Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi Zeynep Altintas Division of Bioinspired Materials and Biosensor Technologies, Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24143, Kiel, Germany Kiel Nano, Surface and Interface Science (KiNSIS), Kiel University, 24118, Kiel, Germany

Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• (99.5%) was obtained from Acros (Belgium) and absolute ethanol (99%) from Panreac (Spain). Aqueous solutions of dimanno-AuNPs and PEG AuNPs were kindly provided by the Bio Nano Plasmonics Lab at CIC Biomagune (San Sebastián, Spain). Water was of ultrapure quality (Milli-Q, 18.2 MΩ·cm, <10 ppb total

• organic content). Synthesis of gold nanoparticles Gold nanoparticles were synthesized by the Bio Nano Plasmonics Lab at CIC biomaGUNE according to [10]. Both PEG AuNPs and dimanno-AuNPs were obtained by reduction of AuCl4− with BH4− in the presence of the corresponding thiol ligands. For the PEG AuNPs, a

• scattering and zeta potential measurements DLS was used to determine the hydrodynamic diameter, and ZP was used to estimate the NP surface charge of both particles in solution. We employed Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern Panalytical, UK) equipment. For DLS measurements, 70 µL of the sample (1.0 × 1012 particles

Missing links in nanomaterials research impacting productivity and perceptions

• Santosh K. Tiwari and
• Nannan Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2168–2176, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.149

• and nanotechnology research. This skepticism is principally salient given the substantial public and private funding committed to the field. Although it is partially true that nanotechnology has not always met the high expectations set during the “Nano-Hype” era of the early 2000s, claims that the

Electron transport through nanoscale multilayer graphene and hexagonal boron nitride junctions

• Aleksandar Staykov and
• Takaya Fujisaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2132–2143, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.147

• enabled us to extrapolate trends for electron transport in thicker multilayer carbon and h-BN materials. Keywords: NEGF; DFT; nano-junction; Introduction Multilayer graphene nanomaterials exhibit interesting electronic properties and find application in battery electrode materials [1], electrocatalysis

Quality by design optimization of microemulsions for topical delivery of Passiflora setacea seed oil

• Daniel T. Pereira,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Danielle T. Freire,
• Dayanne L. Porto,
• Cícero F. S. Aragão,
• Myla L. de Souza,
• Guilherme R. S. de Araujo,
• Ana Maria Costa,
• Wógenes N. Oliveira,
• Anne Sapin-Minet,
• Éverton N. Alencar and
• Eryvaldo Sócrates T. Egito

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2116–2131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.146

• microemulsions were determined by dynamic light scattering using a Zetasizer® Nano ZS (Malvern Panalytical Ltd. – Malvern, United Kingdom) at 25 °C with a fixed backscattering angle of 173°. Prior to analysis, samples were diluted in purified water (1:40 v/v) [13]. All measurements were performed in triplicate

Rapid synthesis of highly monodisperse AgSbS₂ nanocrystals: unveiling multifaceted activities in cancer therapy, antibacterial strategies, and antioxidant defense

• Funda Ulusu,
• Adem Sarilmaz,
• Yakup Ulusu,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Mahmut Kus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2105–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.145

• effective exposure of surface facets to the reaction medium. Green-synthesized nanoparticles in various studies have consistently shown elevated FRAP responses compared to their bulk counterparts, due to improved electron transfer kinetics at the nano–bio interface [51][52]. When considered alongside DPPH

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• using dynamic light scattering (DLS) with a Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern Instruments, UK) at 25 °C. The measurements were based on a refractive index of 1.34 for the material. Prior to analysis, the samples were diluted at a ratio of 1:10 (βCp/distilled water). The reported parameters represent the

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

• mechanism occurs from nano- or microsized droplets or solid fragments directly ejected from the target. The dominating mechanism of NP formation depends on the laser parameters, mainly laser pulse duration and laser fluence. For the nanosecond laser pulse of high energy density (in the range 108–1010 W·cm−2

Phytol-loaded soybean oil nanoemulsion as a promising alternative against Leishmania amazonensis

• Victória Louise Pinto Freire,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Johny W. de Freitas Oliveira,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Marcelo de Souza-Silva,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva Junior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.126

• using a Zetasizer Nano ZS instrument (Malvern Instruments, UK) at 25 ± 2 °C, with a detection wavelength of 633 nm and a backscattering angle of 173°. The zeta potential was assessed via electrophoretic mobility measurements using the same equipment under identical temperature conditions. For both

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease

• Niédja Fittipaldi Vasconcelos,
• Almerinda Agrelli,
• Rayane Cristine Santos da Silva,
• Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques,
• Isabel Renata de Souza Arruda,
• Priscilla Stela Santana de Oliveira,
• Mércia Liane de Oliveira and
• Giovanna Machado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120

