Controllable one-pot synthesis of uniform colloidal TiO₂ particles in a mixed solvent solution for photocatalysis

• Jong Tae Moon,
• Seung Ki Lee and
• Ji Bong Joo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1715–1727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.163

• adsorption/desorption isotherm and corresponding Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) pore size distributions of the TiO2 samples. The TiO2 sample calcined at 400 °C (TiO2-400) displayed a typical type IV isotherm with a well-developed hysteresis loop that indicated mesoscale porosity (Figure 5a). The TiO2 sample

Nanoscale electrochemical response of lithium-ion cathodes: a combined study using C-AFM and SIMS

• Jonathan Op de Beeck,
• Nouha Labyedh,
• Alfonso Sepúlveda,
• Valentina Spampinato,
• Alexis Franquet,
• Thierry Conard,
• Philippe M. Vereecken,
• Wilfried Vandervorst and
• Umberto Celano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1623–1628, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.154

• spectroscopy measurement in Figure 3. Here the tip is held fixed in contact with the sample while the dc bias is applied to the sample (inset Figure 3a). A decrease in the local tip–sample resistance resulting from applying a bias is visible from the hysteresis in the I–V curves, which is consistently observed

• between the trace (1) and retrace (2) dc bias sweeps. The amplitude of the hysteresis depends on the local concentration and mobility of Li under the tip. Figure 3a shows the example of two I–V curves acquired (1) in a pristine area (green trace) and (2) in a region that was previously scanned with the

• tip positively biased at 10 V (red trace). The large hysteresis observed in the second case, demonstrates that by stressing the sample surface with a negative dc sample bias a strong depletion of Li ions occurs such that a higher resistance change can be obtained under the tip while attracting the Li

Interaction-tailored organization of large-area colloidal assemblies

• Silvia Rizzato,
• Elisabetta Primiceri,
• Anna Grazia Monteduro,
• Adriano Colombelli,
• Angelo Leo,
• Maria Grazia Manera,
• Roberto Rella and
• Giuseppe Maruccio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1582–1593, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.150

• theoretically driven route for a feasible fabrication of metal nanostructures has been demonstrated with this work. Concerning magnetic samples and their properties, a hysteresis loop of cobalt nanoholes is presented in Figure 5d as obtained by magneto-optic Kerr effect (MOKE) measurements – a ferromagnetic

• magneto-optic Kerr effect (MOKE) hysteresis loops of the 80 nm cobalt nanohole sample. Colloidal film samples prepared in this work, given with relevant experimental details. Coverage as a function of particle diameter/concentration and salt concentration. The absorption time was 10 min in all cases.

Field-controlled ultrafast magnetization dynamics in two-dimensional nanoscale ferromagnetic antidot arrays

• Anulekha De,
• Sucheta Mondal,
• Sourav Sahoo,
• Saswati Barman,
• Yoshichika Otani,
• Rajib Kumar Mitra and
• Anjan Barman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1123–1134, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.104

• hysteresis and anisotropy properties of Ni80Fe20 (a permalloy, noted as Py hereafter) antidot lattices with hexagonal symmetry by the influence of the hole size, lattice packing fraction and scale factor via micromagnetic numerical approach [27]. Bi-component or filled antidot lattices can tune the SW

Magnetic characterization of cobalt nanowires and square nanorings fabricated by focused electron beam induced deposition

• Federico Venturi,
• Gian Carlo Gazzadi,
• Amir H. Tavabi,
• Alberto Rota,
• Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski and
• Stefano Frabboni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1040–1049, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.97

• almost square hysteresis loops, with coercivities of ca. 10 mT. The nanorings show two different magnetization states: for low values of the applied in-plane field (0.02 T) a horseshoe state is observed using L-TEM, while for higher values of the applied in-plane field (0.3 T) an onion state is observed

• of a square hysteresis loop with a coercive field of approximately 10 mT. L-TEM images of square nanorings revealed a horseshoe magnetic state, which could be changed to an opposite horseshoe state by reversing the magnetic field applied in situ. By increasing the external magnetic field and

