Determination of the radii of coated and uncoated silicon AFM sharp tips using a height calibration standard grating and a nonlinear regression function

• Perawat Boonpuek and
• Jonathan R. Felts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1200–1207, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.99

• very sharp tips that can make a smaller difference in the scanned profile offset at the corners of the characterizer. A method for characterizing blunt tips was also demonstrated. Nanoindentation using four blunt tips on an AFM cantilever was performed in a normal loading process on a soft PVC sheet

• for 30 nm depth to obtain sufficient data of force curves. The blunted tips were imaged by SEM immediately after running the nanoindentation process in the AFM program. Then, each tip radius was determined by fitting the force loading curves with the Hertz model equation using the indentation depth

Elasticity, an often-overseen parameter in the development of nanoscale drug delivery systems

• Agnes-Valencia Weiss and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1149–1156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.95

• most popular method is the evaluation of nanoindentation data resulting in Young’s moduli. The determination of the Young’s modulus is based on different theories. The adapted Hertz’ model, according to Sneddon [23], is most often used requiring a maximum indentation of 10% of the particle height

Biomimetics on the micro- and nanoscale – The 25th anniversary of the lotus effect

• Matthias Mail,
• Kerstin Koch,
• Thomas Speck,
• William M. Megill and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 850–856, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.69

• treatment on the elastic modulus of locust cuticle obtained by nanoindentation”, investigate the mechanical properties of the cuticle that builds the surface of insects and related groups of animals. The cuticle is one of the most abundant, but least studied biological composites. In their study, the

• authors use a nanoindentation technique to investigate the effect of freezing, desiccation, and rehydration on the elastic modulus of the hind tibial cuticle of locusts. All of the treatments significantly influenced the mechanical properties of the latter. Gorb et al. [7], in the paper “Hierachical

Studies of probe tip materials by atomic force microscopy: a review

• Ke Xu and
• Yuzhe Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1256–1267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.104

• such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, where the AC potential is applied to eCPs, and where such first tests are promising. Most importantly, eCPs are extremely stable and can be applied to electrochemically controlled tribology or nanoindentation experiments. With these foundations, eCPs will

Role of titanium and organic precursors in molecular layer deposition of “titanicone” hybrid materials

• Arbresha Muriqi and
• Michael Nolan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1240–1255, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.103

• the bridging between the polymer chains in the film and this also improves the stability of the film. Nanoindentation experiments [30] showed also that GL-based titanicones have much higher elastic modulus and higher hardness compared to EG-based titanicones. Annealing experiments indicated a higher

Micro-structures, nanomechanical properties and flight performance of three beetles with different folding ratios

• Jiyu Sun,
• Pengpeng Li,
• Yongwei Yan,
• Fa Song,
• Nuo Xu and
• Zhijun Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 845–856, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.75

• ; flight performance; folding ratio; nanoindentation; wind tunnel; Introduction Regarding the benefits of scientific research, rescue, surveying, mapping, and many other aspects in the development of micro aerial vehicles (MAVs), miniaturization of aircraft has become a popular research topic [1]. Owing

• pasted flat on a slide for observation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (Model EVO-18, Carl Zeiss Microimaging Inc., Germany) was used to obtain morphological images of cross sections of the hind wings of three beetles at the same locations of different wing veins. Nanoindentation properties The

• and the nanomechanical properties of the hind wings of the three beetles and the cross-sectional morphology of different wing veins were observed and tested with super depth-of-field microscopy, nanoindentation, and scanning electron microscopy. Thus, the folding ratios, reduced Young’s modulus, and

Effect of sample treatment on the elastic modulus of locust cuticle obtained by nanoindentation

• Chuchu Li,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Hamed Rajabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 404–410, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.33

• freezing, desiccation, and rehydration on the elastic modulus of the hind tibial cuticle of locusts obtained by nanoindentation. We found that all the mentioned treatments significantly influence cuticle properties. This is in contrast to previous reports suggesting that freezing did not significantly

• : biomimetics; cuticle; locust; material properties; mechanical testing; nanoindentation; water content; Introduction Cuticle is a lightweight material that forms the whole exoskeleton of insects, from the flexible intersegmental membrane to the stiff jaws and claws. Cuticle of each insect body part has

• to the treatment procedure, cuticle properties can also be influenced by the testing method [10]. There are significant differences between the elastic moduli of cuticle specimens tested in bending, nanoindentation, tension, and uniaxial compression [10]. This raises the question whether results

Determination of elastic moduli of elastic–plastic microspherical materials using nanoindentation simulation without mechanical polishing

• Hongzhou Li and
• Jialian Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 213–221, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.17

