Glucose-derived carbon materials with tailored properties as electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction

• Rafael Gomes Morais,
• Natalia Rey-Raap,
• José Luís Figueiredo and
• Manuel Fernando Ribeiro Pereira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1089–1102, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.109

• and 1b, respectively. Activated carbons display isotherms of type I according to the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) classification, attributed to microporous materials. As expected, the volume of nitrogen adsorbed at low relative pressure increases with the time of

• that a more developed microporous structure favors the electrolyte diffusion to the most electrochemically active pores, which also contributed to the ORR kinetics. Moreover, clear differences regarding ionic transportation are also observed at medium frequencies. Sample AG1h shows a more defined

• activated and carbonized carbon materials display type I isotherms, characteristic of microporous materials. The application of ball milling and the different doping methods to both activated and carbonized samples led to a decrease in the volume of nitrogen adsorbed at low relative pressure, resulting in

On the transformation of “zincone”-like into porous ZnO thin films from sub-saturated plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition

• Alberto Perrotta,
• Julian Pilz,
• Stefan Pachmajer,
• Antonella Milella and
• Anna Maria Coclite

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 746–759, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.74

• humidity, resulting in classical adsorption/desorption isotherms, generally categorized according to the IUPAC classification [45][46][47][48]. A type-I isotherm is associated with porous materials with a narrow distribution of pore size with a diameter below 2 nm (nanoporous or microporous materials), and

• al. [15] reported on the formation of mesoporous and microporous layers on nanoparticles coated with MLD zincone layers. In their contribution, the pore size distribution and surface area were reported as functions of the calcination temperature, showing a decrease in the overall porosity starting

Reduced graphene oxide supported C₃N₄ nanoflakes and quantum dots as metal-free catalysts for visible light assisted CO₂ reduction

• Md Rakibuddin and
• Haekyoung Kim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 448–458, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.44

• ) to produce a cloud-like colloidal suspension of g-C3N4. The products were filtered through a 0.4 μm microporous membrane to remove the acid, carefully redispersed in deionized water under ultrasonication, and then transferred to an autoclave (90 mL) and heated at 130–190 °C for different times (5, 10

Improving control of carbide-derived carbon microstructure by immobilization of a transition-metal catalyst within the shell of carbide/carbon core–shell structures

• Teguh Ariyanto,
• Jan Glaesel,
• Andreas Kern,
• Gui-Rong Zhang and
• Bastian J. M. Etzold

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 419–427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.41

• mass of the non-porous carbide core [15]. According to the IUPAC classification, the isotherm can be classified as type Ia suggesting a highly (ultra-)microporous material [27]. The pore size distribution (PSD) of the material was evaluated by using the quenched solid density functional theory (QSDFT

New micro/mesoporous nanocomposite material from low-cost sources for the efficient removal of aromatic and pathogenic pollutants from water

• Emmanuel I. Unuabonah,
• Robert Nöske,
• Jens Weber,
• Christina Günter and
• Andreas Taubert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 119–131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.11

• volatile matter (devolatization) and thus allows for the development of a microporous structure [30][31]. The amount of Zn (obtained from EDXS) is shown to increase in 2Z-HYCA nanocomposites prepared at temperatures below 700 °C and reaches a maximum at this temperature. It then decreases sharply above 700

SO₂ gas adsorption on carbon nanomaterials: a comparative study

• Deepu J. Babu,
• Divya Puthusseri,
• Frank G. Kühl,
• Sherif Okeil,
• Michael Bruns,
• Manfred Hampe and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1782–1792, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.169

• indicating maximum disorder in the structure. The N2 adsorption isotherms at 77 K of the six adsorbents are plotted in Figure 4a. The predominantly microporous nature of Norit R1 Extra is evident from the Langmuir-type adsorption isotherm (type I). The observed steep adsorption at low relative pressures is

• and SWNTs lie on the same line while VACNTs exhibits a higher SO2 adsorption capacity. The SO2 uptake of Norit R1 Extra is no longer in line with the specific surface at a pressure of 3 bar. This is because, unlike other adsorbents, all the microporous adsorption sites of Norit R1 Extra are already