• mL·min−1, using sealed aluminum pans (T181206 and T181128). Droplet size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and conductivity Droplet size and polydispersity index (PdI) of the formulations were measured 24 h after preparation using dynamic light scattering with a Zetasizer Nano-ZS ZEN 3600 (Malvern

Beyond the bilayer: multilayered hygroscopic actuation in pine cone scales

• Kim Ulrich,
• Max David Mylo,
• Tom Masselter,
• Fabian Scheckenbach,
• Sophia Fischerbauer,
• Martin Nopens,
• Silja Flenner,
• Imke Greving,
• Linnea Hesse and
• Thomas Speck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1695–1710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.119

• investigated. Using gravimetric water uptake measurements, synchrotron radiation-based nano-holotomography, and digital volume correlation analysis, inter- and intra-tissue variations of hygroscopic swelling/shrinkage were observed. In addition, the moisture content of pine cone scale tissues was measured as a

• in the application of digital volume correlation (DVC) [28] in combination with synchrotron radiation-based nano-holotomography enable the study of axially dependent hygroscopic expansion and shrinkage of tissues [29]. This approach overcomes previous limitations related to the use of only affine

• registration or the previously neglected longitudinal (along the cell length axis) expansion of the measured cells [26][27]. By scanning tissue samples in a moist and a dry state using nano-holotomography, a DVC-based analysis of the two states becomes possible, which results in a displacement field

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• Organization (WIPO) were used to carry out the search using the descriptors “nano* AND cancer AND natural product” for research associated with cancer treatment, while the descriptors “nano* AND immun* AND natural product” was implemented to analyze patents related to immunotherapy. Furthermore, a time filter

• tumor inhibition rate of 75.9% in 15 days, significantly higher than ursolic acid and sorafenib alone [66]. Patent CN117064865 (2023) claims a nano bionic CRISPR/Cas9 drug co-assembly system to treat liver cancer. The technology is composed of ursolic acid as an API, a Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP

• after 24 h [68]. Similarly, patent CN426774477 (2023) developed an immune checkpoint inhibitor nano-delivery system using natural polyphenols. The formulation contained sulfhydrylated hyaluronic acid (HA-SH), which acts as an adjuvant carrier, and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) as an API to form HA

Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• ; nanotechnology; nanoadsorbents; nano robots; photocatalysis; Introduction Plastic pollution has become a crucial environmental concern recently. It was reported that from 1950 to 2015, global plastic production increased from 5 to over 300 megatons, with approximately 60 to 99 megatons turning into waste. It is

Transient electronics for sustainability: Emerging technologies and future directions

• Jae-Young Bae,
• Myung-Kyun Choi and
• Seung-Kyun Kang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1545–1556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.109

• Jae-Young Bae Myung-Kyun Choi Seung-Kyun Kang Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea Nano Systems Institute SOFT Foundry

Influence of laser beam profile on morphology and optical properties of silicon nanoparticles formed by laser ablation in liquid

• Natalie Tarasenka,
• Vladislav Kornev,
• Alena Nevar and
• Nikolai Tarasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1533–1544, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.108

• the nanometer range and different morphologies is continuously growing. One aspect of current studies is further improvement of the properties and performance of the developed silicon-based devices. As a result, crystalline films based on silicon [1][2] as well as nano-sized silicon materials have

• , fabrication of micro/nano channels in transparent materials, nanopatterning, and photopolymerization [25][26]. The achieved advances in these fields allow one to expect benefits of varying beam shapes for laser ablation synthesis in liquids as well. However, studies that use different beam shapes in laser

Nanomaterials for biomedical applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Filippo Pierini,
• Seda Kizilel and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1499–1503, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.105

• to spread, stay attached, and turn into different cell types. Electrospun polymers could produce these nanofibers, which are widely applied for nerve treatment, bone growth, and wound healing [26]. A second approach is the utilization of nano-patterned surfaces. These surfaces have carefully designed

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• , chemical, and functional attributes of materials at the nano/microscale. Table 1 compares various laser-based techniques for synthesizing nanocolloids, highlighting their mechanisms, suitable material types, particle characteristics, and relevance to applications such as photovoltaics, sensors, and

The role of biochar in combating microplastic pollution: a bibliometric analysis in environmental contexts

• Tuan Minh Truong Dang,
• Thao Thu Thi Huynh,
• Guo-Ping Chang-Chien and
• Ha Manh Bui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1401–1416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.102

• improved filtration efficiency, with MBC reaching 40.86% removal. Moreover, MBC synthesized from red mud and lignin composites exhibits significantly enhanced adsorption performance, achieving 97.87% removal efficiency and a maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) of 353.15 mg·g−1 for nano-PS (100 nm) [39][43

• structure, facilitates enhanced physical and chemical adsorption, as well as electrostatic interactions, thereby improving the removal of small MP particles [34]. Additionally, PS adsorption mechanisms suggest that MP self-polymerization and the strengthened metal–O bonding in nano-iron-modified biochar