• leftwards along the NW in (c) and (d) as the specimen tilt angle is increased, thus increasing the leftward-oriented component of the lens field in the sample plane (Beff). Blue and red arrows mark the opposite magnetic domains M1 and M2, respectively. (e) Hysteresis loop of the NW measured as a function of

Single-crystalline FeCo nanoparticle-filled carbon nanotubes: synthesis, structural characterization and magnetic properties

• Rasha Ghunaim,
• Maik Scholz,
• Christine Damm,
• Bernd Rellinghaus,
• Rüdiger Klingeler,
• Bernd Büchner,
• Michael Mertig and
• Silke Hampel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1024–1034, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.95

• first filling approach. The same explanation applies for the annealed samples. The symmetry in the shape of the hysteresis loops indicates the good stability of the prepared samples against oxidation. As known, these particles are subject to oxidation when they are exposed to air unless they are

• nanocomposite in which the CNT mass start to decrease at T ≈ 530 °C. Hysteresis curves measured at a) 300 K and c) 5 K for the annealed and the as-prepared Fe50Co50@CNT material prepared by the first and second approaches. Data are normalized to the amount of magnetic material as obtained from the TGA

• measurements. Enlarged view of the hysteresis curves in b) 300 K and d) 5 K show the variation of the material hardness upon annealing. Physical properties of the magnetic nanoparticles under study. Supporting Information Supporting Information File 70: EDX Measurements. Acknowledgements The authors thank C

Enzymatically promoted release of organic molecules linked to magnetic nanoparticles

• Chiara Lambruschini,
• Silvia Villa,
• Luca Banfi,
• Fabio Canepa,
• Fabio Morana,
• Annalisa Relini,
• Paola Riani,
• Renata Riva and
• Fulvio Silvetti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 986–999, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.92

• hysteresis cycles at 300 K. In particular, we examined the nanoparticles NP@APTES alone and the conjugates 13 (with the azelate spacer) before and after the Boc deblocking and the enzymatic cleavage (Figure 5). Saturation magnetization values of about 60 emu/g were observed for all the samples, confirming

• -superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer (Magnetic Properties Measurement System, Quantum Design) with resolution better than 10−7 emu. The room temperature magnetic hysteresis cycles were obtained in the 0–5 Tesla μ0H magnetic field range. DLS measurements were performed using a Zetasizer

• temperature magnetic hysteresis cycle for NP@APTES, the azelate conjugated nanoparticles (13) and 13 after Boc cleavage and trypsin treatment. In the inset the saturation magnetization in an enlarged scale is shown. Synthesis of peptide specifier. Abbreviations: DCC – dicyclohexylcarbodiimide; HOBT – 1

Automated image segmentation-assisted flattening of atomic force microscopy images

• Yuliang Wang,
• Tongda Lu,
• Xiaolai Li and
• Huimin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 975–985, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.91

• exhibited in AFM images. Additionally, some other factors, such as hysteresis (Figure 1c), creep (Figure 1d), and nonlinearity (Figure 1e) of x–y and z-scanners and vibration from the environment can also cause distortion and artifacts in AFM images [20][22][23][24]. AFM images generally display a tilting

• present in AFM images. (a) Schematic diagram of an AFM system, consisting of an x–y and a z-scanner. (b–e) Mechanism of distortion and artifacts caused by thermal drift, hysteresis, creep, and nonlinearity of a scanner. Illustration of the proposed method for AFM image flattening. (a) Sketch of a

Scanning speed phenomenon in contact-resonance atomic force microscopy

• Christopher C. Glover,
• Jason P. Killgore and
• Ryan C. Tung

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 945–952, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.87

• vibrant area of research, but to date most works have dealt with increasing the scan resolution [10], increasing the frequency bandwidth of the AFM electronics [11], and eliminating scanning hysteresis [12]. As the field of AFM advances, so too does the speed at which dynamic scanning occurs. Butt et al

Facile synthesis of a ZnO–BiOI p–n nano-heterojunction with excellent visible-light photocatalytic activity

