Restorative potential of laser-synthesized silver nanoparticles with Salvia officinalis for periodontal disease treatment: an in vitro study

• Jelena Filipović Tričković,
• Sanja Živković,
• Bojana Ilić,
• Miloš Tošić,
• Jelena Marinković,
• Ana Valenta Šobot and
• Miloš Momčilović

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 781–795, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.55

• fresh surface irradiation could be achieved. Four AgNPs samples were obtained, namely, SageAgNPs2mJ and SageAgNPs6mJ, which were synthesized in the presence of sage extract (100 µL), as well as dwAgNPs2mJ and dwAgNPs6mJ, which were prepared in 8 mL of deionized water (18 MΩ·cm) under the same laser

Substrate-dependent pore formation in molybdenum disulfide monolayers under ion irradiation

• Yossarian Liebsch,
• Umair Javed,
• Lucia Skopinski,
• Leon Daniel,
• Franziska Appel,
• Radia Rahali,
• Clara Grygiel,
• Henning Lebius,
• Carolin Frank,
• Lars Breuer,
• Leon Kirsch,
• Frieder Koch,
• Jani Kotakoski and
• Marika Schleberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 769–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.54

• Abstract Ion irradiation is a versatile tool for nanostructuring surfaces, yet the roles of energy deposition and dissipation at the surface and in ultrathin materials remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigate nanopore formation in monolayer MoS2 on different substrates under irradiation of

• under both HCI and SHI irradiation conclusively demonstrate the central role of substrate and interface-dependent electronic dissipation pathways regarding damage under these types of ion irradiation. Keywords: defects; MoS2; nanopores; SiO2; scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM

• ); Introduction Ion beams provide a controllable route to engineer defects in two-dimensional (2D) materials, enabling property tuning from doping to nanopore formation [1][2][3][4]. Because kinetic energy, charge state, and mass can be varied over wide ranges, ion irradiation offers a large parameter space for

Environmental applications of silver nanoparticles: state-of-the-art review and emerging trends

• Soni Prajapati,
• Akash Kumar and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 697–736, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.49

• recombination, enhancing photocatalytic efficiency. AgNPs-modified photocatalysts can effectively degrade various air pollutants under UV or visible light irradiation, including VOCs, nitrogen oxides, and PM [164]. AgNPs can be combined with semiconductor photocatalysts, such as titanium dioxide, caesium oxide

Decontamination from water pollutants and pathogens by electrospun nanofibers doped with heavy-atom-free borafluorene-BODIPY photosensitizers

• Angelika Zaszczyńska,
• Paulina H. Marek-Urban,
• Karolina Wrochna,
• Agnieszka E. Kuklewska,
• Kacper Kręgielewski,
• Marta Grodzik,
• Dawid R. Natkowski,
• Jolanta Mierzejewska,
• Ewa Iwanek,
• Agata Blacha-Grzechnik,
• Paweł Sajkiewicz and
• Krzysztof Durka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 668–682, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.46

• . EDX, ToF-SIMS and XPS analyses confirmed the homogenous distribution of BODIPY within the polymeric matrix. Furthermore, the materials showed significant photoinactivation of Staphylococcus aureus under white light irradiation compared to the control experiment performed without irradiation. These

• each material were cut to fit the bottom of the well (ca. 1 cm). 200 μL aliquots of bacteria cell cultures in diluted saline solution (10000×) were transferred to the wells and incubated at 37 °C upon white light irradiation for 1 h. An analogous plate was placed for 1 h at 37 °C in an incubator

• shielded from light. Irradiation was performed with 26 W white-light LEDs glued to an aluminium plate (20 × 23 cm) mounted on threaded legs (Figure S6, Supporting Information File 1). In all experiments, the distance between the light source and the plate was fixed at 10 cm, ensuring homogeneous light

Cellulose as a photocatalyst support material: extraction, structural features, and environmental applications

• Yee Teng Lim,
• Nur Farhana Jaafar,
• Azizul Hakim Lahuri and
• Endang Tri Wahyuni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 635–652, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.44

Two-step laser synthesis of Ag@TiO₂ nanomaterials for the photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B

• Marija Kovačević,
• Miloš Tošić,
• Rafaela Radičić,
• Vladimir Rajić,
• Nikša Krstulović,
• Miloš Momčilović and
• Sanja Živković

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 622–634, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.43