• specimen is assumed to be a perfectly flat surface, thus ignoring the influences of surface roughness that might be encountered in experiment. For nanoindentation measurements, a flat surface is fabricated from curved specimens by mechanical polishing. However, the position of the polished curved surface

• cannot be controlled. There are no reliable theoretical or experimental methods to evaluate the mechanical behavior during nanoindentation of an elastic–plastic microsphere. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct reliable numerical simulations to evaluate this behavior. This article reports a systematic

• computational study regarding the instrumented nanoindentation of elastic–plastic microspherical materials. The ratio between elastic modulus of the microsphere and the initial yield stress of the microsphere was systematically varied from 10 to 1000 to cover the mechanical properties of most materials

Stochastic excitation for high-resolution atomic force acoustic microscopy imaging: a system theory approach

• Edgar Cruz Valeriano,
• José Juan Gervacio Arciniega,
• Christian Iván Enriquez Flores,
• Susana Meraz Dávila,
• Joel Moreno Palmerin,
• Martín Adelaido Hernández Landaverde,
• Yuri Lizbeth Chipatecua Godoy,
• Aime Margarita Gutiérrez Peralta,
• Rafael Ramírez Bon and
• José Martín Yañez Limón

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 703–716, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.58

• compared to conventional techniques. Keywords: atomic force microscopy; fast Fourier transform; mechanical properties; system theory; white noise; Introduction There are several methods to measure mechanical properties at the nanoscale level, based on, e.g., nanoindentation or on other physical phenomena

Label-free highly sensitive probe detection with novel hierarchical SERS substrates fabricated by nanoindentation and chemical reaction methods

• Jingran Zhang,
• Tianqi Jia,
• Yongda Yan,
• Li Wang,
• Peng Miao,
• Yimin Han,
• Xinming Zhang,
• Guangfeng Shi,
• Yanquan Geng,
• Zhankun Weng,
• Daniel Laipple and
• Zuobin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2483–2496, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.239

• nanoindentation process and chemical redox reaction to machine a hierarchical SERS substrate. The micro/nanostructures are first formed on a Cu(110) plane and then Ag nanoparticles are generated on the structured copper surface. The effect of the indentation process parameters and the corrosion time in the AgNO3

• sensitive, hierarchical SERS substrate. Keywords: Ag nanoparticles; hierarchical substrates; malachite green molecules; nanoindentation; nanostructures; R6G; SERS; Introduction Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has triggered significant research interest due to its suitability as an analytical tool

• . We experimentally verified that the distribution of Raman intensities is uniform along the same direction. Combining the nanoindentation process method with the chemical redox reaction method led to Ag/Cu substrates with high reproducibility and uniformity. Effect of Raman enhancement performance

Abrupt elastic-to-plastic transition in pentagonal nanowires under bending

• Sergei Vlassov,
• Magnus Mets,
• Boris Polyakov,
• Jianjun Bian,
• Leonid Dorogin and
• Vahur Zadin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2468–2476, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.237

• NWs were studied both theoretically and experimentally in different configurations, including uniaxial loading (tensile and compression tests) [24][25], three-point bending [26][27], cantilever beam bending [28][29] and nanoindentation [30]. Several interesting phenomena were reported that can be

Integration of sharp silicon nitride tips into high-speed SU8 cantilevers in a batch fabrication process

• Nahid Hosseini,
• Matthias Neuenschwander,
• Oliver Peric,
• Santiago H. Andany,
• Jonathan D. Adams and
• Georg E. Fantner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2357–2363, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.226

• ], high-resolution electrochemical and nanoelectrical imaging [7][8], Raman spectroscopy [9], nanoindentation [10], nanomechanical machining [11], plasmonic applications [12][13] and microscale grapping [14]. In parallel with the development of AFM cantilevers made out of traditional materials (e.g

Nanoscale spatial mapping of mechanical properties through dynamic atomic force microscopy

• Zahra Abooalizadeh,
• Leszek Josef Sudak and
• Philip Egberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1332–1347, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.132

• samples. Moreover, in comparison to static mode AFM or other experimental techniques used to measure the mechanical properties of materials, such as nanoindentation, the material property maps resulting from FMM and CR modes can have high spatial resolution and can be acquired at relatively high speeds

• spatial resolution to measure the variation of the elastic modulus over an atomic step edge, as was possible with CR and FMM. However, the static indentation measurements show that the FMM calibration is consistent with well-established nanoindentation measurements conducted on the same microscope. We can

Mechanical and thermodynamic properties of Aβ₄₂, Aβ₄₀, and α-synuclein fibrils: a coarse-grained method to complement experimental studies

• Adolfo B. Poma,
• Horacio V. Guzman,
• Mai Suan Li and
• Panagiotis E. Theodorakis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 500–513, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.51

