Interaction-tailored organization of large-area colloidal assemblies

• Silvia Rizzato,
• Elisabetta Primiceri,
• Anna Grazia Monteduro,
• Adriano Colombelli,
• Angelo Leo,
• Maria Grazia Manera,
• Roberto Rella and
• Giuseppe Maruccio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1582–1593, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.150

• order to leave an array of ordered holes. In order to prepare the nanodisk lattices (Figure 1c), a gold film (20 and 40 nm thick films for particles of 80 nm and 500 nm diameter, respectively) was thermally evaporated on the glass substrate before layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition and colloidal assembly

Heterostuctures of 4-(chloromethyl)phenyltrichlorosilane and 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-pyridyl)-21H,23H-porphine prepared on Si(111) using particle lithography: Nanoscale characterization of the main steps of nanopatterning

• Phillip C. Chambers and
• Jayne C. Garno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1211–1219, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.112

• interfaces has been studied using layer-by-layer assembly that incorporates organosilane or organothiol monolayers to functionalize a surface to form multilayer films [2][3]. Dip-pen nanolithography was applied to pattern porphyrazines onto a polycrystalline gold surface to align horizontally or vertically

• multiple steps of immersion reactions combined with particle lithography. Periodic arrangements of heterostructures of CMPS-H2TPyP heterostructures were generated through a multistep layer-by-layer assembly process. A film of methyl-terminated OTS provided an effective resist for preventing nonspecific

Facile chemical routes to mesoporous silver substrates for SERS analysis

• Elina A. Tastekova,
• Alexander Y. Polyakov,
• Anastasia E. Goldt,
• Alexander V. Sidorov,
• Alexandra A. Oshmyanskaya,
• Irina V. Sukhorukova,
• Dmitry V. Shtansky,
• Wolgang Grünert and
• Anastasia V. Grigorieva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 880–889, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.82

• role as surfactant, partly blocking the nucleation at (100) facets if the prevalent growth mechanism is normal or lateral layer-by-layer growth [28]. Presumably, the PVP adsorbates remained at the Ag2O crystallite surface after the washing procedure. Remarkably, the porous polyhedron-like silver

Engineering of oriented carbon nanotubes in composite materials

• Razieh Beigmoradi,
• Abdolreza Samimi and
• Davod Mohebbi-Kalhori

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 415–435, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.41

• a high degree of orientation on a large scale. However, catalytic impurities are still the biggest challenge of this method [72]. Spray winding and layer-by-layer deposition Two of the latest controlled methods to produce composite polymer nanomaterial/CNTs are spray winding [73][74][75][76] and

• layer-by-layer deposition (LBL) [77][78][79][80][81][82][83]. Spraying [84][85][86] and electrospraying [87][88][89][90][91][92] are efficient methods to create a homogeneous layer of polymer liquid on the winding mandrel. Because of the simplicity and adjustability of the process and potential for use

• is why this method is classified as an after growth orientation method rather than during growth alignment. In the layer-by-layer deposition method, the substrate is alternately and repeatedly dipped into an aqueous solution of functionalized targeted material, and in accordance with the

Liquid-crystalline nanoarchitectures for tissue engineering

• Baeckkyoung Sung and
• Min-Ho Kim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 205–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.22

• domains have been fabricated by Stupp and co-workers, based on the self-assembly of cholesteryl oligo(L-lactic acid) [109]. In this system, the incorporation of the cholesteryl moiety and the short lactic acid chain enables cell membrane adherence and biodegradability, respectively. Thus, the layer-by

• -layer erosion can be utilized as a repeated delivery mechanism of drug molecules to the adhered cells on the interface. However, the biophysical interaction between the adhered cells and the nanotopography of the spiral dislocation structure remains to be revealed. Viscoelastic strings of lamellar

Transition from silicene monolayer to thin Si films on Ag(111): comparison between experimental data and Monte Carlo simulation

• Alberto Curcella,
• Romain Bernard,
• Yves Borensztein,
• Silvia Pandolfi and
• Geoffroy Prévot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 48–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.7

• corresponds thus to an imperfect layer by layer growth mode [41] for which, after the completion of the silicene layer, the n + 1 layer starts to grow before completion of the n layer. For T = 505 K, the best fit is obtained by conversion of the monolayer to similar islands having a height of 8 ML. At this

• increases, a transition is observed between an imperfect layer-by-layer growth and a Stranski–Krastanov growth mode (ic = 1). This transition is observed by AES between 473 K and 505 K, and between 506 K and 540 K by STM. These differences may be due to the experimental uncertainties on the temperature

Optical contrast and refractive index of natural van der Waals heterostructure nanosheets of franckeite

