Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• essential to realise the clinical potential of CNM-based DDSs. Key priorities include developing robust protocols for assessing efficacy, reproducibility, and safety; such protocols are ideally tailored to account for nanocarrier-specific properties and cancer heterogeneity. The standardisation process

PEGylated lipids in lipid nanoparticle delivery dynamics and therapeutic innovation

• Peiyang Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1914–1930, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.133

• moieties through functionalized PEG lipids can overcome tumor heterogeneity and enhance cell uptake [42][45]. DBCO-azide click chemistry was used to develop PD-L1-targeted LNPs (Pep-LNPs) for tumor-selective mRNA delivery [46][47]. The functionalized PEG lipid DSPE-PEG2K-DBCO was conjugated with

Advances of aptamers in esophageal cancer diagnosis, treatment and drug delivery

• Yang Fei,
• Hui Xu,
• Chunwei Zhang,
• Jingjing Wang and
• Yong Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1734–1750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.121

• and a fluorescent aptasensor for the diagnosis of EC. Scholars have also found significant differences in conclusions among studies, taking tumor heterogeneity into account and raising expectations that studies based on multiple markers [48] acting on different pathways may have more specific

Ambient pressure XPS at MAX IV

• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Ulrike Küst,
• Alexander Klyushin,
• Rosemary Jones,
• Jan Knudsen,
• Robert Temperton,
• Andrey Shavorskiy and
• Esko Kokkonen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1677–1694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.118

• , we must ensure a well-controlled environment that is relevant to catalytic conditions. This includes enhancing the temporal resolution of APXPS measurements. Ultimately, the goal is to understand the heterogeneity of a catalytic system with greater specificity regarding site, time, chemistry, and

• , complex materials operating under industrially relevant conditions. Achieving this shift will require further innovations in sample environments, pressure compatibility, and surface sensitivity, especially for systems that exhibit spatial or chemical heterogeneity at the micro- and the nanoscale. A key

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• of genetic and environmental factors, while common cancer types, such as lung, breast, and prostate cancer, present significant therapeutic challenges due to their biological heterogeneity and resistance to conventional treatments [4]. The immune system is crucial for identifying and eliminating

• , and cell-based therapies, including chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells [9]. However, these therapies face limitations, including systemic toxicity, high cost, variable clinical responses, and tumor resistance, often associated with the genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity of tumors [10][11][12

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• addition, the escalation of new glitches such as drug sensitivity in tumor cells has been reduced due to the emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR) by various factors, including ATP-dependent drug efflux, selective stress of drugs, altered DNA repair mechanisms, cellular heterogeneity, recurrence, and

Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation

• Tuyen B. Ly,
• Duong D. T. Nguyen,
• Hieu D. Nguyen,
• Yen T. H. Nguyen,
• Bup T. A. Bui,
• Kien A. Le and
• Phung K. Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91

• mobility [43]. When CEO content exceeds 8%, WVP slightly increases to 5.27 × 10−12 g·m−1·s−1·Pa−1, likely due to structural heterogeneity and phase separation within the polymer matrix [45]. These findings suggest that an optimal PE-CEO concentration exists to balance water resistance and mechanical

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• conducted (Figure 2D–F). Interestingly, structural heterogeneity was observable at this size regime. While the first two particles are still fully amorphous and thus strengthen our hypothesis that amorphization is not linked to particle size, the particle in Figure 3F shows two reflections, although they do

Nanostructured materials characterized by scanning photoelectron spectromicroscopy

• Matteo Amati,
• Alexey S. Shkvarin,
• Alexander I. Merentsov,
• Alexander N. Titov,
• María Taeño,
• David Maestre,
• Sarah R. McKibbin,
• Zygmunt Milosz,
• Ana Cremades,
• Rainer Timm and
• Luca Gregoratti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 700–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.54

• nanostructured materials characterized by SPEM. Results and Discussion Chemical heterogeneities in layered transition metal dichalcogenides The heterogeneous chemical composition of the CrxTi1−xSe2 system was for the first time observed and described in [12]. The observed heterogeneity led to the splitting of

