Two-step single-reactor synthesis of oleic acid- or undecylenic acid-stabilized magnetic nanoparticles by thermal decomposition

• Mykhailo Nahorniak,
• Pamela Pasetto,
• Jean-Marc Greneche,
• Volodymyr Samaryk,
• Sandy Auguste,
• Anthony Rousseau,
• Nataliya Nosova and
• Serhii Varvarenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 11–22, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.2

• , wüstite), particularly nanosized particles, show distinct effects on living organisms. Thus, it is of primary importance for their biomedical applications that the morphology and phase-structural state of these materials are investigated. The aim of this work was to obtain magnetic nanoparticles in a

• , studying the morphology and phase composition of iron-oxide-based nanoparticles is a critical issue. Nevertheless, magnetite and maghemite particles remain the most commonly used nanoparticles in biomedical applications. However, it must be noted that magnetite nanoparticles undergo rapid oxidation in air

• 1-octadecene. The electron diffraction patterns (Figure 4) of the crystallographic planes present the Miller indexes as selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns and clearly correspond to a spinel phase, typical for both magnetite and maghemite. Moreover, the fact that the halos observed

Atmospheric water harvesting using functionalized carbon nanocones

• Fernanda R. Leivas and
• Marcia C. Barbosa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1–10, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.1

• ). Molecular dynamics simulations were performed using the LAMMPS [48] package using an NVT ensemble with a timestep of 0.1 fs. The TIP4P/2005 [49] water model was used since it provides a satisfactory description of self-diffusion coefficient [50], phase diagram, vapor–liquid equilibria [51][52], vapor

Observation of collective excitation of surface plasmon resonances in large Josephson junction arrays

• Roger Cattaneo,
• Mikhail A. Galin and
• Vladimir M. Krasnov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1578–1588, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.132

• , the standing wave imprints its order on the array, facilitating mutual phase-locking of junctions. This provides an indirect coupling mechanism, allowing for the synchronization of junctions, which do not directly interact with each other. Our results demonstrate that electrodes can effectively work

• as a common external resonator, facilitating long-range phase-locking of large junction arrays with sizes larger than the emitted wavelength. Keywords: cavity modes; Josephson junctions; synchronization mechanism; THz radiation; Introduction Terahertz sources of electromagnetic waves (EMWs) in the

• due to the presence of long-range stray fields [28]. Indirect coupling is caused by interaction of JJs with a common external resonator [7][8][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]. The resonator imprints the phase order onto the junction array and, thus, can synchronize JJs without direct interjunction

From a free electron gas to confined states: A mixed island of PTCDA and copper phthalocyanine on Ag(111)

• Alfred J. Weymouth,
• Emily Roche and
• Franz J. Giessibl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1572–1577, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.131

• 0.5 ± 0.1 ML of CuPc are required to form mixed islands of CuPc and PTCDA [16]. Within these conditions, there can be different stoichiometries within the mixed islands, including a phase with a 1:1 ratio of PTCDA to CuPc within the unit cell, called the PC phase, and a phase with a 2:1 ratio of PTCDA

• to CuPc within each unit cell, called the P2C phase [16]. A STM and AFM investigation of single CuPc and PTCDA molecules on a thin insulating layer interestingly showed little change of the dI/dV spectra (features shifted, but were preserved) or of the corresponding dI/dV images when the two

• molecules were close to each other implying little direct interaction [17]. Stadtmüller et al. extensively studied the P2C phase with STM, dI/dV measurements, and DFT calculations [18]. They showed that while an isolated CuPc molecule on Ag(111) has a level that is half-filled, this level shifts above the

Utilizing the surface potential of a solid electrolyte region as the potential reference in Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Nobuyuki Ishida

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1558–1563, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.129

• electrolyte sample was a Li-ion conducting glass ceramic purchased from OHARA Inc. (LICGCTM AG-01) [20]. The size and thickness of the substrate were 25.4 mm × 25.4 mm and 150 μm, respectively. The main crystalline phase was Li1+x+yAlx(Ti,Ge)2−xSiyP3−yO12 [20]. The substrate was cut into pieces of