• Patricia Gant,
• Foad Ghasemi,
• David Maeso,
• Carmen Munuera,
• Elena López-Elvira,
• Riccardo Frisenda,
• David Pérez De Lara,
• Gabino Rubio-Bollinger,
• Mar Garcia-Hernandez and
• Andres Castellanos-Gomez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2357–2362, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.235

• is one of the few known examples of a naturally occurring van der Waals heterostructure (another example of these materials is the cylindrite [19], see Supporting Information File 1). Unlike most of the studied heterostructures (that are manually assembled layer-by-layer) franckeite, in its natural

Tailoring the nanoscale morphology of HKUST-1 thin films via codeposition and seeded growth

• Landon J. Brower,
• Lauren K. Gentry,
• Amanda L. Napier and
• Mary E. Anderson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2307–2314, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.230

• codeposition method were stable and nucleated growth throughout a subsequent layer-by-layer deposition process. These seed crystals templated the final film structure and tailor the features in lateral and vertical directions. Using codeposition and seeded growth, different surface morphologies with

• are advantageous for applications in which the MOF pores are utilized for analyte storage. Layer-by-layer (LBL) solution-phase deposition has been studied for the HKUST-1 system, which consists of Cu(II) ions and trimesic acid (TMA) [10], deposited onto a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on Au

• 25 °C for the duration of the deposition process. The sample was then removed from solution, rinsed with ethanol, dried with nitrogen, and stored in a dry box. Layer-by-Layer SurMOF formation: The LBL deposition of surMOF on a gold substrate functionalized by a SAM was fabricated according to the

Surface functionalization of 3D-printed plastics via initiated chemical vapor deposition

• Christine Cheng and
• Malancha Gupta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1629–1636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.162

• [1][2]. These attractive features have led to applications of 3DP in diverse fields including tissue engineering [2][3], microfluidics [4], robotics [5], and batteries [6][7]. 3DP involves a computer-aided design of the target structure sliced into 2D layers and printed layer-by-layer [2][3]. Four

Two-dimensional carbon-based nanocomposites for photocatalytic energy generation and environmental remediation applications

• Suneel Kumar,
• Ashish Kumar,
• Ashish Bahuguna,
• Vipul Sharma and
• Venkata Krishnan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1571–1600, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.159

• between alternating layers of graphene to form fine layered nanostructures. Self-assembly is also a widely used method for constructing a new class of layered nanostructures with stable, ordered and crystalline structure [58]. In layer-by-layer self-assembly of functionalized graphene nanoplatelets, the

Synthesis of graphene–transition metal oxide hybrid nanoparticles and their application in various fields

• Arpita Jana,
• Elke Scheer and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 688–714, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.74

• of the refractive index and interplay of photon and electron transport. Kumar Manga et al. have prepared multilayer thin films by a self-assembled layer-by-layer technique which consists of alternating titania (Ti0.91O2) and GO nanosheets. The layer materials are spatially phase segregated to

• ]. Yu et al. have prepared free-standing layer-by-layer assembled graphene–MnO2 hybrids by an ultrafiltration technique as an anode for LIBs [27]. Dong et al. have prepared 3D hybrids of MnO2 graphene foam where the morphology of the hybrids can be readily controlled by the solution acidity [139

• the oxygen functional group of GO, leading to the formation of Zn–O–C bonds. During the reaction, sections of graphene detach from the GO through a layer-by-layer chemical peel-off process (chemical exfoliation) and partially encircle the ZnO NPs. The quasi-core–shell structure of the hybrid was

Advances in the fabrication of graphene transistors on flexible substrates

• Gabriele Fisichella,
• Stella Lo Verso,
• Silvestra Di Marco,
• Vincenzo Vinciguerra,
• Emanuela Schilirò,
• Salvatore Di Franco,
• Raffaella Lo Nigro,
• Fabrizio Roccaforte,
• Amaia Zurutuza,
• Alba Centeno,
• Sebastiano Ravesi and
• Filippo Giannazzo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 467–474, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.50

• deposition conditions must be optimized in order to ensure the expected layer-by-layer ALD mechanism of the insulating film, instead of a massive CVD growth mechanism, which in turn can result in a degradation of the overall structural and electrical quality of the insulator. This aspect is particularly

Template-controlled piezoactivity of ZnO thin films grown via a bioinspired approach

• Nina J. Blumenstein,
• Fabian Streb,
• Stefan Walheim,
• Thomas Schimmel,
• Zaklina Burghard and
• Joachim Bill

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 296–303, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.32

• –30,000 g mol−1) in Milli-Q water with a concentration of 1 mg mL−1 were prepared. The pH of the PLL solution was adjusted to 9 with 0.3 m KOH. The sequence of the layer-by-layer deposition was (PLL + PLGA)5 + PLL + PSS. The substrates were dipped into the polyelectrolyte solutions for 20 min, followed by