• reprinted from [13], J. Phys. Chem. Solids, vol. 160, by A. I. Merentsov; A. S. Shkvarin; M. S. Postnikov; L. Gregoratti; M. Amati; P. Zeller; P. Moras; A. N. Titov, “Studying the heterogeneity of the CrxTi1-xCh2 (Ch = S, Se) single crystals using X-ray scanning photoemission microscopy“, article no. 110309

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• of variation represents a quantitative methodology for evaluating nuclear DNA signal heterogeneity. This analytical approach has demonstrated utility in measuring alterations in DNA compaction following drug treatments or genetic modifications that influence chromatin architecture [43]. PDL cells

Nanoscale capacitance spectroscopy based on multifrequency electrostatic force microscopy

• Pascal N. Rohrbeck,
• Lukas D. Cavar,
• Franjo Weber,
• Peter G. Reichel,
• Mara Niebling and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 637–651, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.49

• importance of dielectric properties becomes even more pronounced. Many advanced materials exhibit nanoscale structural heterogeneity, where quantum confinement, phase composition, and interfacial effects cause significant deviations in dielectric behavior compared to bulk materials [12][13]. These nanoscale

Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

• challenges in therapeutic targeting. They are considerably smaller than fibrillar aggregates and plaques, making them difficult to target with conventional binding agents. AβOs exhibit significant heterogeneity in size and conformation. This variability means that a single therapeutic agent may not

ReactorAFM/STM – dynamic reactions on surfaces at elevated temperature and atmospheric pressure

• Tycho Roorda,
• Hamed Achour,
• Matthijs A. van Spronsen,
• Marta E. Cañas-Ventura,
• Sander B. Roobol,
• Willem Onderwaater,
• Mirthe Bergman,
• Peter van der Tuijn,
• Gertjan van Baarle,
• Johan W. Bakker,
• Joost W. M. Frenken and
• Irene M. N. Groot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 397–406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.30

• ]. Alongside the pressure gap, the existence of the materials gap refers to the complexity and heterogeneity of real catalysts. Such catalysts are compounds that possess a special complex mixture consisting essentially of metals, oxides, and promoters, supported on refractory oxides. The requirement of a

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• 30% and 5%, respectively, while for the patients with unresectable GBM, the prognosis is worse [28][29]. The fast proliferation and aggressive invasion of GBM in the surrounding brain tissue complicate the total resection of the tumor. In addition to the heterogeneity of GBM, the immunosuppressive

Realizing active targeting in cancer nanomedicine with ultrasmall nanoparticles

• André F. Lima,
• Giselle Z. Justo and
• Alioscka A. Sousa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1208–1226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.98

• [10][11][12]. Reasons for the poor clinical performance of passive tumor targeting are the considerable heterogeneity of the EPR effect in humans, alongside the restricted diffusion of NPs across the dense tumor stroma [4][5][13][14]. Reasons for the limited performance of active targeting include its

A review on the structural characterization of nanomaterials for nano-QSAR models

• Salvador Moncho,
• Eva Serrano-Candelas,
• Jesús Vicente de Julián-Ortiz and
• Rafael Gozalbes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 854–866, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.71

• experimental features that could potentially be used as descriptors in a nano-QSAR model. For the literature analysis below, all descriptors with a potential use in nano-QSAR are discussed. Descriptors for NMs One of the conclusions of the analysis of available models is the heterogeneity of the criteria used

Antibody-conjugated nanoparticles for target-specific drug delivery of chemotherapeutics

• Mamta Kumari,
• Amitabha Acharya and
• Praveen Thaggikuppe Krishnamurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 912–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.75

• lack of tumor specificity and selectivity, antibody selection issues, immune reactions against ACNPs, stability of ACNPs, heterogeneity of tumors, regulatory approvals, scale-up and production, and cost considerations. Advantages of antibody-conjugated NPs. Schematic representation of (a) an antibody

Overview of mechanism and consequences of endothelial leakiness caused by metal and polymeric nanoparticles

• Magdalena Lasak and
• Karol Ciepluch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 329–338, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.28

• a key role in the maintenance of the organism’s systemic homeostasis through the many functions they serve. Moreover, these cells are characterized by a unique structural and functional heterogeneity. Morphologically, endothelial cells are mostly flat, spindle-shaped cells in arteries and arterioles