• . Physisorption alone cannot account for such a high value of the heat of adsorption. In activated carbons, it is known that the presence of oxygen functional groups and micropores in the 0.7 nm range can promote SO2 chemisorption [52][53]. The extensive microporous structure and the presence of oxygen functional

Controllable one-pot synthesis of uniform colloidal TiO₂ particles in a mixed solvent solution for photocatalysis

• Jong Tae Moon,
• Seung Ki Lee and
• Ji Bong Joo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1715–1727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.163

• amorphous TiO2 layer has a non-porous or microporous characteristic [14][26]. As the calcination temperature was increased, it should be noted that the amorphous TiO2 layer was locally aggregated, fused and crystallized into small grains which resulted in the appearance of mesoporosity. When the TiO2

Synthesis and characterization of two new TiO₂-containing benzothiazole-based imine composites for organic device applications

• Anna Różycka,
• Agnieszka Iwan,
• Krzysztof Artur Bogdanowicz,
• Michal Filapek,
• Natalia Górska,
• Damian Pociecha,
• Marek Malinowski,
• Patryk Fryń,
• Agnieszka Hreniak,
• Jakub Rysz,
• Paweł Dąbczyński and
• Monika Marzec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 721–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.67

• microporous. The average pore diameter calculated by the Barrett–Joyner–Halenda method was 6.2 nm and the cumulative volume of pores was 0.117 m3/g. The imine SP1 exhibited columnar organization (Col), while SP2 revealed a hexagonal columnar crystalline phase (Colhk). The imine:TiO2 mixtures in various weight

Cyclodextrin-assisted synthesis of tailored mesoporous silica nanoparticles

• Fuat Topuz and
• Tamer Uyar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 693–703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.64

• additives in a simple, one-pot reaction system for a wide range of applications. Keywords: cyclodextrin; faceted particles; mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN); microporous; Introduction With the availability of several types of surfactants and the increased understanding of sol–gel chemistry, numerous

• branched MSNs with ordered, 2D hexagonal pore structure growing from specific facets of the cubic MSN cores. Further, the pore structure of such particles can be engineered through various synthesis routes. Very recently, Shimogaki et al. reported the synthesis of microporous silica particles via gradual

• injection of tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) and the template molecule n-dodecylamine into the reaction system [18]. Likewise, stearylamine, which has one less alkyl group relative to CTAB, was used as the surfactant to generate microporous silica particles [19]. On the other hand, without the requirement of a

Freestanding graphene/MnO₂ cathodes for Li-ion batteries

• Şeyma Özcan,
• Aslıhan Güler,
• Tugrul Cetinkaya,
• Mehmet O. Guler and
• Hatem Akbulut

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1932–1938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.193

• carbonate (EC) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) (EC/DMC, 1:1 v/v), which was used as the electrolyte. In order to separate the electrodes, a microporous polypropylene membrane was used. Electrochemical tests of the cathodes were implemented between 1.5 and 4.5 V at a constant current density of 0.1 mA cm−2. The

Low uptake of silica nanoparticles in Caco-2 intestinal epithelial barriers

• Dong Ye,
• Mattia Bramini,
• Delyan R. Hristov,
• Sha Wan,
• Anna Salvati,
• Christoffer Åberg and
• Kenneth A. Dawson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1396–1406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.141

• been achieved [19][20][21]. Caco-2 cells have been used in the literature to investigate the potential toxic effects of a range of nanoparticles, including microporous silicon [22], silica [23][24][25][26][27][28] and zinc oxide [25]. Though such studies have mainly been performed on undifferentiated

• nanoparticles such as microporous silicon [22], silica [23], poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) [33] and carboxylated and aminated polystyrene [34]. We hypothesize that the low translocation observed in Caco-2 barriers results from a low uptake into the cells, an uptake that depends on cellular differentiation and

Hierarchically structured nanoporous carbon tubes for high pressure carbon dioxide adsorption

• Julia Patzsch,
• Deepu J. Babu and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1135–1144, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.115

• volumetric method. At 26 bar, an adsorption capacity of 4.9 mmol/g was observed. This is comparable to the adsorption capacity of molecular sieves and vertically aligned carbon nanotubes. The high pressure adsorption process of CO2 was found to irreversibly change the microporous structure of the carbon