• Mengyuan Zhang,
• Jiaqian Qin,
• Pengfei Yu,
• Bing Zhang,
• Mingzhen Ma,
• Xinyu Zhang and
• Riping Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 789–800, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.72

• heterostructured nanocomposites of ZnO and BiOI. The structural characteristics of the as-prepared ZnO/BiOI composites were revealed by nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms shown in Figure S3, Supporting Information File 1. The isotherm of sample B-4, with a unique hysteresis loop and a classical two capillary

Synthesis and characterization of two new TiO₂-containing benzothiazole-based imine composites for organic device applications

• Anna Różycka,
• Agnieszka Iwan,
• Krzysztof Artur Bogdanowicz,
• Michal Filapek,
• Natalia Górska,
• Damian Pociecha,
• Marek Malinowski,
• Patryk Fryń,
• Agnieszka Hreniak,
• Jakub Rysz,
• Paweł Dąbczyński and
• Monika Marzec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 721–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.67

• characteristic for mesoporous materials. As can be seen in Figure 1a, this isotherm possesses a characteristic feature of a hysteresis loop, which is the consequence of adsorbate condensation in TiO2 pores. The limiting adsorption at the high pressure close to 1.0 p/p0 results in a plateau of the isotherm

• , indicating the complete pore filling (according to the type IV isotherm model). However, this effect was not observed in the case of TiO2 since the material isotherm is a combination of both II and IV types. The shape of the hysteresis loop is correlated with pore size distribution and pore geometry

• . According to the IUPAC, four types of hysteresis loop shapes can be distinguished [44]. Based on the shape analysis of the TiO2 hysteresis loop (Figure 1a) one can assign it to the H3 shape, which means that the material structure consists of slit-shape mesopores. The result of this geometry can be

Anchoring Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles in a reduced graphene oxide aerogel matrix via polydopamine coating

• Błażej Scheibe,
• Radosław Mrówczyński,
• Natalia Michalak,
• Karol Załęski,
• Michał Matczak,
• Mateusz Kempiński,
• Zuzanna Pietralik,
• Mikołaj Lewandowski,
• Stefan Jurga and
• Feliks Stobiecki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 591–601, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.55

• to 350 K. The magnetic hysteresis loops (M–H dependences) were measured at RT at a magnetic field varying between ±30 kOe. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies of source materials were carried out to determine the crystallographic structure of the studies compounds. The diffractometer (PANalytical

Photocatalytic and adsorption properties of TiO₂-pillared montmorillonite obtained by hydrothermally activated intercalation of titanium polyhydroxo complexes

• Mikhail F. Butman,
• Nikolay L. Ovchinnikov,
• Nikita S. Karasev,
• Nataliya E. Kochkina,
• Alexander V. Agafonov and
• Alexandr V. Vinogradov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 364–378, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.36

• samples are shown in Figure 6a. All the isotherms are characterized by the presence of capillary condensation hysteresis loops and belong to type IV according to IUPAC classification [39], which is typical for materials with mesoporous structure. Furthermore, the shape of the hysteresis loop for these

Design of polar self-assembling lactic acid derivatives possessing submicrometre helical pitch

• Alexej Bubnov,
• Cyril Vacek,
• Michał Czerwiński,
• Terezia Vojtylová,
• Wiktor Piecek and
• Věra Hamplová

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 333–341, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.33

• a focus of interest of the scientific community due to its application potential. Generally, this effect is characterised by a tunable, continuous, and hysteresis-free optical phase shift that operates at low voltages. By using the DHF effect, the possibility for realising specific displays

Review: Electrostatically actuated nanobeam-based nanoelectromechanical switches – materials solutions and operational conditions

• Liga Jasulaneca,
• Jelena Kosmaca,
• Raimonds Meija,
• Jana Andzane and
• Donats Erts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 271–300, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.29

• significant contribution of vdW forces [69], jump-off occurs at lower voltages in comparison to jump-in, and typical hysteresis loops in I(V) curves of NEM switches are observed [8][10][15]. A hysteresis loop is illustrated in Figure 2b showing experimentally obtained results [15] in comparison with the

