The role of low-energy electrons in focused electron beam induced deposition: four case studies of representative precursors

• Rachel M. Thorman,
• Ragesh Kumar T. P.,
• D. Howard Fairbrother and
• Oddur Ingólfsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1904–1926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.194

Structural transitions in electron beam deposited Co–carbonyl suspended nanowires at high electrical current densities

• Gian Carlo Gazzadi and
• Stefano Frabboni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1298–1305, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.134

• increasing voltage are performed, an electromigration effect becomes dominant dividing the wire in two halves: a metallic portion, on the anode side, and a graphitic carbon portion on the cathode side. The highest current density reached before breakdown is 2 × 107 A/cm2. (a) SEM image (at 52° tilt angle) of

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of graphitic carbon nanomaterials doped with heteroatoms

• Toma Susi,
• Thomas Pichler and
• Paola Ayala

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 177–192, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.17

• , incorrect conclusions can easily be drawn, especially in the assignment of measured binding energies into specific atomic configurations. Starting from the characteristics of pristine materials, this review provides a practical guide for interpreting X-ray photoelectron spectra of doped graphitic carbon

• nanomaterials, and a reference for their binding energies that are vital for compositional analysis via XPS. Keywords: carbon nanotubes; core level photoemission; graphene; substitutional doping; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS); Introduction Graphitic carbon nanomaterials consist of carbon bonded via

• atomic structures is rarely straightforward. The purpose of this review is to provide a practical guide for interpreting the X-ray photoelectron spectra of doped graphitic carbon nanomaterials, and act as a useful reference for the binding energies that are vital for their compositional analysis via XPS

Electrical contacts to individual SWCNTs: A review

• Wei Liu,
• Christofer Hierold and
• Miroslav Haluska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2202–2215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.229

• a more controllable manner. Amorphous carbon was deposited between Ni (as catalysts for graphitization) and semiconducting SWCNTs. The amorphous carbon transforms to graphitic carbon by annealing at 850 °C (as shown in Figure 7b). By this approach, the effective contact area between the metal and

• from [53]. Copyright 2010 Macmillan Publisher. TEM images for (a) metal deposition on suspended, as-grown SWCNTs. Ti displays the best wettability to the SWCNT. Compared to Au, Pd showed better wettability to the SWCNT. (b) The graphitic carbon interfacial layer formed under a Ni layer through

Experimental techniques for the characterization of carbon nanoparticles – a brief overview

• Wojciech Kempiński,
• Szymon Łoś,
• Mateusz Kempiński and
• Damian Markowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1760–1766, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.186

• ; charge carrier transport; host–guest interactions; spin localization; Review Introduction Quasi-graphitic carbon nanoparticles (CNs) were found to show very interesting behavior with respect to the localization of charge carriers. Due to their large specific surface area, CNs are very sensitive to the

Gas sensing with gold-decorated vertically aligned carbon nanotubes

• Prasantha R. Mudimela,
• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Oriol González-León,
• Nicolas Reckinger,
• Rony Snyders,
• Eduard Llobet,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Jean-François Colomer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 910–918, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.104

• level recorded on the 150 μm-long VA-CNTs decorated with 6 nm-diameter gold nanoparticles. A Shirley background has been subtracted. The main peak at 284.3 eV is generated by sp2 hybridized graphitic carbon atoms located on the walls of the CNTs, it is strongly asymmetric and it has been fitted by a

Biomolecule-assisted synthesis of carbon nitride and sulfur-doped carbon nitride heterojunction nanosheets: An efficient heterojunction photocatalyst for photoelectrochemical applications

• Hua Bing Tao,
• Hong Bin Yang,
• Jiazang Chen,
• Jianwei Miao and
• Bin Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 770–777, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.89

• -doped graphitic carbon nitride (CNS) nanosheets. During the synthesis, sulfur could be introduced as a dopant into the lattice of carbon nitride (CN). Sulfur doping changed the texture as well as relative band positions of CN. By growing CN on preformed sulfur-doped CN nanosheets, composite CN/CNS

• : graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4); heterojunction; photoelectrochemical; photocatalysis; sulfur doping; Introduction Over the past few years, graphitic carbon nitride (CN) has attracted significant research attention in visible-light-driven photocatalysis because of its unique physical and chemical

• to the efficient separation of photoexcited charge carriers across the heterojunction interface. Our approach offers a facile way to construct an all carbon nitride based heterojunction photocatalyst. Experimental Materials preparation Graphitic carbon nitride (CN) was prepared according to a

Influence of particle size and fluorination ratio of CF_x precursor compounds on the electrochemical performance of C–FeF₂ nanocomposites for reversible lithium storage