Parylene-coated platinum nanowire electrodes for biomolecular sensing applications

• Chao Liu,
• Peker Milas,
• Michael G. Spencer and
• Birol Ozturk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1392–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.101

• recent years due to their unique characteristics and size. Manufacturing steps, cost, and other shortcomings limit the widespread use and commercialization of nanoscale electrodes. In this work, a nano-size electrode fabricated by directed electrochemical nanowire assembly and parylene-C insulation is

• . Additionally, surface modification can improve the stability and durability of the electrode, further enhancing its applicability. Conclusion This study presents a method for fabricating nano-scale electrodes with platinum nanowire tip lengths as small as 1.2 µm, and diameters down to 120 nm. This size

Synthesis and antibacterial properties of nanosilver-modified cellulose triacetate membranes for seawater desalination

• Lei Wang,
• Shizhe Li,
• Kexin Xu,
• Wenjun Li,
• Ying Li and
• Gang Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.100

• activity of Ag nanoparticles on the surface of the Ag@PCTA film. It is evident despite a decrease in nano Ag dosage from 0.05 mol·L−1 to 0.02 mol·L−1 (from III to IV in Figure 6), the size of the inhibitory ring remains almost unchanged, highlighting the robust antibacterial performance of the Ag@PCTA

• clear, indicating the formation of [Ag(NH3)2]OH. Grafting of nano Ag onto PCTA membrane The PCTA membrane was immersed in an [Ag(NH3)2]OH solution and underwent static reaction for 8 h. During this process, the phenolic hydroxy groups in PDA facilitated the reduction of Ag(NH3)2+ particles, resulting in

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• improving their prospects for clinical translation [97]. While QDs holds great potential for antibiotic drug delivery, challenges such as achieving precise targeting and ensuring long-term photostability remain critical limitations [98]. Encapsulation of metalloantibiotics in nano-based delivery systems

• selectivity, poor biodistribution and pharmacokinetics, poor water solubility, dose-limiting toxicity, and fast degradation in vivo. We will discuss next the major discoveries in the field of the application of nano-based systems for the targeted delivery of metal complex-based antibiotic compounds, focusing

• factors limiting the systemic use of silver metalloantibiotics [101]. To overcome these limitations, several nano-based delivery systems were investigated. For example, the silver–N-heterocyclic carbene (Ag-NHC) complexes 1–4 (Figure 3) were successfully encapsulated in amphiphilic block copolymer

Deep-learning recognition and tracking of individual nanotubes in low-contrast microscopy videos

• Vladimir Pimonov,
• Said Tahir and
• Vincent Jourdain

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1316–1324, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.96

• can be adapted for other types of in situ microscopy studies, emphasizing the importance of automation in high-throughput data acquisition for research on individual nano-objects. Keywords: carbon nanotubes growth kinetics; deep learning; in situ microscopy; object recognition and tracking

• resolution of 1 s with the deep learning model, meaning that the throughput was increased by about a factor of 15 (Figure 3a,b). Conclusion We have identified several critical steps in developing a DL model for extracting kinetic data from in situ microscopy videos of individual nano-objects. A specific

• challenge is the low signal from nano-objects and fast kinetics on the video time scale. Applying differential treatment not only drastically improves contrast but also enhances a human operator’s understanding of ongoing processes. This is crucial for manual recognition and tracking and for properly

Wavelength-dependent correlation of LIPSS periodicity and laser penetration depth in stainless steel

• Nitin Chaudhary,
• Chavan Akash Naik,
• Shilpa Mangalassery,
• Jai Prakash Gautam and
• Sri Ram Gopal Naraharisetty

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1302–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.95

• conducted to examine the surface morphology of the samples and precisely measure the depth to which the laser heat affected or penetrated the zone. Imaging was performed using an FEI NOVA NANO SEM 450 scanning electron microscope. External etching was executed using a DC power supply machine, applying a

Acrocomia aculeata oil-loaded nanoemulsion: development, anti-inflammatory properties, and cytotoxicity evaluation

• Verónica Bautista-Robles,
• Hady Keita,
• Edgar Julián Paredes Gamero,
• Layna Tayná Brito Leite,
• Jessica de Araújo Isaías Muller,
• Mônica Cristina Toffoli Kadri,
• Ariadna Lafourcade Prada and
• Jesús Rafael Rodríguez Amado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1277–1288, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.93

• the smallest droplet size was selected as the (HLBr) to emulsify bocaiúva oil [63]. Droplet size and zeta potential Droplet size and polydispersity index (PDI) were measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) with a Zetasizer Nano-ZS instrument (Malvern, UK). Zeta potential was determined by

• electrophoretic light scattering with a Zetasizer Nano-ZS instrument (Malvern, UK). AANE was diluted with Milli-Q water (1:25, v/v). All measurements were performed in triplicate, and results were presented as the mean ± standard deviation [42]. Shelf stability The selected AANE was transferred to an amber vial