• ] (Table 1). Thus, the contact area experiences higher current density than that inside the nanowire. This should be taken into account during analysis performed on NEM switch operation. The nanocontact area and stiffness of the switching element determine the on–off hysteresis width of a NEM switch. With

• the same switching element, reduction of the contact area in 2T NEM switches results in a decrease of adhesion in the contact and consequent decrease of the hysteresis width, allowing reduction of the separation gap z for jump-in at lower voltages. Figure 7 illustrates the decrease of the hysteresis

Synthesis and characterization of electrospun molybdenum dioxide–carbon nanofibers as sulfur matrix additives for rechargeable lithium–sulfur battery applications

• Ruiyuan Zhuang,
• Shanshan Yao,
• Maoxiang Jing,
• Xiangqian Shen,
• Jun Xiang,
• Tianbao Li,
• Kesong Xiao and
• Shibiao Qin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 262–270, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.28

• lowest voltage hysteresis (ΔV) among the cells, suggesting a highly facile electrochemical redox reaction and low resistance [33]. These findings demonstrated that MoO2–CNFs improve the electrochemical reaction kinetics during the charge–discharge process. Figure 5b presents the cycling performance of

Bombyx mori silk/titania/gold hybrid materials for photocatalytic water splitting: combining renewable raw materials with clean fuels

• Stefanie Krüger,
• Michael Schwarze,
• Otto Baumann,
• Christina Günter,
• Michael Bruns,
• Christian Kübel,
• Dorothée Vinga Szabó,
• Rafael Meinusch,
• Verónica de Zea Bermudez and
• Andreas Taubert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 187–204, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.21

• , the fraction of TiO2 in TPS is ca. 8% higher than in TS. Figure 7 shows nitrogen sorption data obtained from the Au-free and Au-modified samples. All samples show a type IV(a) isotherm with a type H2(a) hysteresis loop; the hysteresis loop is typical for materials with pore diameters wider than 4 nm

Electrical properties of a liquid crystal dispersed in an electrospun cellulose acetate network

• Doina Manaila Maximean,
• Octavian Danila,
• Pedro L. Almeida and
• Constantin Paul Ganea

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 155–163, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.18

• ” state and a lower required electric field to switch between “OFF” and “ON”, at values of 1–1.5 V/μm. No significant optical hysteresis was observed between the transmission curves obtained when increasing and decreasing the applied voltage. The electro-optical response remained stable when repeating the

Atomic layer deposition and properties of ZrO₂/Fe₂O₃ thin films

• Kristjan Kalam,
• Helina Seemen,
• Peeter Ritslaid,
• Mihkel Rähn,
• Aile Tamm,
• Kaupo Kukli,
• Aarne Kasikov,
• Joosep Link,
• Raivo Stern,
• Salvador Dueñas,
• Helena Castán and
• Héctor García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 119–128, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.14

• properties were characterized [5]. Upon annealing at 500 °C, the metastable cubic phase of ZrO2 was stabilized and ferromagnetic hysteresis of the nanocomposite film was confirmed. Saturation magnetization was measured to be ≈173 emu/g [5]. Undoped ZrO2, prepared by pulsed electron beam deposition [6] or

• -centrosymmetric orthorhombic phase of HfO2 stabilized by doping with foreign cations [40], well-defined ferroelectric hysteresis was recorded. For stabilized hafnia [40] the electrical polarization charge clearly tended to saturate upon the incremental increase in the external electric field strength. Along with

• hysteresis was determined in any case. The ZrO2/Fe2O3 sample with cycle ratio 10:5 (with cation ratio Zr/Fe = 2.0) showed considerably higher saturation magnetization with the value very similar to that measured by Sangalli et al. [19]. It is also worth noting that pure ZrO2 exhibited higher saturation

Beyond Moore’s technologies: operation principles of a superconductor alternative

• Igor I. Soloviev,
• Nikolay V. Klenov,
• Sergey V. Bakurskiy,
• Mikhail Yu. Kupriyanov,
• Alexander L. Gudkov and
• Anatoli S. Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2689–2710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.269

