Studies of probe tip materials by atomic force microscopy: a review

• Ke Xu and
• Yuzhe Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1256–1267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.104

• disadvantages of the improved probes compared with ordinary probes by comparing the differences in performance in terms of spatial resolution, sensitivity, and imaging, and finally provides an outlook on the future development of AFM probes. Review Metal probe Metal nanocluster probe Metal nanoclusters contain

• response mechanism was further explored to construct a highly selective and sensitive silver-doped gold-based bimetallic nanocluster fluorescent probe. Metal nanowire probe Nanowires have become a hot research topic as high aspect ratio structures [28][29][30]. In addition to their plain geometry, the

Comparative molecular dynamics simulations of thermal conductivities of aqueous and hydrocarbon nanofluids

• Adil Loya,
• Antash Najib,
• Fahad Aziz,
• Asif Khan,
• Guogang Ren and
• Kun Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 620–628, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.54

• system was used for comparison with the nanocluster modified system. As shown in Figure 3, the addition of CuO nanoclusters in the hydrocarbon fluid drastically increases the heat transfer capability. The MDS results demonstrate nearly a 150–200% increase in thermal conductivity properties of the

Chemical vapor deposition of germanium-rich CrGe_x nanowires

• Vladislav Dřínek,
• Stanislav Tiagulskyi,
• Roman Yatskiv,
• Jan Grym,
• Radek Fajgar,
• Věra Jandová,
• Martin Koštejn and
• Jaroslav Kupčík

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1365–1371, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.100

• [6]. In another theoretical work, a Cr@Ge10 nanocluster was shown to be a candidate for a transition metal-doped magnetic superatom [7], which behaves as if it was one atom. Unique magnetic properties have been found in diluted magnetic semiconductor (DMS) alloys [8]. Silicon and/or germanium are a

Progress and innovation of nanostructured sulfur cathodes and metal-free anodes for room-temperature Na–S batteries

• Marina Tabuyo-Martínez,
• Bernd Wicklein and
• Pilar Aranda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 995–1020, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.75

• shuttle effect. Zhang et al. [47] studied iron, copper, and nickel nanoclusters (ca 1.2 nm) loaded onto hollow carbon nanospheres. On the one hand, the chemical coupling between nanocluster and sulfur assists in sulfur immobilization and enhances conductivity and reactivity. On the other hand, the

Prediction of Co and Ru nanocluster morphology on 2D MoS₂ from interaction energies

• Cara-Lena Nies and
• Michael Nolan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 704–724, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.56

• multiplied by n, the number of atoms in adsorbed Con or Run. 2. Binding energy with reference to a free Con or Run cluster: where Emetal_cluster is the single point energy of the Con or Run nanocluster structure in vacuum. Emonolayer* is the single point energy of the monolayer after relaxation. We chose to

A review of defect engineering, ion implantation, and nanofabrication using the helium ion microscope

• Frances I. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 633–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.52

• ], tungsten [83][84][85], an Fe–Zr alloy [86], a Y2O3/Fe bilayer [87], and nanocluster films of magnetite and core–shell iron–magnetite nanoparticles [88]. In these studies, various implantation effects have been investigated, including the tendency for grain boundaries and interfaces to act as sinks for

TiO_x/Pt₃Ti(111) surface-directed formation of electronically responsive supramolecular assemblies of tungsten oxide clusters

• Marco Moors,
• Yun An,
• Agnieszka Kuc and
• Kirill Yu. Monakhov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 203–212, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.16

• , respectively. After the annealing at 600 K, hardly any single nanocluster can be found on the surface. In return, the step edges are now highly decorated with clusters, while the terraces are covered by up to 1 nm high and 5 nm wide cluster agglomerations. This indicates a high lateral mobility of the clusters

The role of gold atom concentration in the formation of Cu–Au nanoparticles from the gas phase

• Yuri Ya. Gafner,
• Svetlana L. Gafner,
• Darya A. Ryzkova and
• Andrey V. Nomoev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 72–81, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.6

• heating of Cu3Au nanoclusters, typical changes called “order–disorder transition” occur in the nanocluster structure, leading to the decomposition of the initial L12 crystal structure. This leads to a transition to the FCC structure with a random atomic distribution in the long-range coordination spheres

Luminescent gold nanoclusters for bioimaging applications

• Nonappa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 533–546, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.42

• play an important role in the luminesce properties of NCs [48][55]. For example, a phenylethane thiol (PET)-capped organically soluble Au25 nanocluster (Au25PET18) showed similar behavior as Au25NCs capped with long-chain alkanes [59]. However, it was shown that by choosing the appropriate surface

• ligands in Au25(SG)18 NCs with three different ligands [62]. It has been shown that in the case of 3-mercapto-2-butanol (MB)-substituted products [Au25(MB)x(SG)18−x] the PL spectra exhibit a blueshift in excitation and emission compared the initial [Au25(SG)18] nanocluster. However, no significant changes