Induced electric conductivity in organic polymers

• Konstantin Y. Arutyunov,
• Anatoli S. Gurski,
• Vladimir V. Artemov,
• Alexander L. Vasiliev,
• Azat R. Yusupov,
• Danfis D. Karamov and
• Alexei N. Lachinov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1551–1557, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.128

• characteristics of each lead electrode separately. To measure differential characteristics dI/dV(V), modulation technique and phase-sensitive lock-in detection were used. To suppress the negative effect of stray electromagnetic pickups, a multistage RLC filter system was used [17]. While R(T) measurements at

• cryogenic temperatures, the current value from 0.1 to 100 μA was chosen so that its increase by an order of magnitude would not lead to a noticeable shift in the temperature of the superconducting phase transition. All experiments were carried out in a 4He direct pumped cryostat. The semiconducting

• the same sample coincided with an accuracy of several mK. An analysis was made of the degradation of samples over time. The difference between two measurements of the same sample was 3 months, while the shift in the beginning of the phase transition was minimal δТс ≈ 0.01 K. It has been established

Photoelectrochemical water oxidation over TiO₂ nanotubes modified with MoS₂ and g-C₃N₄

• Phuong Hoang Nguyen,
• Thi Minh Cao,
• Tho Truong Nguyen,
• Hien Duy Tong and
• Viet Van Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1541–1550, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.127

• of materials The morphology, the phase, and the vibrational characteristics of the surface functional groups of the materials were observed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Diffuse reflectance

• °, 40.24°, and 59.25°, corresponding to the (002), (100), (103), and (110) planes, respectively, of the 2H phase of MoS2 [JCPDS No. 37-1492]. The pristine g-C3N4 shows two distinct characteristic peaks at 2θ = 12.9° and 27.45°, assigned to the (100) and (002) planes, respectively [43][44]. The XRD

• the MoS2 phase in the composite from the XRD pattern of MoS2/TNAs. The (002) plane indicates the multilayer structure of MoS2 materials, the (001) plane indicates a monolayer structure of MoS2 [37][46]. Therefore, the disappearing (002) reflection and the remaining (001) reflection show that the

Non-stoichiometric magnetite as catalyst for the photocatalytic degradation of phenol and 2,6-dibromo-4-methylphenol – a new approach in water treatment

• Joanna Kisała,
• Anna Tomaszewska and
• Przemysław Kolek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1531–1540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.126

• previous publication of ours [19]. The absorption spectra of the catalysts showed noticeable differences (Figure 1b). Using the absorption spectra, the electron gap energies for M1 and M2 were determined to be 0.11 V and 1.75 V, respectively (Table 1) [20]. Phase identification of the magnetite structure

• C18 H, with precolumn). The analysis conditions were as follows: mobile phase: 70% acetonitrile and 30% water; flow rate: 1.0 cm3·min−1; injection volume: 20 × 10−3 cm3; absorbance detection: 270 and 310 nm for PhOH and DBMP, respectively. External standards of seven concentration levels ranging from

A TiO₂@MWCNTs nanocomposite photoanode for solar-driven water splitting

• Anh Quynh Huu Le,
• Ngoc Nhu Thi Nguyen,
• Hai Duy Tran,
• Van-Huy Nguyen and
• Le-Hai Tran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1520–1530, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.125

• g of MWCNTs are added to 25 mL of TiCl4 in a glass beaker under an inert atmosphere. Following, MWCNTs are dispersed in TiCl4 under ultrasound for 15 min. After that, an excessive amount of deionized water is slowly dropped into the mixture. Then, the obtained solid phase is filtered and washed with