Robust nanobubble and nanodroplet segmentation in atomic force microscope images using the spherical Hough transform

• Yuliang Wang,
• Tongda Lu,
• Xiaolai Li,
• Shuai Ren and
• Shusheng Bi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2572–2582, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.257

• potential for numerous applications. As a result, the automated segmentation and morphological characterization of NBs and NDs in atomic force microscope (AFM) images is highly awaited. The current segmentation methods suffer from the uneven background in AFM images due to thermal drift and hysteresis of

• which are as close as possible to their actual boundaries. Through segmentation, their size, density, contact angle and even volume can be extracted. The major difficulty in automated NB/ND segmentation is the uneven background of AFM images, either because of the thermal drift and hysteresis of AFM

• the value can be taken as NBs and NDs. Due to the existence of thermal drift, noise and hysteresis of AFM scanners [25], their vertical position in an AFM image may vary greatly. It is a difficult challenge to determine the threshold value in the thresholding method, since they do not share the same

Alternating current magnetic susceptibility of a ferronematic

• Natália Tomašovičová,
• Jozef Kováč,
• Veronika Gdovinová,
• Nándor Éber,
• Tibor Tóth-Katona,
• Jan Jadżyn and
• Peter Kopčanský

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2515–2520, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.251

• no hysteresis. At higher magnetic fields (H > 3000 Oe), diamagnetism of the host LC matrix becomes dominating. The distances between the magnetization curves with negative slope of 6CB and of the FNs at these high magnetic fields correspond to the saturation magnetization of the MNPs. For higher

Interface conditions of roughness-induced superoleophilic and superoleophobic surfaces immersed in hexadecane and ethylene glycol

• Yifan Li,
• Yunlu Pan and
• Xuezeng Zhao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2504–2514, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.250

• selected. Contact angle and contact angle hysteresis measurements Surface wettability can affect boundary slip. In order to decouple the individual effects of roughness and wettability on slip, the contact angle (CA) and contact angle hysteresis (CAH) have to be constant. CA and CAH were measured by using

• nanoparticles coalesce to larger agglomerates and enhance the amplitude parameters of the surfaces. The average width of the roughness pitch (AR) is kept constant at 2000 ± 100 nm. Contact angle and contact angle hysteresis Table 3 shows the CAs and CAHs of hexadecane and ethylene glycol on the superoleophilic

Synthesis of metal-fluoride nanoparticles supported on thermally reduced graphite oxide

• Alexa Schmitz,
• Kai Schütte,
• Vesko Ilievski,
• Juri Barthel,
• Laura Burk,
• Rolf Mülhaupt,
• Junpei Yue,
• Bernd Smarsly and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2474–2483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.247

• Fe0 to Fe2+ (at a potential lower than 3.5 V) and Fe2+ to Fe3+ (at a potential higher than 3.5 V) [88]. The large voltage hysteresis between discharging and charging process can be attributed to sluggish process kinetics, including, for example, phase evolution and the spatial distribution of

Surfactant-induced enhancement of droplet adhesion in superhydrophobic soybean (Glycine max L.) leaves

• Oliver Hagedorn,
• Ingo Fleute-Schlachter,
• Hans Georg Mainx,
• Viktoria Zeisler-Diehl and
• Kerstin Koch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2345–2356, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.234

• surfaces, on which an applied drop of water tends to spread, have a low or zero-degree contact angle. Whether droplets adhere on a surface or not is described by the contact angle hysteresis (CAH). It is measured as the difference between the advancing and receding angles of a droplet (CAH = CAadv − CArec

• ). Hysteresis can also be characterized by measuring the tilt angle (TA) of a surface at which an applied droplet of water starts to move. If the droplet rolls with little resistance at a low inclination angle of the surface, the contact angle hysteresis is small. The contact area of the solid surface and the

• applied liquid also depends on the wetting mode. In the Wenzel mode [26] an applied water droplet penetrates into cavities formed by the surface structures, increasing the contact area, and resulting in high hysteresis of the applied liquid. In Cassie–Baxter mode [27] air remains in the surface cavities