• evaluated using rhodamine B (RhB) under UV irradiation; while RhB showed minimal self-degradation, the Ag@TiO2 200p and 2000p NPs samples achieved degradation rates of 75.8% and 88.4%, respectively. The main novelty of this work is the combination of two laser techniques in a chemical-free process, which

• numerous modification strategies. Silver-modified titanium dioxide (Ag@TiO2) nanoparticles have gained significant attention as advanced photocatalysts for the degradation of organic pollutants, particularly under visible-light irradiation. The incorporation of silver introduces localized surface plasmon

• photocatalytic performance, nanomaterials were prepared using PLAL after submerging the obtained Ag-coated Ti targets in water. The efficiency of the synthesized materials was evaluated through the degradation of rhodamine B under UV–vis light irradiation. Comprehensive structural and compositional

Laser–material interactions in liquids for the synthesis of nanomaterials: current status and perspectives

• Carlos Doñate Buendia,
• Bilal Gökce and
• Leonid V. Zhigilei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 571–575, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.38

• . The field of LSPC encompasses several techniques with distinct target configurations and laser irradiation regimes. Irradiation of a solid target submerged in a liquid with intense laser pulses is referred to as laser ablation in liquids (LAL) [16], an established technique for the efficient

• generation of surfactant-free, high-purity colloidal nanoparticles. Laser fragmentation in liquids (LFL), in turn, involves the irradiation of colloidal micro- or nanoparticle suspensions with high-intensity pulses above the fragmentation threshold, leading to size reduction through photomechanical or

• photothermal mechanisms [17]. Laser melting in liquids (LML) employs lower pulse intensities to increase particle size [18] and/or modify crystallinity and morphology through melting and resolidification [19]. At moderate laser fluences, close to or even below the melting threshold, irradiation can induce

Synthesis of Cu–Mo/TiO₂ and Co–Mo/TiO₂ photocatalysts for the efficient degradation of organic pollutants in water

• Ilse Acosta,
• Brenda Zermeño,
• Edgar Moctezuma,
• Luis F. Garay-Rodríguez and
• Isaías Juárez-Ramírez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 559–570, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.37

• properties were determined. Finally, the photocatalytic behavior of the materials was studied in the photocatalytic oxidation of ketoprofen (KTP) under UV irradiation, with the aim of studying the charge-transfer improvement. Ketoprofen degradation, adsorption, kinetics, and reaction pathways have been

• ]. The correlation between ln(C0/C) and irradiation time is shown in Figure 6, where the slope of the straight line for a pseudo-first-order process corresponds to k, the rate constant, which can be determined using the equation ln(C0/C) = kt. The apparent rate constants for each photocatalyst are

Defects and defect-mediated engineering of two-dimensional materials: challenges and open questions

• Arkady V. Krasheninnikov,
• Matthias Batzill,
• Anouar-Akacha Delenda,
• Marija Drndić,
• Chris Ewels,
• Katharina J. Franke,
• Mahdi Ghorbani-Asl,
• Alexander Holleitner,
• Ado Jorio,
• Ute Kaiser,
• Daria Kieczka,
• Hannu-Pekka Komsa,
• Jani Kotakoski,
• Manuel Längle,
• David Lamprecht,
• Yun Liu,
• Steven G. Louie,
• Janina Maultzsch,
• Thomas Michely,
• Katherine Milton,
• Anna Niggas,
• Hanako Okuno,
• Joshua A. Robinson,
• Marika Schleberger,
• Bruno Schuler,
• Alexander Shluger,
• Kazu Suenaga,
• Kristian S. Thygesen,
• Richard A. Wilhelm,
• E. Harriet Åhlgren and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 454–488, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.31

• under impacts of energetic particles, such as ions and electrons. At the same time, many concepts of defect production under irradiation in bulk systems are not applicable for 2D materials or require substantial modifications. Various aspects of the physics and chemistry of defects in 2D materials have

• with low-dimensional targets, and defect-mediated engineering of the properties of 2D systems. We further discuss possible solutions to these problems or suggest “work-arounds”, which should accelerate the progress in the field. Keywords: 2D materials; defects; electron irradiation; ion bombardment

• the context of doping or single-photon quantum emitters [4][5]. Moreover, irradiation of 2D materials with energetic particles, that is, ions and electrons, has been demonstrated to be a suitable approach for tailoring their properties through the controllable creation of defects and the introduction

Nanocarrier-integrated multilayer films produced by 3D printing for improved skin adhesion and curcumin photostability

• Thayse Viana de Oliveira,
• Ana Paula Farias Leão,
• Júlia Leão,
• Cesar Liberato Petzhold and
• Ruy Carlos Ruver Beck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 440–453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.30