• measurements are in general very delicate due to the intrinsic properties of soft matter and the danger of damaging the samples [17]. As a matter of fact, the employed reference model to study the mechanical response of biological fibrils during AFM nanoindentation has been also the Hertz model. Hence, we also

• , described by the Lennard-Jones potential. Here, we take εij to be uniform and equal to ε = 1.5 kcal/mol, which was also derived from all-atom simulations [45]. Our approach has shown very good agreement with experimental data on stretching [46][47] and nanoindentation of biological fibrils, such as virus

• the area of the plane (see in Table 1 the reference Cα-atom used to define the top plane). From the stress–strain relation one can derive the corresponding shear Young’s modulus, S. Indentation deformation One of the empirical techniques used to estimate YT modulus is AFM nanoindentation. The wide

Charged particle single nanometre manufacturing

• Philip D. Prewett,
• Cornelis W. Hagen,
• Claudia Lenk,
• Steve Lenk,
• Marcus Kaestner,
• Tzvetan Ivanov,
• Ahmad Ahmad,
• Ivo W. Rangelow,
• Xiaoqing Shi,
• Stuart A. Boden,
• Alex P. G. Robinson,
• Dongxu Yang,
• Sangeetha Hari,
• Marijke Scotuzzi and
• Ejaz Huq

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2855–2882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.266

• structuring techniques are required. Among several candidates, molecular self-assembly and self-organization of structures represent the so-called bottom-up approach. Nanoindentation, thermal scanning probe lithography, local oxidation lithography, dip-pen lithography, extreme UV lithography or X-ray

Friction reduction through biologically inspired scale-like laser surface textures

• Johannes Schneider,
• Vergil Djamiykov and
• Christian Greiner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2561–2572, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.238

• systems, such as snake skin, it was revealed by nanoindentation that the outer scale layer has a higher hardness compared to the inner ones [60][61]. One could speculate that through the rapid cooling of the molten bearing steel during laser texturing, making up the scale-like morphology, a higher

Recent highlights in nanoscale and mesoscale friction

• Andrea Vanossi,
• Dirk Dietzel,
• Andre Schirmeisen,
• Ernst Meyer,
• Rémy Pawlak,
• Thilo Glatzel,
• Marcin Kisiel,
• Shigeki Kawai and
• Nicola Manini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1995–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.190

• process after nanoindentation experiments [73]. Secondly, also the self-retracting motion of graphene nanostacks can be explained if tiny friction forces, i.e., superlubric friction [3], are overcome by the adhesion-driven forces [50][51]. At the same time, the self-retracting motion of graphene stacks

Synthesis of hafnium nanoparticles and hafnium nanoparticle films by gas condensation and energetic deposition

• Irini Michelakaki,
• Nikos Boukos,
• Dimitrios A. Dragatogiannis,
• Spyros Stathopoulos,
• Costas A. Charitidis and
• Dimitris Tsoukalas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1868–1880, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.179

• nanoindentation measurements, were utilized for their characterization. Hf nanoparticles were fabricated by magnetron sputtering inert-gas condensation. They exhibit a hexagonal close-packed crystal structure and the shape of truncated hexagonal biprisms, and form core–shell structures upon exposure to ambient

• of the NPs and NTFs were performed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM FEI Nova Nano SEM 230) and atomic force microscopy (Veeco diInnova) in tapping mode. The nanomechanical properties of the NTFs were determined by nanoindentation. Nanoidentation testing was performed with a

• . Nanoindentation tests were performed using the displacement-control protocol. The durations of loading and unloading are 20 s, and the holding time at the maximum load is 2 s. All nanoindentation measurements have been performed, with a standard three-sided pyramidal Berkovich probe. Hardness (H) and elastic

Molecular dynamics simulations of nanoindentation and scratch in Cu grain boundaries

• Shih-Wei Liang,
• Ren-Zheng Qiu and
• Te-Hua Fang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2283–2295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.228

• Shih-Wei Liang Ren-Zheng Qiu Te-Hua Fang Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan 10.3762/bjnano.8.228 Abstract The dynamic nanomechanical characteristics of Cu films with different grain boundaries under nanoindentation and

• nanoindentation results (i.e., indentation on the upper area) of the vertical grain boundary showed that the force was translated along the grain boundary, thereby producing intergranular fractures. Keywords: indentation; molecular dynamics; nanograin boundary; nanoscratch; Introduction The recent developments

• in nanotechnology have allowed the related research techniques to be applied to diverse fields including physics, energy, medicine, and industrial engineering, among others [1][2]. In this sense, nanoindentation [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] and nanoscratch [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21

Fabrication of gold-coated PDMS surfaces with arrayed triangular micro/nanopyramids for use as SERS substrates

• Jingran Zhang,
• Yongda Yan,
• Peng Miao and
• Jianxiong Cai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2271–2282, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.227