Influence of hydrofluoric acid treatment on electroless deposition of Au clusters

• Rachela G. Milazzo,
• Antonio M. Mio,
• Giuseppe D’Arrigo,
• Emanuele Smecca,
• Alessandra Alberti,
• Gabriele Fisichella,
• Filippo Giannazzo,
• Corrado Spinella and
• Emanuele Rimini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 183–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.19

• . The gold clusters are characterized by the presence of flat regions and quasispherical particles consistent with the layer-by-layer or island growth modes, respectively. The cleaning procedure, including HF immersion prior to deposition, affects the predominantly occurring gold structures. Flat

• than 10 nm and a density higher than 1010 cm−2 are formed. In the present work, we show that with proper HF treatments, the 3D Au clusters prevail over the flat regions obtained by layer-by-layer growth. Such a beneficial alteration requires only a manual immersion for a few seconds in a diluted

• , in the first case the layer-by-layer growth prevails while a 3D arrangement is promoted by the DHF pretreatment of 240 s. It is well known that HF strongly modifies the silicon surface roughness [26][27][28][29] and wetting properties [30]. The surface-free energy of gold is 1410 × 10−3 J/m−2, while

Obtaining and doping of InAs-QD/GaAs(001) nanostructures by ion beam sputtering

• Sergei N. Chebotarev,
• Alexander S. Pashchenko,
• Leonid S. Lunin,
• Elena N. Zhivotova,
• Georgy A. Erimeev and
• Marina L. Lunina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 12–20, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.2

• photoluminescence measurements. Concentration profiles The concentration profiles were obtained by measurement of the capacitance–voltage (C–V) characteristics using the mercury probe MDC-802B-150 and layer-by-layer chemical etching. All the measured samples showed n-type conduction in the GaAs film. The results

Facile fabrication of luminescent organic dots by thermolysis of citric acid in urea melt, and their use for cell staining and polyelectrolyte microcapsule labelling

• Nadezhda M. Zholobak,
• Anton L. Popov,
• Alexander B. Shcherbakov,
• Nelly R. Popova,
• Mykhailo M. Guzyk,
• Valeriy P. Antonovich,
• Alla V. Yegorova,
• Yuliya V. Scrypynets,
• Inna I. Leonenko,
• Alexander Ye. Baranchikov and
• Vladimir K. Ivanov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1905–1917, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.182

• applications of O-dots for alive/fixed cell staining and labelling of layer-by-layer polyelectrolyte microcapsules were evaluated. Keywords: cell culture; citric acid; layer-by-layer (LbL)-microcapsules; luminescence; organic dots (O-dots); staining; toxicity; Introduction Luminescent nanosized semiconductor

• min, typically 120 min, see Figures 1–4 and Supporting Information File 1, Figures S5–S10, S12). Synthesis of the LbL-microcapsules decorated by O-dots Polyelectrolyte microcapsules were fabricated by using a layer-by-layer (LbL) technique, followed by dissolution of the core material as described in

3D printing of mineral–polymer bone substitutes based on sodium alginate and calcium phosphate

• Aleksey A. Egorov,
• Alexander Yu. Fedotov,
• Anton V. Mironov,
• Vladimir S. Komlev,
• Vladimir K. Popov and
• Yury V. Zobkov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1794–1799, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.172

• alginate; tissue engineering; Introduction 3D printing is one promising methodology for tissue engineering constructions with specific architectonics and properties. It has the attractive advantages of both accurate and reproducible layer-by-layer fabrication of complex-shaped structures [1][2][3][4]. A

• /polymer components), producing desirable structures directly through layer-by-layer manufacture of the desired product [10]. Therefore, the final 3D product consists of a mechanical mixture of the polymer slurry with more-or-less homogeneously distributed CP particles. In this work we propose a new

Nano- and microstructured materials for in vitro studies of the physiology of vascular cells

• Alexandra M. Greiner,
• Adria Sales,
• Hao Chen,
• Sarah A. Biela,
• Dieter Kaufmann and
• Ralf Kemkemer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1620–1641, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.155

• material is structured while in the latter approach single subunits are used to build up a structured substrate (e.g., by layer-by-layer technique). Depending on the pattern design procedure, fabrication techniques can be distinguished in either computer-assisted methods or methods without the aid of

Reasons and remedies for the agglomeration of multilayered graphene and carbon nanotubes in polymers

• Rasheed Atif and
• Fawad Inam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1174–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.109

• alignment of fibers in a polymer matrix [35]. Some other methods include wet lay-up method [132], injection molding, electrospinning, coagulation, spinning of coagulant, densification, layer-by-layer deposition and evaporation [2][40]. Filler alignment The mechanical properties of CNT–polymer composites are