• isotherm of carbon tubes (4) (Figure 6a) resembles a type-IVa isotherm [45], however, with a high microporous content. These micropores are responsible for the observed steep increase in the adsorption at very low relative pressure (Figure 6b). The pore width distribution calculated by the DFT method

• adsorption on carbon tubes (4) Figure 9 illustrates the high pressure adsorption of carbon dioxide on the carbon tubes (4) carbonized at 950 °C. Due to the high microporous content, a considerable adsorption of CO2 is observed even at atmospheric pressure. The amount of CO2 adsorbed increases with an

Bio-inspired micro-to-nanoporous polymers with tunable stiffness

• Julia Syurik,
• Ruth Schwaiger,
• Prerna Sudera,
• Stephan Weyand,
• Siegbert Johnsen,
• Gabriele Wiegand and
• Hendrik Hölscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 906–914, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.92

• polymeric foams have a lower density than the respective monolithic bulk material and, thus, typically exhibit a reduced elastic modulus [14]. Microporous polymers have been under development since the 1960s [15][16]. The development of fabrication methods allowing for smaller pore sizes made the next

Liquid permeation and chemical stability of anodic alumina membranes

• Dmitrii I. Petukhov,
• Dmitrii A. Buldakov,
• Alexey A. Tishkin,
• Alexey V. Lukashin and
• Andrei A. Eliseev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 561–570, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.60

• ) merges into the microporous selective skin layer [5]. All these issues make AAO extremely attractive for baromembrane processes, including micro- and ultrafiltration, pervaporation, emulsification and membrane catalysis. AAO membranes are abundantly used as solid porous supports for asymmetric gas

The longstanding challenge of the nanocrystallization of 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)

• Florent Pessina and
• Denis Spitzer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 452–466, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.49

• nm large and less than 2 nm for microporous gels. Macroporous materials have pore diameters greater than 50 nm [26]. An RDX/resorcinol formaldehyde (RF) nanocomposite has been synthesized [27] where 38 nm RDX crystallized in an RF aerogel matrix with a surface area of 551.5 m2/g (measurement taken

From lithium to sodium: cell chemistry of room temperature sodium–air and sodium–sulfur batteries

• Philipp Adelhelm,
• Pascal Hartmann,
• Conrad L. Bender,
• Martin Busche,
• Christine Eufinger and
• Juergen Janek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1016–1055, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.105

Materials and characterization techniques for high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

• Roswitha Zeis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 68–83, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.8

Poly(styrene)/oligo(fluorene)-intercalated fluoromica hybrids: synthesis, characterization and self-assembly

• Giuseppe Leone,
• Francesco Galeotti,
• William Porzio,
• Guido Scavia,
• Luisa Barba,
• Gianmichele Arrighetti,
• Giovanni Ricci,
• Chiara Botta and
• Umberto Giovanella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2450–2458, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.254

• ordered microporous films. Keywords: breath figures; fluoromica; layered silicates; oligo(fluorene); photostability; self-assembly; Introduction The functionalization of inorganic structures is an effective approach for enriching the potential applications of existing nanomaterials [1][2][3][4][5][6][7

• breath figure conditions. (d–f) Fluorescence microscopy images of PT5, PT15 and PT30 films prepared under the same conditions, after the addition of free TF (0.4% w/w). (g) Highly ordered microporous film of PT30 after optimization of parameters. (h) AFM view of a 10 × 10 µm2 area of the same film. All

Nanoporous composites prepared by a combination of SBA-15 with Mg–Al mixed oxides. Water vapor sorption properties

• Amaury Pérez-Verdejo,
• Alvaro Sampieri,
• Heriberto Pfeiffer,
• Mayra Ruiz-Reyes,
• Juana-Deisy Santamaría and
• Geolar Fetter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1226–1234, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.136

• ) related to pores formed by lamellar structures. However, the in situ sample (Mg/Al)/SBA shows an isotherm with H2 type hysteresis that indicates an interconnection of mesoporous by microporous. The 734 m2/g BET surface area of the post-synthesis composite, HT/SBA(NC), is higher than that of the calcined