Recent progress in cancer cell membrane-based nanoparticles for biomedical applications

• Qixiong Lin,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Yanyan Wen,
• Xiaoqiong Li,
• Donglian Du,
• Weibin Dai,
• Wei Tian and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 262–279, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.24

• , and chemotherapy remain dominant in clinical treatment [86]. However, traditional approaches suffer from tumor cell insensitivity and resistance to treatment due to genetic instability and heterogeneity [87]. The limited therapeutic efficacy and toxic side effects on normal tissues hinder the

Nanotechnology – a robust tool for fighting the challenges of drug resistance in non-small cell lung cancer

• Filip Gorachinov,
• Fatima Mraiche,
• Diala Alhaj Moustafa,
• Ola Hishari,
• Yomna Ismail,
• Jensa Joseph,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Nikola Geskovski and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 240–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.23

• agents. Precision oncology research to identify targetable biomarkers and optimize tumor homing agents, hand in hand with designing multifunctional and multistage nanocarriers that respond to the inherent heterogeneity of the tumors, may resolve the challenges of inadequate tumor localization, improve

• heterogeneity, key signaling pathway alteration, and activation of alternate signaling, which effectively rescue the main inhibited pathway. The oncogenic significance of EGFR and the weak response to TKIs have been the focus of clinical interest for more than a decade, motivating the research community to look

• clinical therapy. In addition, some novel therapeutic approaches against resistant tumors have failed due to the heterogeneity of the progression of genetic alteration and the resulting complexity of resistance mechanisms [23]. Enormous efforts have been made in finding a way forward from this standstill

Relationship between corrosion and nanoscale friction on a metallic glass

• Haoran Ma and
• Roland Bennewitz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 236–244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.18

• in phosphate buffer. Pitting has been reported for many MG surfaces after polarization in chloride solutions [22][23][24][25]. Pitting corrosion is induced by heterogeneity or discontinuity of the amorphous matrix, for example, by crystalline inclusions [24]. On the surface shown in Figure 1b

A photonic crystal material for the online detection of nonpolar hydrocarbon vapors

• Evgenii S. Bolshakov,
• Aleksander V. Ivanov,
• Andrei A. Kozlov,
• Anton S. Aksenov,
• Elena V. Isanbaeva,
• Sergei E. Kushnir,
• Aleksei D. Yapryntsev,
• Aleksander E. Baranchikov and
• Yury A. Zolotov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 127–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.9

• filling of the structure, the structural heterogeneity within a volume, the presence of foreign chemical substances and the size variation of the matrix and particles during the chemical analysis process. However, one cannot ignore sensors based on molecularly imprinted polymers for the selective

• was reached already after 2 min, and the experiment was repeated. From the results presented in Figure 7a, we can conclude that there is a wide spread in both the initial position of the PBG and the final one, but this is explained by the heterogeneity of the sensor degradation over the surface area

Two dynamic modes to streamline challenging atomic force microscopy measurements

• Alexei G. Temiryazev,
• Andrey V. Krayev and
• Marina P. Temiryazeva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1226–1236, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.90

• contrast obtained in this case, as in the case of AM-AFM, allows one to probe the heterogeneity of the mechanical properties of the surface [28], but it is free from artifacts associated with the influence of the surface profile on the feedback error (phase change at the step boundaries). Thus, in

A review on nanostructured silver as a basic ingredient in medicine: physicochemical parameters and characterization

• Gabriel M. Misirli,
• Kishore Sridharan and
• Shirley M. P. Abrantes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 440–461, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.36

• complementary way, the size, distribution, shape heterogeneity, morphology, dispersion, and aggregation can be directly evaluated via TEM in which the high spatial resolution facilitates the investigation of the electronic structure and chemical composition [156]. However, the disadvantages other than the

The impact of molecular tumor profiling on the design strategies for targeting myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors

• Nikola Geskovski,
• Nadica Matevska-Geshkovska,
• Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Kristina Mladenovska and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 375–401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.31

• -exposed molecules. Considering that leukemia has shown a vast genomic heterogeneity, the integration of the molecular profile of the tumor into the design of the multimodal nanoscale carriers will have a tremendous impact for the future development of personalized nanomedicine for a safe and efficacious