Multiwalled carbon nanotube hybrids as MRI contrast agents

• Nikodem Kuźnik and
• Mateusz M. Tomczyk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1086–1103, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.102

• review. We present an introduction to the MRI technique and to the mechanism of CA action followed by synthetic routes of MWCNT pretreatment with oxidizing agents and layer-by-layer decoration (LBL) with (non-)ionic electrolytes. Functionalization of super/paramagnetic nanoparticles and the resulting

• agglomeration, while the lipophilic surface of the MWCNT has sufficiently high affinity to the cell membrane for permanent connections. Chen subjected pristine MWCNT to LBL (layer-by-layer) non-covalent functionalizations with the polyelectrolyte poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) followed by silica coating

Sandwich-like layer-by-layer assembly of gold nanoparticles with tunable SERS properties

• Zhicheng Liu,
• Lu Bai,
• Guizhe Zhao and
• Yaqing Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1028–1032, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.95

• 10.3762/bjnano.7.95 Abstract Sandwich-like layer-by-layer thin films consisting of polyelectrolytes and gold nanoparticles were utilized to construct surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates with tunable SERS properties. It is found that both the size of the nanoparticles in the layers and the

• interlayer distance significantly influence the SERS performance of the multilayered thin film. These simple, low-cost, easily processable and controllable SERS substrates have a promising future in the field of molecular sensing. Keywords: assembly; layer-by-layer; multilayer thin film; nanoparticle

• -down and bottom-up techniques, layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly is a facile and cost-efficient way for the controllable deposition of numerous components [6][7][8]. Multilayer nanostructures with complex morphologies and functions could be prepared conveniently through the LbL assembly process, which is

Efficient electron-induced removal of oxalate ions and formation of copper nanoparticles from copper(II) oxalate precursor layers

• Kai Rückriem,
• Sarah Grotheer,
• Henning Vieker,
• Paul Penner,
• André Beyer,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Petra Swiderek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 852–861, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.77

• evidence that nanoparticle formation is primarily controlled by the available amount of precursor. Keywords: copper(II) oxalate; electron-induced reactions; layer-by-layer deposition; nanoparticle formation; thin film; Introduction Electron-induced chemistry is a versatile approach to the fabrication of

• applications [23]. Layer-by-layer deposition processes employing repeated dipping steps lead to materials of well-defined thickness, an example being surface-mounted metal-organic frameworks (SurMOFs) [24]. In such materials, the metal ion surface density can be precisely controlled [25] which, in turn, should

• ) oxalate is a material that has particularly favorable properties as a precursor for electron-induced nanoparticle formation at surfaces. Surface layers of this compound can be prepared with well-defined thickness using a recently established layer-by-layer deposition procedure [26]. Similar to the self

Bacteriorhodopsin–ZnO hybrid as a potential sensing element for low-temperature detection of ethanol vapour

• Saurav Kumar,
• Sudeshna Bagchi,
• Senthil Prasad,
• Anupma Sharma,
• Ritesh Kumar,
• Rishemjit Kaur,
• Jagvir Singh and
• Amol P. Bhondekar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 501–510, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.44

• in 2-propanol reduced with monoethanolamine) was prepared using the sol–gel method and was spin-coated, layer-by-layer, to form the ZnO-TF. Further, the ZnO-TF was annealed (400 °C) for an hour in order to obtain a uniform size distribution of the ZnO grains [34]. The resulting average thickness and

Organized films

• Maurizio Canepa and
• Helmuth Möhwald

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 406–408, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.35

• , popularly known as the layer-by-layer (LbL) technique, one consecutively adsorbs polyelectrolytes of opposite charge to form multilayers of nanometer thickness [15][16]. The studies were quickly extended to explore other types of (i) interactions (towards bio-specific ones and hydrogen bonding), (ii

Characterisation of thin films of graphene–surfactant composites produced through a novel semi-automated method

• Nik J. Walch,
• Alexei Nabok,
• Frank Davis and
• Séamus P. J. Higson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 209–219, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.19

• chloroform. Graphene thin films were then produced using Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) or electrostatic layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition techniques. The composition and morphology of the films produced was studied with SEM/EDX and AFM. The best results in terms of adhesion and surface coverage were achieved using

• -by-layer (LbL) deposition. Films composed of these new graphene composite materials were then characterised using SEM, AFM, and spectroscopic ellipsometry. The study of SPR in gold films coated with graphene using total internal reflection ellipsometry was carried out for the first time. Experimental

• coverage) were obtained by using a simple technique of electrostatic layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition, a well-established technique developed first for polyelectrolytes [10] and later adapted for deposition of other objects, such as nanoparticles and biomolecules (proteins, antibodies, enzymes, DNA) [9][11