• using software (Exponent, Stable Micro Systems, Godalming, Waverley, UK) [28]. Photodegradation behaviour Photodegradation analyses were conducted in a mirrored chamber under an UVC lamp for 24 h, and all analyses were done in triplicate. UVC irradiation was selected as a stress condition to perform a

• degradation condition to validate the protective function of the TiO2 top layer. As curcumin undergoes extremely rapid photolysis, UVC irradiation allowed for the discrimination between protected and unprotected films within a feasible analytical timeframe. Nevertheless, we acknowledge that evaluation under

• measurably to the adhesive performance of the films, while photostability testing under UVC irradiation demonstrated that the TiO2 layer provided effective protection against curcumin degradation. Additionally, films containing nanoencapsulated curcumin showed increased bioadhesive performance relative to

Biomimetic nanoparticles in cancer photodynamic therapy: a review of targeted delivery systems and therapeutic outcomes

• Valentina I. Gorbacheva,
• Alexey S. Grabovoy,
• Polina S. Marukhina,
• Anastasiia O. Syrocheva and
• Ekaterina P. Kolesova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 396–422, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.27

• mechanisms tailored to TME conditions, including light-triggered bursts (e.g., >70% PS liberation within 5 min via azobenzene linker cleavage under 660 nm irradiation [159]), enzyme-sensitive untethering (MMP-2 hydrolysis of peptide linkers overexpressed in tumor ECM [160]), and biomimetic pH gradients

• regions within the tumors. In 4T1 cells exposed to NIR laser irradiation, membrane-coated nanoparticles generated singlet oxygen with threefold greater efficiency compared to non-coated nanoparticles. In BALB/c mouse models bearing 4T1 tumors, the membrane-coated nanoparticles preferentially accumulated

• demonstrated that the biomimetic membrane coating reduced macrophage-mediated clearance of the nanoparticles to a half, while maintaining efficient uptake by HeLa cells and preserving phototoxicity upon NIR irradiation. In vivo experiments in a CT-26 tumor mouse model showed that membrane-coated nanoparticles

Beam shaping techniques for pulsed laser ablation in liquids: Unlocking tunable control of nanoparticle synthesis in liquids

• Sergio Molina-Prados,
• Nadezhda M. Bulgakova,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov,
• Jesus Lancis,
• Gladys Mínguez Vega and
• Carlos Doñate-Buendia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 309–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.22

• by a local modification of the refractive index of a material due to the propagation of an intense laser beam due to the Kerr effect [59][112]. Self-focusing is a power-dependent effect and occurs in water at a threshold laser power of the order of 1 MW that corresponds, for a typical irradiation

• near-field amplification of up to four orders of magnitudes in the effective optical breakdown threshold under 3 ps irradiation, compared to the base liquid without NPs (8.5 × 1011 W·cm−2) [116][117]. Several strategies, both statical [118] and dynamical [119], have been considered to modify the

• , laser filamentation can occur. This is a complex process that results from the dynamic balance between self-focusing and plasma-defocusing. An example of filamentation produced in a PLAL setup can be observed in Figure 4 [110]. Initially, high-intensity laser irradiation inside the liquid medium

Structure-dependent thermochromism of PAZO thin films: theory and experiment

• Georgi Mateev,
• Dean Dimov,
• Nataliya Berberova-Buhova,
• Nikoleta Kircheva,
• Todor Dudev,
• Ludmila Nikolova,
• Elena Stoykova,
• Keehoon Hong,
• Dimana Nazarova,
• Silvia Angelova and
• Lian Nedelchev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 186–199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.12

• extends the functionality of polymer thin films. A specific group of photoreactive polymers comprises polymers with azo chromophores embedded in their structure [5][6]. These polymers exhibit photoresponsivity due to the trans–cis (E–Z) isomerization of the azo chromophores upon light irradiation. The

• after irradiation with polarized light. Before inducing birefringence in the samples, Sorder = 0 because the values of A∥ and A⟂ are equal. The molecules are randomly oriented. After inducing birefringence, a higher value of the order parameter is an evidence of higher anisotropy. Table 1 presents the

From shield to spear: Charge-reversible nanocarriers in overcoming cancer therapy barriers

• Madhuri Yeduvaka,
• Pooja Mittal,
• Ameer Boyalakuntla,
• Usman Bee Shaik,
• Himanshu Sharma,
• Thakur Gurjeet Singh,
• Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula and
• Lakshmi Vineela Nalla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 159–175, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.10

