Towards the third dimension in direct electron beam writing of silver

• Katja Höflich,
• Jakub Mateusz Jurczyk,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Maximilian Götz,
• Luisa Berger,
• Carlos Guerra-Nuñez,
• Caspar Haverkamp,
• Iwona Szymanska and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 842–849, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.78

• . Furthermore, the electron beam induced deposition of silver is challenging. Many potential precursor candidates have to be heated above 100 °C and show extremely low vapor pressures [22][23][24][25]. This is related to the main oxidation state of +1 for silver, which severely limits the possibility to attach

A review of carbon-based and non-carbon-based catalyst supports for the selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide

• Shahreen Binti Izwan Anthonysamy,
• Syahidah Binti Afandi,
• Mehrnoush Khavarian and
• Abdul Rahman Bin Mohamed

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 740–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.68

• from 80 °C to 300 °C. By introducing a small amount of Mn (3%) to the CNTs, the catalytic activity of MnOx/CNTs was improved tremendously at a reaction temperature between 150 and 250 °C. This positive performance may be greatly associated with the oxidation state of Mn species as well as the

Anchoring Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles in a reduced graphene oxide aerogel matrix via polydopamine coating

• Błażej Scheibe,
• Radosław Mrówczyński,
• Natalia Michalak,
• Karol Załęski,
• Michał Matczak,
• Mateusz Kempiński,
• Zuzanna Pietralik,
• Mikołaj Lewandowski,
• Stefan Jurga and
• Feliks Stobiecki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 591–601, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.55

• , shape and oxidation state of MNPs, all of which influence the magnetic properties. The preparation of homogeneous MNPs often requires the use of hydrophobic stabilizers, such as oleic acid, which protect the material from environmental oxidation [37]. Interestingly, in several published articles iron

Electron interaction with copper(II) carboxylate compounds

• Michal Lacko,
• Peter Papp,
• Iwona B. Szymańska,
• Edward Szłyk and
• Štefan Matejčík

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 384–398, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.38

• -Cl-C6H4, C6F5) [33] and [Cu2(t-BuNH2)2(µ-O2CR)4] (R = CnF2n−1, n = 1–6) [34] investigated previously suggested that copper(II) easily changes its oxidation state to Cu(I) in the gas phase and the highest intensity was observed for the fragment Cu2(O2CR)+. On the other hand, copper(I) compounds

• contained three carboxylate ligands, Cu2L3A2+. Moreover, the ions Cu2L3A+ and Cu2L3A(NH2C2H3)+ were formed for R = Et or s-Bu, respectively. The presence of the following fragments: Cu2L+, CuA2+, CuA+ confirms that the copper oxidation state is reduced from two to one. For all three amine complexes similar

Electron-driven and thermal chemistry during water-assisted purification of platinum nanomaterials generated by electron beam induced deposition

• Ziyan Warneke,
• Markus Rohdenburg,
• Jonas Warneke,
• Janina Kopyra and
• Petra Swiderek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 77–90, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.10

• approximately to the baseline level (Figure 4). As shown previously [10], changes in oxidation state of Pt, loss of carbon, and the complete loss of the infrared CH stretching bands proceed on the same time scale as the decay of CH4 signals in ESD. Therefore, the complete decay of CH4 desorption appears to

The rational design of a Au(I) precursor for focused electron beam induced deposition

• Ali Marashdeh,
• Thiadrik Tiesma,
• Niels J. C. van Velzen,
• Sjoerd Harder,
• Remco W. A. Havenith,
• Jeff T. M. De Hosson and
• Willem F. van Dorp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2753–2765, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.274

• frequencies (below 2143 cm−1) it is suggested that the backbonding is more important than the C→metal donor bond. Early transition metals have a low electronegativity and therefore generally appear as d0-complexes with the metal atom in its highest oxidation state (e.g., Y(III), Ti(IV)). Consequently, there

• are no electrons available for backbonding and M–CO bonds are weak. There are hardly examples of CO complexes of group 3 and 4 metals of high oxidation state. Early transition metals that appear in a highly unstable low oxidation state, such as Ti(II), may form strong bonds to CO because the d

Synthesis of metal-fluoride nanoparticles supported on thermally reduced graphite oxide

• Alexa Schmitz,
• Kai Schütte,
• Vesko Ilievski,
• Juri Barthel,
• Laura Burk,
• Rolf Mülhaupt,
• Junpei Yue,
• Bernd Smarsly and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2474–2483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.247

• electron microscopy (TEM). X-ray photo electron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to determine the metal/fluoride ratio, as well as the metal oxidation state. The crystalline phase analysis was based on positively matching the experimental powder X-ray diffractograms (PXRDs) to metal-fluoride structures