• mechanical properties such as hardness, elastic modulus and friction coefficient. The fabrication of micro/nanostructures using the nanoindenter method can be also achieved. The shortcomings of this technique include low machining speed, small machining area and high cost, and thus the nanoindentation method

Nanotribological behavior of deep cryogenically treated martensitic stainless steel

• Germán Prieto,
• Konstantinos D. Bakoglidis,
• Walter R. Tuckart and
• Esteban Broitman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1760–1768, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.177

• nitrogen for 2 h and annealed. The elastic–plastic parameters of the materials were assessed by nanoindentation tests under displacement control, while the friction behavior and wear rate were evaluated by a nanoscratch testing methodology that it is used for the first time in steels. It was found that

• cryogenic treatments increased both hardness and elastic limit of a low-carbon martensitic stainless steel, while its tribological performance was enhanced marginally. Keywords: carbide refinement; cryogenic treatments; friction; nanoindentation; nanoscratch; wear-resistance improvement; Introduction AISI

• engineering steels [19][20][21][22][23][24]. Tribometers built on nanoindentation-based equipments, such as triboindenters, made possible the study of friction and wear at small contact scales. This kind of equipment can be used to simulate a single sharp asperity sliding over a surface while simultaneously

Assembly of metallic nanoparticle arrays on glass via nanoimprinting and thin-film dewetting

• Sun-Kyu Lee,
• Sori Hwang,
• Yoon-Kee Kim and
• Yong-Jun Oh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1049–1055, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.106

• , nanoindentation measurements were conducted. The measurements were performed using a nanoindentation system (MTS Nano-indenter XP) equipped with continuous stiffness measurement using a Berkovich indenter, and the elastic modulus and nanohardness were calculated using the method of Oliver and Pharr [32]. The

• examine the effect of the annealing temperatures on the mechanical stability of the structure, nanoindentation measurements were conducted for the resists on glass annealed at ≈400–600 °C. Figure 4a,b shows the changes in the composite hardness and elastic modulus of the thin resist–glass substrate as a

• function of the indentation depth (h). The Young’s modulus rapidly decreased as the indentation depth increased to ≈20 nm. In the nanoindentation measurements, the Young's modulus (Er) is given by Er = (√π/2β)(dP/dh)/√A where β is a constant, (dP/dh) is the slope of the load–displacement curve at the

Bio-inspired micro-to-nanoporous polymers with tunable stiffness

• Julia Syurik,
• Ruth Schwaiger,
• Prerna Sudera,
• Stephan Weyand,
• Siegbert Johnsen,
• Gabriele Wiegand and
• Hendrik Hölscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 906–914, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.92

• fabricated and investigated by dynamic flat-punch nanoindentation in order to obtain insight into the influence of the graded pore structure on the local viscoelastic properties. Experimental Materials and foaming process Porous poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) films were produced from PMMA (Topacryl AG

• equal to 3. Preparation of cross sections The porous PMMA films were fractured perpendicular to the surface in the middle of the sample. In order to obtain a surface of sufficient quality for nanoindentation testing, the samples were cooled with liquid nitrogen for 180 s, then broken with tweezers

• , fixed within a holder for nanoindentation and finally trimmed with a microtome (Leica Ultracut UCT). The areas suitable for nanoindentation experiments were determined from SEM images (see below in Figure 2a). Nanoindentation For the current study, two porous PMMA samples exhibiting a structural

Annealing-induced recovery of indents in thin Au(Fe) bilayer films

• Anna Kosinova,
• Ruth Schwaiger,
• Leonid Klinger and
• Eugen Rabkin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2088–2099, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.199

• Abstract We employed depth-sensing nanoindentation to produce ordered arrays of indents on the surface of 50 nm-thick Au(Fe) films deposited on sapphire substrates. The maximum depth of the indents was approximately one-half of the film thickness. The indented films were annealed at a temperature of 700 °C

• traditional methods of high-strain deformation, such as rolling or forging, are not applicable. Nanoindentation is widely used for characterizing the mechanical properties of nano- and micro-scale specimens. It can also be employed to produce defects of controlled shape and size, and to introduce high plastic

• introduced by nanoindentation with subsequent annealing, and (ii) to understand the effect of nanoindentation-induced localized plastic deformation on the thermal stability and solid-state dewetting of thin films. In what follows, we will give a short overview of what is known about the recovery of indents

Nanoanalytics for materials science

• Thilo Glatzel and
• Tom Wirtz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1674–1675, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.159

• sensors for both nanoindentation and depth sensing is presented by Cinar and co-workers [2]. Furthermore, Fleming et al. present an in situ combination of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) [3]. By doing so, they obtain high-resolution 3D elemental/chemical maps. This