• exposure, azobenzene undergoes reversible trans–cis isomerisation, inducing structural changes that regulate cargo release [55]. Additionally, Choi et al. demonstrated that nanocarriers incorporating graphene oxide (GO) loaded with photosensitizers generate ROS upon NIR irradiation, enabling effective

• photothermal therapy and chemotherapy by encapsulating the HSP90 inhibitor 17-AAG within UCST-type polymer-modified gold nanorods. Upon 1064 nm irradiation, they exhibit 65.1% photothermal conversion efficiency and trigger heat-induced 17-AAG release, achieving 98.86% of tumour growth inhibition in mice [57

• -nitroimidazole and a PEG-modified lipid shell, enabling multifunctional X-ray-responsive therapy. Upon low-dose of X-ray irradiation, Hf4+ deposits radiation energy to induce DNA damage while 2-nitroimidazole releases NO to block DNA repair, relieve hypoxia, and produce reactive nitrogen species (RNS) that

Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer

• Raissa Rodrigues Camelo,
• Vivianne Cortez Sombra Vandesmet,
• Octavio Vital Baccallini,
• José de Brito Vieira Neto,
• Thais da Silva Moreira,
• Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal,
• Claudia Pessoa,
• Daniel Giuliano Cerri,
• Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley,
• Josimar O. Eloy,
• Ivanildo José da Silva Júnior and
• Raquel Petrilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7

• presence of 5% CO2, for 69 h for cytotoxicity assays, while for phototoxicity assays they remained incubated for 48 h, followed by 2 h of green light irradiation, γ = 525 nm, dose of 14.4 J/cm2 and incubated again until completing the 69 h period. After incubation for 69 h, 20 µL of the MTT solution (0.5

Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review

• Giuseppe Cesare Lama,
• Marino Lavorgna,
• Letizia Verdolotti,
• Federica Recupido,
• Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6

Terahertz-range on-chip local oscillator based on Josephson junction arrays for superconducting quantum-limited receivers

• Fedor V. Khan,
• Lyudmila V. Filippenko,
• Andrey B. Ermakov,
• Mikhail Yu. Fominsky and
• Valery P. Koshelets

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2296–2305, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.158

• proven itself for many times both in laboratory and in real-life conditions. The terahertz SIS-mixer integrated on the same chip with the LO based on a flux-flow oscillator (FFO) and a receiving antenna [13] was used to study the irradiation of the human body [15], gas spectroscopy [16], and the

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

• luminol and percarbonate (H2O2 source) in an alkaline setting, where Co2+ released from VB12 acted as the recognition element, luminol served as the indicator, and the CL emission intensity represented the sensing signal. UV irradiation in the persulfate environment led to the liberation of Co2+ from the

Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies

• Sameeksha Rawat,
• S. M. Tauseef and
• Madhuben Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148

• application of nanomaterials for microplastic removal is elaborated in detail, and case studies validated their effectiveness, especially in cold environments with strong UV irradiation. In the face of increasing worldwide research into microplastic contamination, there remains a huge knowledge gap concerning

• is particularly problematic at high altitudes, including the Himalayas. Implementation of sophisticated analysis methods and sampling is limited due to extreme climatic conditions like below-freezing temperatures, strong UV irradiation, and poor infrastructure [31]. Portable and robust field-friendly

• Case studies of nanomaterial efficiency The effectiveness of nanomaterials in the remediation of MPs has been confirmed in numerous experimental studies and real-world practical applications. Jeyaraj et al. found that after 12 h of UV irradiation, TiO2 nanoparticles degraded PP MPs with an efficiency

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

• liquids; laser irradiation; nanofabrication; nanoparticles; shape control; Perspective 1 Introduction: Mechanisms and key parameters influencing the morphology of laser-produced NPs The precise control and tailoring of NP parameters has long been an aim of the laser ablation synthesis in liquids

• . However, the additional 248 nm laser irradiation of the spherical NPs in methanol could transform NPs into nanowires. This underlines the importance of controlling chemical reactions during all stages of laser ablation and laser modification processes. Chemical interactions can become key parameters if

• by unfocused laser irradiation as a second step. This strategy has developed into several methods usually categorized as laser-induced fragmentation, laser-induced melting, or laser-induced modification. Such multistep processes open up ways for precise manipulation and fine tuning of NP parameters

Evaluating metal-organic precursors for focused ion beam-induced deposition through solid-layer decomposition analysis

• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Franciszek Krok and
• Iwona B. Szymańska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1942–1951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.135