Fabrication of CeO₂–MO_x (M = Cu, Co, Ni) composite yolk–shell nanospheres with enhanced catalytic properties for CO oxidation

• Ling Liu,
• Jingjing Shi,
• Hongxia Cao,
• Ruiyu Wang and
• Ziwu Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2425–2437, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.241

• ) and Co(III) in the CeO2–CoOx sample. It has been reported that the oxidation state of Co can be distinguished by the binding energy and the intensity of shake-up satellites of the Co 2p photo-peak. Generally, Co2+ shows two obvious shake-up satellites at around 785 and 802 eV, while pure Co3+ displays

The interplay between spin densities and magnetic superexchange interactions: case studies of mono- and trinuclear bis(oxamato)-type complexes

• Azar Aliabadi,
• Bernd Büchner,
• Vladislav Kataev and
• Tobias Rüffer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2245–2256, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.224

• adapted for the design of higher nuclear complexes that could potentially act as molecular magnetic capacitors [12], or we reported to which extent a ferrocene group in multinuclear bis(oxamato)-type complexes is suited to vary magnetic properties with respect to its oxidation state [13]. Among many

Vapor-based polymers: from films to nanostructures

• Meike Koenig and
• Joerg Lahann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2219–2220, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.221

• chemical vapor deposition [13]. A variation of the process parameters influences the quality of the deposited film as the oligomer content or the oxidation state. Another example of polymers with low solubility are fluoropolymers. Christian and Coclite investigated the deposition of fluoroacrylate polymer

Comprehensive investigation of the electronic excitation of W(CO)₆ by photoabsorption and theoretical analysis in the energy region from 3.9 to 10.8 eV

• Mónica Mendes,
• Khrystyna Regeta,
• Filipe Ferreira da Silva,
• Nykola C. Jones,
• Søren Vrønning Hoffmann,
• Gustavo García,
• Chantal Daniel and
• Paulo Limão-Vieira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2208–2218, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.220

• *-orbitals, which play a significant role in the stability of carbonyl complexes, and in particular for W(CO)6 where the tungsten oxidation state is zero. W(CO)6 is a precursor molecule used in electron beam induced deposition (EBID) to produce well-defined tungsten-containing nanostructures [21][22

Ta₂N₃ nanocrystals grown in Al₂O₃ thin layers

• Krešimir Salamon,
• Maja Buljan,
• Iva Šarić,
• Mladen Petravić and
• Sigrid Bernstorff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2162–2170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.215

• corresponds to the emission from Ta–N bonds, while the second doublet at BE of 26.6 and 28.5 eV corresponds to a higher oxidation state of tantalum, we assign it to the Ta–O bonds [32]. Furthermore, the Ta 4p and the N 1s photoemission (Figure S2 in Supporting Information File 1) imply the bonding of nitrogen

Group-13 and group-15 doping of germanane

• Nicholas D. Cultrara,
• Maxx Q. Arguilla,
• Shishi Jiang,
• Chuanchuan Sun,
• Michael R. Scudder,
• R. Dominic Ross and
• Joshua E. Goldberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1642–1648, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.164

• + oxidation state. For comparison, a Ge(111) wafer having surface oxide contains Ge 2p3/2 peaks at 1216.3 for Ge0, and peaks of oxidized Ge2+ to Ge4+, which range from 1218.2 to 1220.6 eV. Figure 4b shows the Ga 3d5/2 and Ge 3d5/2 XPS spectra for the 2.3% Ga:GeH crystals after exposure to ambient conditions

Oxidative chemical vapor deposition of polyaniline thin films

• Yuriy Y. Smolin,
• Masoud Soroush and
• Kenneth K. S. Lau

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1266–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.128

• , and varying the oxidant flowrate can directly influence the oxidation state of PANI. Changing the reactor pressure from 700 to 35 mTorr does not have a significant effect on the deposited film chemistry, indicating that the oCVD PANI process is not concentration dependent. This work shows that oCVD

• can be used for depositing PANI and for effectively controlling the chemical state of PANI. Keywords: conducting polymers; emeraldine oxidation state; oxidative chemical vapor deposition; polyaniline; thin film processing; Introduction Conducting polymers (CPs) have attracted considerable attention

• amine (N–C) and imine (N=C) units exist within the polymer chains. From the ratio of the 1577 to 1490 cm−1 peak intensities, it is possible to determine the oxidation state of the film [51]. For the as-deposited BC film, the ratio of the peak intensities is 1.77, which suggests that the deposited film