• increases from 5.3 to 7.0 nm [HT/SBA(NC)] or 6.2 nm [HT/SBA(C)]. In HT/SBA composites, both microporous and mesoporous coexistence follows a similar trend to the SBA-15, with a predominant mesoporous surface. The diminution of microporosity from 74 m2/g in SBA-15 to 37 m2/g (or 31 m2/g) may be due to the

• microporous blocked by Mg–Al–O particles and the calcination process. As N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms of HT/SBA (C) and HT/SBA (NC) composites and SBA-15 present similar profile curves (Figure 1), they can also be structurally analogous and such profiles indicate no mesoporous blocking. The resulting

Organic and inorganic–organic thin film structures by molecular layer deposition: A review

• Pia Sundberg and
• Maarit Karppinen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1104–1136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.123

A catechol biosensor based on electrospun carbon nanofibers

• Dawei Li,
• Zengyuan Pang,
• Xiaodong Chen,
• Lei Luo,
• Yibing Cai and
• Qufu Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 346–354, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.39

• substrate. One unit of laccase activity was defined as the amount of laccase to catalyse 1 µM of ABTS per minute. Preparation of water samples To start with, a microporous membrane was used to filter the prepared water samples (tap water from our lab and water from Taihu Lake). Next, the filtered water

Porous polymer coatings as substrates for the formation of high-fidelity micropatterns by quill-like pens

• Michael Hirtz,
• Marcus Lyon,
• Wenqian Feng,
• Andrea E. Holmes,
• Harald Fuchs and
• Pavel A. Levkin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 377–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.44

• recorded to estimate pore size distribution and morphology (Figure 2). The plain paper is of fibrous morphology, with dense fibres in the width range of 10 to 50 µm (Figure 2a) and gaps of about 50 µm. The microporous nylon membrane has a nominal pore size of 0.45 µm and is positively charged by quaternary

Nanostructure-directed chemical sensing: The IHSAB principle and the dynamics of acid/base-interface interaction

• James L. Gole and
• William Laminack

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 20–31, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.3

• , the creation of highly active, nanopore-coated microporous extrinsic semiconductor interfaces, their ability to provide readily accessible significant light-harvesting surface areas [5], and their ability to be transformed with selective nanostructure sites, enables sensing based on efficient electron

• transduction. Decorated microporous arrays enable enhanced analyte diffusion to active sites [6], whereas the nanopores provide a “phase matching” region with which the modifying nanostructured materials of interest can be made to interact in a controlled manner to promote a range of interface sensitivities

• microporous extrinsic semiconductor channels, through fractional deposition of the nanostructures. These nanostructures do not form a surface coating but rather act as independent nanostructured sites capable of strongly directed interaction with a given analyte and subsequent rapid electron transduction. In

Mesoporous MgTa₂O₆ thin films with enhanced photocatalytic activity: On the interplay between crystallinity and mesostructure

• Jin-Ming Wu,
• Igor Djerdj,
• Till von Graberg and
• Bernd M. Smarsly

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 123–133, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.13

• photocatalytic activity is quite low. With the help of a block polymer P123, a Mg–Ta oxide powder with highly ordered mesopores was previously synthesized [11]. After removal of the P123 template by washing in water, the wormholelike microporous MgTa2O6 powder, though amorphous, showed enhanced water

Synthesis and catalytic applications of combined zeolitic/mesoporous materials

• Jarian Vernimmen,
• Vera Meynen and
• Pegie Cool

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 785–801, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.87

• in categories of microporous (pore diameter <2 nm), mesoporous (pore diameter 2–50 nm) and macroporous (pore diameter >50 nm) structures. The enormous diversity in nanoporous structures as well as the fact that their properties can be tuned and modified depending on the type of application is

• of zeolites in industrial applications and the still-growing amount of publications involving zeolites prove that these materials are of prime importance in a wide variety of scientific fields. This is without a doubt due to their crystalline, microporous 3-D structure and their ability to

• microporous nature causes accessibility problems and diffusion limitations for large molecules and viscous fluids [2][18]. In the specific case of TS-1 [19], only molecules with a kinetic diameter of maximally 0.6 nm (e.g., benzene) can access the structure and reach the active sites. This drastically limits