• Ben Breitung,
• M. Anji Reddy,
• Venkata Sai Kiran Chakravadhanula,
• Michael Engel,
• Christian Kübel,
• Annie K. Powell,
• Horst Hahn and
• Maximilian Fichtner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 705–713, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.80

• metal nanoparticles encapsulated in layers of graphitic carbon were formed. The agglomerates are interlinked by multiwall carbon nanotubes which are formed in situ [34][35][36]. Although these systems enhanced the cycling stability of the conversion reaction greatly because of the tight embedding of

• between CFx and Fe(CO)5 to produce graphitic carbon–FeF2 nanocomposites at 250 °C, was developed recently [37]. Fe(CO)5 evaporates at 103 °C [38] and decomposes at temperatures above 120 °C [39]. In this way atomic sized Fe(0) nuclei are generated. These Fe(0) particles obviously react inside the CFx

• matrix and produce FeF2 nanoparticles by reducing the CFx carbon backbone to graphitic carbon in a reactive intercalation process. The final material contains crystallites of FeF2 with diameters of a few nanometers, which are closely packed and embedded between graphitic carbon sheets. The graphitic

A facile synthesis of a carbon-encapsulated Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite and its performance as anode in lithium-ion batteries

• Raju Prakash,
• Katharina Fanselau,
• Shuhua Ren,
• Tapan Kumar Mandal,
• Christian Kübel,
• Horst Hahn and
• Maximilian Fichtner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 699–704, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.79

• . All the diffraction peaks can be attributed to two well-defined phases, which are hexagonal-phase graphitic carbon {26.4° (002); JCPDS-041-1487} and cubic-phase Fe3O4 {JCPDS-019-0629}. No signals for metallic iron or other oxides were detected in the XRD pattern, which indicates that the oxidation

• longer tubes, the particles were embedded in several places within the tube. TEM images of the nanogranular region of the composite confirmed the presence of a core–shell structure, containing Fe3O4 cores and graphitic onions shells. The interface between graphitic carbon and Fe3O4 with short-range

Low-dose patterning of platinum nanoclusters on carbon nanotubes by focused-electron-beam-induced deposition as studied by TEM

• Xiaoxing Ke,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Sara Bals and
• Gustaaf Van Tendeloo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 77–86, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.9

• structure, can result in a low-resistance electrical contact between CNT and metals, thanks to graphitic carbon layers crystallized from amorphous carbon [46]. Nevertheless, in the deposition of metal nanoclusters by FEBID, conventional annealing of the composite structure may lead to unwanted fast growth

Highly ordered ultralong magnetic nanowires wrapped in stacked graphene layers

• Abdel-Aziz El Mel,
• Jean-Luc Duvail,
• Eric Gautron,
• Wei Xu,
• Chang-Hwan Choi,
• Benoit Angleraud,
• Agnès Granier and
• Pierre-Yves Tessier

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 846–851, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.95

• ) Selected-area electron diffraction pattern recorded on a single wire. The 002 reflection indicated in (c) is attributed to graphitic carbon. (a) Normalized hysteresis loops of the coaxial nanowire array measured at 300 K with an applied magnetic field parallel (black curve) and perpendicular (red curve) to

Influence of the diameter of single-walled carbon nanotube bundles on the optoelectronic performance of dry-deposited thin films

• Kimmo Mustonen,
• Toma Susi,
• Antti Kaskela,
• Patrik Laiho,
• Ying Tian,
• Albert G. Nasibulin and
• Esko I. Kauppinen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 692–702, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.79

• ). In graphitic carbon, the G band (~1580 cm−1) corresponds to planar vibrations of carbon atoms, while the D band (~1350 cm−1) is sensitive to structural defects and impurities such as amorphous carbon and vacancies in the sp2-hybridized carbon lattice [27]. Therefore, the ratio of the intensities of

Studies towards synthesis, evolution and alignment characteristics of dense, millimeter long multiwalled carbon nanotube arrays

• Pitamber Mahanandia,
• Jörg J. Schneider,
• Martin Engel,
• Bernd Stühn,
• Somanahalli V. Subramanyam and
• Karuna Kar Nanda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 293–301, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.34

• -graphitic carbon) in the samples prepared at 1100 °C. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measurements were carried out for the synthesized CNT material grown at 650 and 1100 °C in a dry air atmosphere with a heating rate of 10 °C/min and show the typical temperature behavior of high quality CNTs (Figure 8b

• , until a stable plateau was reached at 715 to 750 °C, leaving a residual weight of ~7 wt %. Thus a purity of between about 92 and 93% of the total mass can be estimated. The remaining masses in both samples may come from residual graphitic carbon impurities which decompose at significantly higher