Characterization of ferrite nanoparticles for preparation of biocomposites

• Urszula Klekotka,
• Magdalena Rogowska,
• Dariusz Satuła and
• Beata Kalska-Szostko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1257–1265, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.127

• [6]. This explains why the stabilization of nanoparticles with active surface compounds is so important [7]. Well-determined or highly engineered surface modification can expand the usability of spontaneous features of nanomaterials (oxidation state, affinity to special compounds, etc

ZnO nanoparticles sensitized by CuInZn_xS_2+x quantum dots as highly efficient solar light driven photocatalysts

• Florian Donat,
• Serge Corbel,
• Halima Alem,
• Steve Pontvianne,
• Lavinia Balan,
• Ghouti Medjahdi and
• Raphaël Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1080–1093, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.110

• for the degradation of Orange II in the absence of salts (k = 0.022, 0.021 and 0.024 min−1 for reactions conducted in the presence of FeCl3, FeCl2 and ZnCl2, respectively). Noteworthy is also that metal cations in their lowest oxidation state (like Fe2+) do not trap holes (Fe2+ + h+ → Fe3+) and that

• metal cations in their highest oxidation state do not scavenge electrons (Fe3+ + e− → Fe2+) – contrary to results observed with many TiO2-based photocatalysts [49]. We suppose that this result originates from the heterojunction built between the ZnO and ZCIS materials, which improves charge transfer

Structural properties and thermal stability of cobalt- and chromium-doped α-MnO₂ nanorods

• Romana Cerc Korošec,
• Polona Umek,
• Alexandre Gloter,
• Jana Padežnik Gomilšek and
• Peter Bukovec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1032–1042, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.104

• octahedrons, leading to an average oxidation state of 3.9, which is common for 2 × 2 tunnel structures [6][7]. The numerous studies are based on the fact that this low-cost and environmentally friendly material possesses some excellent properties: conductivity, microporosity, and catalytic activity [1]. It

• produces materials with novel morphologies and enhanced catalytic properties [14][15]. The 2 × 2 tunnel structures, prepared by different methods, showed different thermal properties that depend on the average oxidation state of manganese, the type and content of cations situated in the tunnels, and also

• ). The measured spectra show no signs of radiation damage of the samples: subsequent spectra measured at the same spot are, except for the noise, identical to the first one. No change in the oxidation state or in the structure is detected. The summed spectra are used for further analysis. Figure 5 shows

Synthesis of coaxial nanotubes of polyaniline and poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) by oxidative/initiated chemical vapor deposition

• Alper Balkan,
• Efe Armagan and
• Gozde Ozaydin Ince

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 872–882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.89

• purity and controlled wall thickness. Furthermore, the oxidation state of PANI could be controlled by varying the oxidant flowrate for the purpose of achieving conductive emeraldine salt. The oCVD technique is based on step-growth polymerization where the polymerization takes place directly on the

Graphene functionalised by laser-ablated V₂O₅ for a highly sensitive NH₃ sensor

• Margus Kodu,
• Artjom Berholts,
• Tauno Kahro,
• Mati Kook,
• Peeter Ritslaid,
• Helina Seemen,
• Tea Avarmaa,
• Harry Alles and
• Raivo Jaaniso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 571–578, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.61

• oxidation state in vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) – a good oxygen transfer catalyst that is (thermally) stable in air and vacuum [7][8][9][10]. Therefore, we considered vanadium oxide as a promising material for functionalising a graphene sensor in order to increase its selectivity towards reducing pollutant

• . The oxidation state of vanadium was determined by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Figure 3 depicts the O 1s and V 2p regions in the XPS spectrum measured from the surface of the sample after the PLD process. Because the source was not monochromatic, the V 2p1/2 region is not usable

• ’ peaks and the suppression of the 2D peak in the Raman spectrum suggest that a high concentration of defects was introduced during the deposition. According to XPS, the deposited vanadium was in the state V5+, which is the highest stable oxidation state of this element. As a result, an enhancement in the

Impact of air exposure and annealing on the chemical and electronic properties of the surface of SnO₂ nanolayers deposited by rheotaxial growth and vacuum oxidation

• Monika Kwoka and
• Maciej Krzywiecki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 514–521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.55

• the corresponding Auger lines (marked with short vertical lines in Figure 4a) were determined by fitting with Gaussian curves. In general, a lower α indicates a lower electron density at the Sn atom, i.e., a higher oxidation state [31]. In our case the value of alpha changed from 919.14(15) eV in case

• of pristine samples to 918.73(15) eV for exposed samples. This meant a substantial increase of the oxidation state of the examined layers, which is consistent with the findings from XPS measurements. A change in the oxidation state of tin also led to a change in the relation between tin and oxygen