• new metal-organic precursors, in the form of supported thick layers, to the ion beam irradiation is studied through analysis of the chemical composition and morphology of the resulting structures. This is done using SEM backscattered electron/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy along with machine

• learning data processing techniques. This approach enables a comprehensive fast examination of precursor decomposition processes during FIB irradiation and provides valuable insights into how the precursor’s composition influences the final properties of the metal-rich deposits. Although solid-layer

• irradiation differs from gas-phase deposition, we think that our method can be employed to optimize pre-screen and score new potential precursors for FIB applications by significantly reducing the time required and conserving valuable resources. Keywords: backscattered electrons (BSE); carboxylates; energy

Quantum circuits with SINIS structures

• Mikhail Tarasov,
• Mikhail Fominskii,
• Aleksandra Gunbina,
• Artem Krasilnikov,
• Maria Mansfeld,
• Dmitrii Kukushkin,
• Andrei Maruhno,
• Valeria Ievleva,
• Mikhail Strelkov,
• Daniil Zhogov,
• Konstantin Arutyunov,
• Vyacheslav Vdovin,
• Vladislav Stolyarov and
• Valerian Edelman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1931–1941, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.134

• ; and Neptune 2.34 arcsec, 117.4 K, 3.57 Jy. At this stage, the necessary equipment and elements of the quasi-optical path in the “Nasmyth 1” cabin of the BTA telescope have been installed. Also, primary tests of the quasi-optical path for focusing incoming radiation and irradiation of the source

• characteristics of the SINIS detector matrix installed inside the cryostat with a closed optical window and under irradiation by the source; The lower part demonstrates a PT2 temperature of 2.6 K and a 3He pot temperature of 263 mK. Transmission spectrum of the cold mesh filter. (a) I–V curves and dynamic

Piezoelectricity of layered double hydroxides: perspectives regarding piezocatalysis and nanogenerators

• Evgeniy S. Seliverstov,
• Evgeniya A. Tarasenko and
• Olga E. Lebedeva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1812–1817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.124

• biocompatibility might exhibit a piezoelectric effect under ultrasound irradiation and generate superoxide anion radicals [5]. The results confirmed the potential of the selected LDH for application in novel piezocatalytic tumor therapy as an effective sonosensitizer. The obtained data indicated that the

• different thicknesses were investigated for the piezo-photocatalytic degradation of carbamazepine [6]. The ultrathin samples achieved an efficiency of 95.8% with a reaction rate constant of 0.148 min−1. This effect was attributed to the higher sensitivity of ultrathin LDH sheets to both light irradiation

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• bandgap and an increased density of states near the Fermi level, promotes absorption in the visible region and facilitates the generation of electron–hole (e−–h+) pairs upon light irradiation. The silver clusters also exhibit plasmonic resonances, which amplify the local electromagnetic field and promote

• structural analysis of GO before and after ion irradiation was conducted using Raman spectroscopy [28]. This spectroscopic technique, known for its effectiveness in probing disorders and defects within crystal structures, proved particularly valuable in characterizing graphite and its derivatives [29]. The

• Figure 7a, irradiation of GO with 20 keV Ag ions leads to significant changes in the structure and vibrational states of GO. One can see a significant decrease in the D peak; this decrease is the same for arbitrary ion fluences, and the ID/IG ratio reaches values of 0.94. The D peak in the Raman spectrum

Photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin in water assisted by TiO₂ nanowires on carbon cloth: contributions of H₂O₂ addition and substrate absorbability

• Iram Hussain,
• Lisha Zhang,
• Zhizhen Ye and
• Jin-Ming Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1567–1579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.111

• nanowires remove 90–97% OFL in water with a high initial concentration of 50 ppm in 6 h under UV light irradiation for up to six cycles. The contributions of the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) additive were also studied. An enhanced efficiency could be achieved only when the H2O2 in water reaches a critical

• 200 ppm, utilizing carbon cloth coated with nanowires with a nominal area of 5 cm × 10 cm in a Pyrex reactor. A UV lamp with a power of 18 W was positioned 5.5 cm above the fluid to provide irradiation. The average UV intensity at the solution level was approximately 5.0 mW·cm−2, measured using an

• was examined through repetitive degradations of 50 ppm OFL solution under UV light irradiation (Figure 5d). Unlike the experiment in Figure 5a, which included a dark adsorption (from −3 to 0 h) allowing OFL to adsorb onto the photocatalyst before light exposure, the cycling experiments in Figure 5d