• MWCNTs and TiO2@MWCNTs, which could result from the catalyzed synthesis of MWCNTs [14]. Raman spectroscopy is applied for phase characterization of MWCNTs and TiO2@MWCNTS, as shown in Figure 5. The peaks at 178, 424, and 609 cm−1 are characteristic of the TiO2 phase in the TiO2@MWCNTs catalyst [21]. In

• longer wavelength [26]. Accordingly, the low bandgap of TiO2@MWCNTs indicates improved visible-light absorption. XRD analysis is performed to confirm the crystalline structure and phase composition of TiO2, MWCNTs, and the TiO2@MWCNTs nanocomposite as described in Figure 7. Diffraction peaks at 26.1° and

Hydroxyapatite–bioglass nanocomposites: Structural, mechanical, and biological aspects

• Olga Shikimaka,
• Mihaela Bivol,
• Bogdan A. Sava,
• Marius Dumitru,
• Christu Tardei,
• Beatrice G. Sbarcea,
• Daria Grabco,
• Constantin Pyrtsac,
• Daria Topal,
• Andrian Prisacaru,
• Vitalie Cobzac and
• Viorel Nacu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1490–1504, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.123

• microstructural characteristics, such as micromorphology of the obtained materials and the qualitative and quantitative distribution of the granular phase and pores, SEM analysis of the sintered materials was performed using a Zeiss Auriga FESEM-FIB electron microscope. For SEM analysis, the samples underwent a

• 1150 1200, and 1250 °C (Figure 1a). For HAP composites with the same 5% BG, peaks for HA and TCP are present for three of four sintering temperatures, except Ts = 1250 °C, for which only the TCP phase was measured, indicating that HA fully decomposes into TCP during sintering (Figure 1b). The

• composition.Moreover, the obtained results demonstrated that among the composites with 5% of BG the HAG-based ones are more stable against increasing sintering temperatures in comparison with HAP-based ones. The HA phase is maintained for HAG-5BG-1250, in contrast to HAP-5BG-1250, which contains only TCP phase. The

Structural studies and selected physical investigations of LiCoO₂ obtained by combustion synthesis

• Monika Michalska,
• Paweł Ławniczak,
• Tomasz Strachowski,
• Adam Ostrowski and
• Waldemar Bednarski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1473–1482, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.121

• decreases, and, hence, the size of the crystallites increases. XRD analysis showed that phase-pure LiCoO2 material was maintained without additional phases. EPR studies revealed the presence of two Ni3+ complexes resulting from Ni impurities. The electrical properties of the studied LiCoO2 samples were

• by the phase transition from a hexagonal structure to a monoclinic structure, which occurs during cathode charging at a potential of approximately 4.2 V [5][6][7][8][9]. A decrease in capacity (approx. 50%) is observed during the cycling charging–discharging processes, caused by the dissolution of

• combustion solution synthesis (CSS) to obtain a single-phase nanocrystalline lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2, LCO) with layered structure. We investigated the relationships between the heating temperature and (i) structural parameters (crystallite sizes, lattice parameters, and volume cells) by using XRD

Coherent amplification of radiation from two phase-locked Josephson junction arrays

• Mikhail A. Galin,
• Vladimir M. Krasnov,
• Ilya A. Shereshevsky,
• Nadezhda K. Vdovicheva and
• Vladislav V. Kurin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1445–1457, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.119

• .13.119 Abstract We analyze experimentally and theoretically mutual phase locking and electromagnetic interaction between two linear arrays with a large number of Josephson junctions. Arrays with different separation, either on the same chip or on two separate substrates are studied. We observe a large

• coherent gain, up to a factor of three, of emitted power from two simultaneously biased arrays, compared to the sum of powers from two individually biased arrays. The phenomenon is attributed to the phase locking of junctions in different arrays via a common electromagnetic field. Remarkably, the gain can

• exceed the factor of two expected for a simple constructive interference of two oscillators. The larger gain is explained by an additional consequence of mutual interaction between two large arrays. Mutual phase locking of large arrays does not only result in constructive interference outside the arrays

Density of states in the presence of spin-dependent scattering in SF bilayers: a numerical and analytical approach

• Tairzhan Karabassov,
• Valeriia D. Pashkovskaia,
• Nikita A. Parkhomenko,
• Anastasia V. Guravova,
• Elena A. Kazakova,
• Boris G. Lvov,
• Alexander A. Golubov and
• Andrey S. Vasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1418–1431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.117

• junctions. We do not consider any additional effects in the SF boundary such as spin-dependent interfacial phase shifts (SDIPS). The effect of SDIPS on the DOS behavior in SFIFS junctions has been studied both analytically [86] and numerically [87]. The paper is organized as follows. In the section (“Model

Double-layer symmetric gratings with bound states in the continuum for dual-band high-Q optical sensing

• Chaoying Shi,
• Jinhua Hu,
• Xiuhong Liu,
• Junfang Liang,
• Jijun Zhao,
• Haiyan Han and
• Qiaofen Zhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1408–1417, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.116

• BIC (FP-BIC) can be excited by varying the distance of the same grating ridge on the surface of a single-mode dielectric slab waveguide [33]. Generally speaking, an FP-BIC can be formed when the spacing between two resonances is changed so that the sum of the round-trip phase shifts is an integer

• γ0 are the resonant frequency and radiation rate of the single grating resonance, respectively, and ψ is the propagation phase shift between the two resonators, satisfying the relation ψ = kh, where k is the transverse wave number. Then the two complex eigenfrequencies of H can be solved from

• Equation 3: Tuning the cavity length h, when the round-trip phase shift is 2mπ (m = 0, 1, 2, …), the complex eigenfrequency of one mode in Equation 4 is ω0 ± κ – 2iγ with twice as much radiation loss as before. And the complex eigenfrequency of the other mode is ω0 ± κ with a pure real number, which

Orally administered docetaxel-loaded chitosan-decorated cationic PLGA nanoparticles for intestinal tumors: formulation, comprehensive in vitro characterization, and release kinetics

• Sedat Ünal,
• Osman Doğan and
• Yeşim Aktaş

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1393–1407, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.115

• method, the organic and aqueous phase were prepared separately. First, the organic phase was prepared by dissolving 2% (w/v) PLGA and 20 mg docetaxel in 10 mL ethyl acetate. 25 mL of aqueous phase was prepared by dissolving the non-ionic surfactant PVA at a concentration of 2% and CS at a concentration

• of 0.2% [77]. The organic phase was added to the aqueous phase on a magnetic stirrer at 550 rpm. The resulting o/w emulsion was sonicated on an ice bath with an ultrasonic probe at 25% power for 1 min (four times at 10 s intervals), and PLGA nanoparticles were obtained. The nanoparticles were stirred

• continuously for 24 h with a magnetic stirrer and the organic phase was evaporated. Then the PLGA nanoparticles were precipitated by centrifugation at 10000 rpm for 45 min and washed four times with distilled water. DCX-PLGA NPs pellets were suspended in 2 mL of solution containing 5% (w/w) mannitol, frozen at

LED-light-activated photocatalytic performance of metal-free carbon-modified hexagonal boron nitride towards degradation of methylene blue and phenol

• Nirmalendu S. Mishra and
• Pichiah Saravanan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1380–1392, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.114

• plots) and charge trapping analysis confirmed the dominance of e−, O2−•, and •OH as dominant reactive oxygen species. The carbon modification could effectively remove 93.83% of methylene blue (MB, 20 ppm solution) and 48.56% of phenol (10 ppm solution) from the aqueous phase in comparison to HBN which

• -responsive material with improved charge carrier density (2.97 × 1019 cm−3). The LED light harvesting properties were analysed through various established characterization techniques and the photocatalysis was verified by eliminating the aqueous phase methylene blue (MB: 93.83%) and phenol (48.56%) moieties

