• Raluca M. Fratila,
• Jesus M. de la Fuente and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 665–679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.53

• was studied in the presence of the most relevant biothiols: cysteine (CYS) and glutathione (GSH). Data on the size distribution of different AgNPs in the tested media are given in Figure 5 and in Supporting Information File 1, Table S1, while observed ζ potentials are presented in Figure 6 and in

• bound to C7). This possibly implies the formation of oxidised glutathione (GSSG), as noted in our previous work [56]. The most significant changes observed were the broadening of the peaks and loss of resolution, both of which are known signs of ligand binding to the NP surface [57][58][59]. Therefore

• , liver, and kidney are glutathione-rich environments, where GSH serves as an in vivo reducing agent for Ag+ converting it into secondary particles. In simple biological media, an increase in the agglomeration of different AgNPs was generally observed with an increase in ionic strength due to the

A review on nanostructured silver as a basic ingredient in medicine: physicochemical parameters and characterization

• Gabriel M. Misirli,
• Kishore Sridharan and
• Shirley M. P. Abrantes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 440–461, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.36

• aminotransferases and also in the hematological parameters were observed between the control and groups with burn wounds and between groups treated with AgNPs and groups with burn wounds. In addition, there were no significant differences in lipid peroxidation, carbonyl and reduced glutathione (GSH) protein levels

The impact of molecular tumor profiling on the design strategies for targeting myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors

• Nikola Geskovski,
• Nadica Matevska-Geshkovska,
• Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Kristina Mladenovska and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 375–401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.31

A review on the biological effects of nanomaterials on silkworm (Bombyx mori)

• Sandra Senyo Fometu,
• Guohua Wu,
• Lin Ma and
• Joan Shine Davids

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 190–202, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.15

• subcutaneous injection activated superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) antioxidant enzymes. These enzymes are liable for eliminating excess ROS , and therefore the activation of these enzymes is connected to the expression of apoptosis-related genes within the silkworm

Antimicrobial metal-based nanoparticles: a review on their synthesis, types and antimicrobial action

• Matías Guerrero Correa,
• Fernanda B. Martínez,
• Cristian Patiño Vidal,
• Camilo Streitt,
• Juan Escrig and
• Carol Lopez de Dicastillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1450–1469, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.129

• through the induced genetic damage [170]. Changes in expression of metabolic genes Every enzymatic detoxification system (e.g., SOD, glutathione and catalase) is regulated by a signal which senses the ROS level and changes the expression level of certain set of genes in a way to protect against and

Key for crossing the BBB with nanoparticles: the rational design

• Sonia M. Lombardo,
• Marc Schneider,
• Akif E. Türeli and
• Nazende Günday Türeli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 866–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.72

• for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) [28][91][92][93][94][96]. It is also possible to cross the BBB by targeting active transporters such as the thiamine or glutathione transporters [98][99][100]. Some more advanced techniques have also been developed to find new targeting peptides for the BBB

• ], lactoferrin [89], anti-transferrin receptor antibody [84][85], glutathione [99][100] or CBSA [112]. In a study by Chen et al. the efficacy of the BBB targeting ligands angiopep-2, T7 and peptide-22, which are specific ligands of, respectively, LRP1, transferrin receptor and LDLR were compared. Liposomes were

Soybean-derived blue photoluminescent carbon dots

• Shanshan Wang,
• Wei Sun,
• Dong-sheng Yang and
• Fuqian Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 606–619, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.48

• varies with pH and temperature [18]. Wang et al. [18] studied the fluorescence of the CDs made from glucose with glutathione in a temperature range of 15 to 90 °C and observed the change of the color from dark blue to light blue and the quenching of the fluorescence at high temperatures. They attributed

• nm made from glucose with glutathione in a temperature range of 15 to 90 °C by Wang et al. [18]. Figure 3a–c shows the PL spectra of the soybean-derived CDs. The HTC-CDs exhibited strong emission under the irradiation of UV and visible light in the wavelength range of 250 nm to 480 nm (Figure 3a

Identification of physicochemical properties that modulate nanoparticle aggregation in blood

• Ludovica Soddu,
• Duong N. Trinh,
• Eimear Dunne,
• Dermot Kenny,
• Giorgia Bernardini,
• Ida Kokalari,
• Arianna Marucco,
• Marco P. Monopoli and
• Ivana Fenoglio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 550–567, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.44

• aggregation. Materials and Methods Reagents Sodium polyacrylate, ᴅ-(+)-glucose, thionine acetate salt, phosphate buffered saline powder, EDTA, glutathione reduced and 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid), tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), phosphate buffered saline (PBS) tablets were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich