Beilstein J. Nanotechnol.2018,9, 2087–2096, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.197
theoretical and material design perspective.
Keywords: hybrid heterojunctions; hybrid photovoltaic; Kelvin probe force microscopy; photoconductive-AFM; photo-KPFM; poly(3-hexylthiophene); TiO2; Introduction
Over the past decades, a large range of photovoltaic (PV) technologies have been developed for the
photoconductive-AFM (PC-AFM) and photo-assisted Kelvin probe force microscopy (photo-KPFM) to follow the photovoltaic response, i.e., photocurrent and photovoltage, respectively, at the nanoscale under illumination, in order to understand the local physical processes taking place during the photoconversion of
interspacing being sufficient for the polymer infiltration.
The photo-KPFM measurements were carried out in a UHV (<10−10 Torr) instrument composed of an Omicron Nanotechnology VT-AFM system with a Nanonis controller. The KPFM electrical excitation used a frequency ωKPFM/2π of 958 Hz, with a VAC amplitude of
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Figure 1:
(a–c) Schematic representation of the TiO2/P3HT-COOH HHJ preparation. (d) 2 × 2 µm2 TM-AFM height i...