• were observed in N-acetylglutathione (NAGSH) and N-formylglutathione (NFGSH) ligands. Xie and co-workers reported the synthesis of a bovine serum albumin (BSA)-protected water-soluble Au25 nanocluster (Au-BSA) having a red emission at ca. 640 nm with a PL quantum yield of 6% (Figure 1E,F) [63]. More

DFT calculations of the structure and stability of copper clusters on MoS₂

• Cara-Lena Nies and
• Michael Nolan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 391–406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.30

• density functional theory (DFT) study of the adsorption of small Cun (n = 1–4) structures on 2D MoS2 as a model system. We find on a perfect MoS2 monolayer that a single Cu atom prefers an adsorption site above the Mo atom. With increasing nanocluster size the nanocluster binds more strongly when Cu atoms

• ) adsorbed on MoS2. The energy of a single gas phase Cu atom (ECu_atom) is multiplied by n, the number of Cu atoms in adsorbed Cun. 2. Binding energy with reference to a free Cun cluster: where ECu_cluster is the energy of the most favourable Cun nanocluster structure in vacuum. For two atoms, this is a Cu2

• adsorption is affected by the presence of a sulfur vacancy. Single Cu atoms and Cu4 nanoclusters were adsorbed on the defective MoS2 surface with a single sulfur vacancy. While all single-atom adsorption configurations that we investigated are stable, only five of the twelve Cu4 nanocluster structures were

Formation of metal/semiconductor Cu–Si composite nanostructures

• Natalya V. Yumozhapova,
• Andrey V. Nomoev,
• Vyacheslav V. Syzrantsev and
• Erzhena C. Khartaeva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2497–2504, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.240

• core–shell nanoparticles upon the condensation of silicon atoms onto the core when a copper nanocluster is introduced into a gaseous medium consisting of silicon atoms. In [22], similar particles were obtained by laser ablation of Au nanoparticles onto larger Co-oxide particles and agglomeration with a

• -like structure was formed (Figure 4b). Furthermore, after the next few nanoseconds, a core–shell nanocluster was formed. It was noted that when the silicon content was low, the segregation of silicon atoms to the cluster surface occurred almost immediately after the cooling started, and, in most cases

• , the cluster did not change the core–shell structure. At the same time, for a silicon concentration of equal or more than 50 atom %, the segregation process largely depended on the cooling rate. The simulation of a nanocluster with a size of 4.6 nm containing 50 atom % silicon and copper atoms, with

Structural and optical properties of penicillamine-protected gold nanocluster fractions separated by sequential size-selective fractionation

• Xiupei Yang,
• Zhengli Yang,
• Fenglin Tang,
• Jing Xu,
• Maoxue Zhang and
• Martin M. F. Choi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 955–966, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.96

• by adding concentrated hydrochloric acid and then precipitated by acetone. Finally, the crude product was dried with nitrogen at 25 °C. Gold nanocluster fractionation As can be seen from the TEM (vide infra) images, the initial product of the AuNCs was polydisperse. It is essential to narrow their

• characteristic broadening peaks from 1.58 to 1.88 and from 3.88 to 4.10 ppm, which displays a slight chemical shift consistent with expectations for the presence of nanocluster-bound ligand [5]. This resonance broadening (relative to the monomer ligand) is due to the discontinuity of the diamagnetic

• Figure 7. The decrease in the Au/S atom ratio with the size of the nanocluster clearly shows that the smaller AuNCs possess higher surface coverage ratio of penicillamine. Actually, on the basis of the results, we can easily understand why the smaller NCs precipitate in the higher volume percent acetone

Wet chemistry route for the decoration of carbon nanotubes with iron oxide nanoparticles for gas sensing

• Hussam M. Elnabawy,
• Juan Casanova-Chafer,
• Badawi Anis,
• Mostafa Fedawy,
• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Ahmed S. G. Khalil,
• Eduard Llobet and
• Xavier Vilanova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 105–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.10

• a new, inexpensive approach based on wet chemistry. The effect of process parameters such as the solvent used, the amount of iron salt or the calcination time on the morphology, decoration density and nanocluster size were studied. With the proposed approach, the decoration density can be adjusted

• response time. Studying effect of calcination period on nanocluster size TEM images for two samples with the same decoration ratio (CNT/Fe = 1:1.5) but with different calcination periods of 15 or 30 minutes were taken to investigate the effect of the duration of the calcination on the size of iron

• nanoclusters. This is shown in Figure 9a. In addition, the nanocluster size distribution can be found in Supporting Information File 5, Figure S5. It can be concluded that the nanocluster size increases with increasing calcination time. Also, the Raman spectra for pristine CNTs along with decorated samples of

Site-controlled formation of single Si nanocrystals in a buried SiO₂ matrix using ion beam mixing

• Xiaomo Xu,
• Thomas Prüfer,
• Daniel Wolf,
• Hans-Jürgen Engelmann,
• Lothar Bischoff,
• René Hübner,
• Karl-Heinz Heinig,
• Wolfhard Möller,
• Stefan Facsko,
• Johannes von Borany and
• Gregor Hlawacek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2883–2892, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.267

• layers of NCs form in the case of the 14 nm thick SiO2 layer only one layer forms when the SiO2 thickness is 7 nm. Computer simulation of broad-beam ion mixing and nanocluster formation by thermal decomposition in Si/SiO2/Si layer stacks: binary collision approximation (BCA) method calculated O/Si atomic

Au₅₅, a stable glassy cluster: results of ab initio calculations

• Dieter Vollath,
• David Holec and
• Franz Dieter Fischer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2221–2229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.222

• on the structure of the Au55 nanocluster highlights the necessity to look again at this problem using up-to-date theoretical methods. Therefore, quantum-mechanical calculations within the density functional theory (DFT) framework as implemented in the Vienna ab initio simulation package (VASP) [24

• relaxed crystalline cluster was annealed on a series of temperatures up to 1200 K, after which each nanocluster was analyzed for the coordination numbers and energies. Figure 4 displays the development of the maximum and the average coordination number as a function of the annealing temperature. These

Nanoantenna-assisted plasmonic enhancement of IR absorption of vibrational modes of organic molecules

• Alexander G. Milekhin,
• Olga Cherkasova,
• Sergei A. Kuznetsov,
• Ilya A. Milekhin,
• Ekatherina E. Rodyakina,
• Alexander V. Latyshev,
• Sreetama Banerjee,
• Georgeta Salvan and
• Dietrich R. T. Zahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 975–981, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.99

• CoPc. In the case of nanoantennas, the SERS enhancement is much weaker than that determined for CoPc on Au nanocluster arrays (enhancement factor of 2 × 104) observed in our previous experiments [24]. Much stronger SERS enhancement of CoPc on Au nanocluster arrays with respect to that for nanoantennas

• , providing the LSPR band energies in the range from 1580–800 cm−1. To avoid interference in the SEIRA spectra, 400 µm thick Si substrates were used. The fabrication process of nanoantenna arrays is very similar to that described in [24] for Au nanocluster arrays. The structural parameters of nanoantenna

Selective detection of Mg²⁺ ions via enhanced fluorescence emission using Au–DNA nanocomposites

• Tanushree Basu,
• Khyati Rana,
• Niranjan Das and
• Bonamali Pal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 762–771, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.79

• the change in fluorescence quenching due to the interaction of the DNA–Ag nanocluster with Hg2+ ions in water. Also, Ma and co-workers reported the emission modulation of DNA-templated fluorescent Ag nanocomposites by divalent Mg2+ ions in 2011 [7]. Presently, there are many biosensors which are based

Synthesis of graphene–transition metal oxide hybrid nanoparticles and their application in various fields

• Arpita Jana,
• Elke Scheer and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 688–714, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.74

• plays a role. Mao et al. have prepared 3D crumbled cobalt–GO nanostructure hybrids which show both ORR and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) [171]. Wu et al. have prepared 3D Co3O4/flocculent graphene hybrids on Ni foam for supercapacitor applications as their nanocluster morphology synergistically

Graphene functionalised by laser-ablated V₂O₅ for a highly sensitive NH₃ sensor

• Margus Kodu,
• Artjom Berholts,
• Tauno Kahro,
• Mati Kook,
• Peeter Ritslaid,
• Helina Seemen,
• Tea Avarmaa,
• Harry Alles and
• Raivo Jaaniso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 571–578, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.61

• chemical bonding in platinum–graphene systems were observed when Pt nanoclusters were chemically bonded to point defects of graphene sheets. Furthermore, the adsorption of an O2 molecule onto a platinum nanocluster which was chemically bound to graphene resulted in a large influence on the charge density

Cubic chemically ordered FeRh and FeCo nanomagnets prepared by mass-selected low-energy cluster-beam deposition: a comparative study

• Veronique Dupuis,
• Anthony Robert,
• Arnaud Hillion,
• Ghassan Khadra,
• Nils Blanc,
• Damien Le Roy,
• Florent Tournus,
• Clement Albin,
• Olivier Boisron and
• Alexandre Tamion

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1850–1860, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.177

• spectroscopy experiments at each specific Fe and Rh M edge (respectively the Co L edge), at the “X-Treme” beamline at the Swiss Light Source for the FeRh sample and at the “DEIMOS” beamline at the SOLEIL synchrotron for FeCo for various nanocluster sizes (Figure 9); before and after annealing of the same

Straightforward and robust synthesis of monodisperse surface-functionalized gold nanoclusters