• alternative. The (O-Sn4+/O-Sn2+) ratio exhibited a stable tendency; i.e., each consecutive treatment was increasing the presence of higher oxidation states of the elements within the spectra. This confirmed the fact of additional vacuum oxidation of the RGVO SnO2 and indicated that the change of oxidation

Nanocrystalline TiO₂/SnO₂ heterostructures for gas sensing

• Barbara Lyson-Sypien,
• Anna Kusior,
• Mieczylaw Rekas,
• Jan Zukrowski,
• Marta Gajewska,
• Katarzyna Michalow-Mauke,
• Thomas Graule,
• Marta Radecka and
• Katarzyna Zakrzewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 108–122, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.12

• the range of 3–27 nm. Tin exhibits only the oxidation state 4+. The H2 detection threshold for the studied TiO2/SnO2 heterostructures is lower than 1 ppm especially in the case of SnO2-rich samples. The recovery time of SnO2-based heterostructures, despite their large responses over the whole

• heterostructures are well crystallized, anatase, rutile and cassiterite forms are present. Tin exhibits only the oxidation state 4+. 2) The detection threshold is below 1 ppm H2 for SnO2-rich heterostructures. 3) The addition of a small amount of SnO2 to TiO2 has a much more pronounced effect on the sensor

Hydrophilic silver nanoparticles with tunable optical properties: application for the detection of heavy metals in water

• Paolo Prosposito,
• Federico Mochi,
• Erica Ciotta,
• Mauro Casalboni,
• Fabio De Matteis,
• Iole Venditti,
• Laura Fontana,
• Giovanna Testa and
• Ilaria Fratoddi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1654–1661, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.157

• selective sensors for the detection of very low amounts of heavy metal ions from biological and environmental samples has greatly increased [26]. The metal-ion toxicity depends on their physical state, chemical form as well as the oxidation state. Many groups have studied fluorescent chemosensors with

Microwave synthesis of high-quality and uniform 4 nm ZnFe₂O₄ nanocrystals for application in energy storage and nanomagnetics

• Christian Suchomski,
• Ben Breitung,
• Ralf Witte,
• Michael Knapp,
• Sondes Bauer,
• Tilo Baumbach,
• Christian Reitz and
• Torsten Brezesinski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1350–1360, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.126

• transmission X-ray microscopy using a Carl Zeiss TXM and the corresponding data treatment steps are described elsewhere [25]. To determine the oxidation state of Fe, several different Fe-based compounds were measured and used as the references. The fitting of X-ray absorption near edge structure spectra is

• further insight into both the electrochemical reactions of ZFO with Li and the oxidation state of Fe, combined full-field transmission X-ray microscopy (TXM) and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy was conducted on “pristine” and pre-cycled nanoparticle electrodes at the NANO

Improved lithium-ion battery anode capacity with a network of easily fabricated spindle-like carbon nanofibers

• Mengting Liu,
• Wenhe Xie,
• Lili Gu,
• Tianfeng Qin,
• Xiaoyi Hou and
• Deyan He

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1289–1295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.120

• centered at 2.35 V may be ascribed to the re-oxidation of Mn2+ to a higher oxidation state through a new electrochemical reaction [4][7][27]. After the first cycle, the CV curves are well-overlapped, declaring a good electrochemical reversibility and structural stability of the electrode. These results are

• then increasing [4][8][23][28]. For this given system, this should be mainly due to the activation of the material, the formation of a higher oxidation state of Mn and the reversibility improvement for the conversion reaction. Figure 3c shows the rate capacity tested by the stepwise increase in the

Time-dependent growth of crystalline Au⁰-nanoparticles in cyanobacteria as self-reproducing bioreactors: 2. Anabaena cylindrica

• Liz M. Rösken,
• Felix Cappel,
• Susanne Körsten,
• Christian B. Fischer,
• Andreas Schönleber,
• Sander van Smaalen,
• Stefan Geimer,
• Christian Beresko,
• Georg Ankerhold and
• Stefan Wehner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 312–327, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.30

• that environmental parameters like pH [31][32][68][69][70], temperature [17][40], oxidation state of the metal atoms [71], concentration of metal ions [72] and counter ions [73] affect the morphology and size of the nanoparticles formed by various organisms. LIBS experiments have confirmed the

• concentration, see Figure 6b. Since LIBS utilizes the light from a micro-plasma generated by a laser beam on the sample’s surface, all information about the chemical state (oxidation state, neighborhood) in the sample (biomass) is lost, only the presence of specific elements can be proven. The amount of gold