• the presence of 0.05 M H2O2. The photocatalysis process followed a pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics with a rate constant (K) of 0.016 min−1 (for the aqueous phase MB) and 0.0204 min−1 (for the aqueous phase MB in the presence of H2O2) with a TOC removal of 54.55% and 70%, respectively. On the

Recent trends in Bi-based nanomaterials: challenges, fabrication, enhancement techniques, and environmental applications

• Vishal Dutta,
• Ankush Chauhan,
• Ritesh Verma,
• C. Gopalkrishnan and
• Van-Huy Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1316–1336, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.109

• , Huang et al. reported that BiOI microspheres served as self-sacrificing templates for in situ phase transformation and formation of phase junctions [81]. Different bismuth oxyiodides were formed as a result of this. Hierarchical BiOI, Bi4O5I2, Bi4O5I2–Bi5O7I phase-junction, and Bi5O7I may be synthesized

Studies of probe tip materials by atomic force microscopy: a review

• Ke Xu and
• Yuzhe Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1256–1267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.104

• coupling another specific H1N1 oligonucleotide fragment using magnetic microspheres as solid-phase support; both were bound to the target DNA (exact match DNA) to form a colorless nucleic acid probe. The two are combined with the target DNA (exact match DNA) to form a colorless capture probe-target DNA

A super-oscillatory step-zoom metalens for visible light

• Yi Zhou,
• Chao Yan,
• Peng Tian,
• Zhu Li,
• Yu He,
• Bin Fan,
• Zhiyong Wang,
• Yao Deng and
• Dongliang Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1220–1227, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.101

• years, the super-oscillation method based on the fine interference of optical fields has been successfully applied to sub-diffraction focusing and super-resolution imaging. However, most previously reported works only describe static super-oscillatory lenses. Super-oscillatory lenses using phase-change

• materials still have issues regarding dynamic tunability and inflexibility. Therefore, it is vital to develop a flexible and tunable modulation approach for super-oscillatory lenses. In this paper, we propose a super-oscillatory step-zoom lens based on the geometric phase principle, which can switch between

• tool for label-free super-resolution microscopic imaging and optical precision machining. Keywords: geometric phase; phase-change material; step-zoom lens; super-oscillatory; Introduction Due to the diffraction limit, conventional optical imaging systems are unable to surpass a theoretical resolution

Design of surface nanostructures for chirality sensing based on quartz crystal microbalance

• Yinglin Ma,
• Xiangyun Xiao and
• Qingmin Ji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1201–1219, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.100

• , Xu et al. studied real-time chiral recognition of CD films to isomers in the gas phase [69]. Based on atomic force microscopy (AFM) observations, functional β-CDs with a short sulfide group were inclined to form monolayers. In contrast, those with long sulfide groups produced a quasi-two-layer

• the complexation process of various chiral calix[4]arenes derivatives with gas-phase R/S-1-phenethylamine [78]. They proved that due to the acid–base interaction, only derivatives with acid could bind well with chiral amines. The other derivatives with esters, amides, and alcohols showed low

• chiral receptor for gas-phase detection of chiral compounds (Figure 7) [88]. The gold surface of the electrode was first modified with trans-1,2-dithiane-4,5-diol, then a monolayer of [Co2(porphyrin diad)] complex with the porphyrin rings oriented in an almost perpendicular fashion to the surface was

Application of nanoarchitectonics in moist-electric generation

• Jia-Cheng Feng and
• Hong Xia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1185–1200, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.99

• . A phase-engineered flexible MoS2 nanosheet generator is worth mentioning. Through annealing at 150 °C, the 1T phase of MoS2 is changed to the 2H phase. The 2H phase can dissociate more water molecules into hydrogen ions than the 1T phase (Figure 4d,e). Thus, the different phases yield a difference

• self-powered generators driven by natural water evaporation“, article no. 104502, Copyright Elsevier (2020). This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0. (d) A cross-sectional SEM image of the phase-engineered MoS2 film with a film thickness of 4.6 µm. (e) The adsorption and desorption process of ions