• Silvia Varela-Aramburu,
• Richard Wirth,
• Chian-Hui Lai,
• Guillermo Orts-Gil and
• Peter H. Seeberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1278–1283, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.118

• discovered by serendipity. The resultant monodisperse gold nanoclusters are more stable than those generated using some other common methods. The carboxylic acid contained in the stabilizing agent on the cluster surface serves as anchor for nanocluster functionalization. Alternatively, the addition of thiols

• –S bond (162.5 eV, S 2p scan). C–O bonds and a carbonyl group were detected on the nanocluster surface by C 1s (286 eV and 288.5 eV, respectively) and O 1s (531.5 eV and 533 eV, respectively) scans (Table S2 and Table S3, Supporting Information File 1). The carbonyl signal likely is indicative of the

• dialysis. Twenty stabilizer molecules per nanocluster were measured by comparing the number of trifluoroethanol molecules coupled to Glc-NCs using an internal standard (Figure S10b, Supporting Information File 1). Thus, we demonstrated that Glc-NCs can be functionalized via coupling to carboxylic acid

Time-dependent growth of crystalline Au⁰-nanoparticles in cyanobacteria as self-reproducing bioreactors: 2. Anabaena cylindrica

• Liz M. Rösken,
• Felix Cappel,
• Susanne Körsten,
• Christian B. Fischer,
• Andreas Schönleber,
• Sander van Smaalen,
• Stefan Geimer,
• Christian Beresko,
• Georg Ankerhold and
• Stefan Wehner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 312–327, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.30

• nanocluster development [46][47][48] of various metals, e.g., palladium, gold and silver [46]. Although UV–vis spectroscopy based methods have been developed to determine the size of nanoparticles resp. nanoclusters in solution [47][48]. UV–vis spectroscopy was also tested for the type of system used here in

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering by colloidal CdSe nanocrystal submonolayers fabricated by the Langmuir–Blodgett technique

• Alexander G. Milekhin,
• Larisa L. Sveshnikova,
• Tatyana A. Duda,
• Ekaterina E. Rodyakina,
• Volodymyr M. Dzhagan,
• Ovidiu D. Gordan,
• Sergey L. Veber,
• Cameliu Himcinschi,
• Alexander V. Latyshev and
• Dietrich R. T. Zahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2388–2395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.245

• deposited NCs was less than one monolayer, as determined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. SERS by optical phonons in CdSe nanocrystals showed a significant enhancement that depends resonantly on the Au nanocluster and dimer size, and thus on the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR

• ) energy. The deposition of CdSe nanocrystals on the Au dimer nanocluster arrays enabled us to study the polarization dependence of SERS. The maximal SERS signal was observed for light polarization parallel to the dimer axis. The polarization ratio of the SERS signal parallel and perpendicular to the dimer

• when the semiconductor nanostructure is placed in the gap between a gold nanocluster and a gold surface (the so-called “hot spot”) [32]. As in the case of metal nanoclusters in close proximity, the plasmonic gap supports electromagnetic fields confined in the gap much that are stronger (typically a few

Metal hydrides: an innovative and challenging conversion reaction anode for lithium-ion batteries

• Luc Aymard,
• Yassine Oumellal and
• Jean-Pierre Bonnet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1821–1839, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.186

• Li diffusion in MgH2 nanocluster doped with Fe, Ni, Ti or V is independent of the presence of the transitions metal [73]. The metals improve the hydrogen desorption kinetics. Again, this example shows the mutual interest of this kind of device for hydrogen storage and batteries technologies. The

Combination of surface- and interference-enhanced Raman scattering by CuS nanocrystals on nanopatterned Au structures

• Alexander G. Milekhin,
• Nikolay A. Yeryukov,
• Larisa L. Sveshnikova,
• Tatyana A. Duda,
• Ekaterina E. Rodyakina,
• Victor A. Gridchin,
• Evgeniya S. Sheremet and
• Dietrich R. T. Zahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 749–754, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.77

• nanocrystals (NCs) with a low areal density fabricated through the Langmuir–Blodgett technology on nanopatterned Au nanocluster arrays using a combination of surface- and interference-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS and IERS, respectively). Micro-Raman spectra of one monolayer of CuS NCs deposited on a bare Si

• substrate reveal only features corresponding to crystalline Si. However, a new relatively strong peak occurs in the Raman spectrum of CuS NCs on Au nanocluster arrays at 474 cm−1. This feature is related to the optical phonon mode in CuS NCs and manifests the SERS effect. For CuS NCs deposited on a SiO2

• layer this phonon mode is also observed due to the IERS effect. Its intensity changes periodically with increasing SiO2 layer thickness for different laser excitation lines and is enhanced by a factor of about 30. CuS NCs formed on Au nanocluster arrays fabricated on IERS substrates combine the