• under the phase gradient of MoS2. Figure 4d and 4e were reprinted from [50]. This article was published in Nano Energy, vol. 81, by D. He; Y. Yang; Y. Zhou; J. Wan; H. Wang; X. Fan; Q. Li; H. Huang, “Electricity generation from phase-engineered flexible MoS2 nanosheets under moisture“, article no

Nonlinear features of the superconductor–ferromagnet–superconductor φ₀ Josephson junction in the ferromagnetic resonance region

• Aliasghar Janalizadeh,
• Ilhom R. Rahmonov,
• Sara A. Abdelmoneim,
• Yury M. Shukrinov and
• Mohammad R. Kolahchi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1155–1166, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.97

• different approximations. Finally, we demonstrate the negative differential resistance in the I–V characteristics and its correlation with the fold-over effect. Keywords: Duffing oscillator; Josephson junction; Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equation; Introduction The coupling of the superconducting phase

• pulse through the φ0 junction [3][9][10][11][12][13]. There are two features of Josephson junctions that come into play in our study. The first one is the broken inversion symmetry in the weak link of the Josephson junction when the link is magnetic, which introduces an extra phase in the current–phase

• ] that we study is shown in Figure 1. The current–phase relation in the φ0 junction has the form Is = Icsin(φ − φ0), where φ0 = rMy/M0, My denotes the component of magnetic moment in the direction and M0 is the modulus of the magnetization. The physics of φ0 Josephson juncton is determined by a system

Rapid fabrication of MgO@g-C₃N₄ heterojunctions for photocatalytic nitric oxide removal

• Minh-Thuan Pham,
• Duyen P. H. Tran,
• Xuan-Thanh Bui and
• Sheng-Jie You

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1141–1154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.96

• properties of the materials. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) were used to assess the morphology of the materials. The crystal phase of the materials was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) with a measurement range of 10°–80°. Fourier

A cantilever-based, ultrahigh-vacuum, low-temperature scanning probe instrument for multidimensional scanning force microscopy

• Hao Liu,
• Zuned Ahmed,
• Sasa Vranjkovic,
• Manfred Parschau,
• Andrada-Oana Mandru and
• Hans J. Hug

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1120–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.95

• macroscopic wire tip to the free prong. Compared to the typically used microscopic AFM cantilevers, the tuning fork sensor has a rather high stiffness, k ≈ 2 kN/m. This facilitates AFM operation with small oscillation amplitudes (A < 100 pm) because a snap-to-contact or instabilities of the phase-locked loop

• oscillation modes can become challenging when other resonances arising from the mechanical setup of the cantilever holder with its excitation piezo are located close to the cantilever resonance. Figure 8b,c shows the measured amplitude and phase of the second flexural cantilever resonance excited mechanically

• , such that only the interference of the 785 nm laser light is used to map the cantilever deflection. For the specific cantilever, the dependence of amplitude and phase on the excitation frequency expected for a harmonic oscillator becomes disturbed significantly by a nearby mechanical resonance of the

Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles toward highly efficient photocatalysis and antibacterial application

• Vo Thi Thu Nhu,
• Nguyen Duy Dat,
• Le-Minh Tam and
• Nguyen Hoang Phuong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1108–1119, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.94

• , Vietnam 10.3762/bjnano.13.94 Abstract Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were successfully synthesized by a green method using rosin and zinc chloride as salt precursors. The phase structure, morphology, and particle size of ZnO were determined by X-ray powder diffraction, field emission scanning

• reactions that form zinc resinate are shown in Equation 1 and Equation 2. The schematic illustration of the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles is shown in Figure 1. Methods for determining the characterization of the synthesized material The phase of the synthesized material was determined by X-ray diffraction

• exothermic peak at 570.54 °C, revealing that the decomposition of organic compounds continues and the oxidation of Zn to form the ZnO crystalline phase occurs completely. From there, the organic matter in the zinc resinate begins to decompose at 300 °C. At a temperature of about 600 °C, the organic matter is