Relationships between chemical structure, mechanical properties and materials processing in nanopatterned organosilicate fins

• Gheorghe Stan,
• Richard S. Gates,
• Qichi Hu,
• Kevin Kjoller,
• Craig Prater,
• Kanwal Jit Singh,
• Ebony Mays and
• Sean W. King

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 863–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.88

• state-of-the-art metal interconnect structure. This process flow specifically consisted of plasma cleaning, physical vapor deposition (PVD), chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) and wet chemical cleaning steps that have all shown the potential to remove terminal organic groups from the matrix of

The longstanding challenge of the nanocrystallization of 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)

• Florent Pessina and
• Denis Spitzer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 452–466, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.49

• quantification by Rietveld or full pattern matching methods would have been useful to follow the conversion with time. Dry production methods Physical vapor deposition (PVD) In 2002, Frolov and Pivkina first reported on a vacuum condensation process for high energetic materials [38][39][40]. The vacuum

• quartz substrate and pressing into tablets). Mil’chenko et al. [41] delved further in the physical vapor deposition (PVD) process with the deposition of 2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TATB), HMX, RDX, PETN and BTF as thin layers on several substrates such as plexiglas and copper while changing

Fabrication of black-gold coatings by glancing angle deposition with sputtering

• Alan Vitrey,
• Rafael Alvarez,
• Alberto Palmero,
• María Ujué González and
• José Miguel García-Martín

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 434–439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.46

• method to produce black-metal coatings in the visible range is of the utmost importance for some of the abovementioned applications that require conducting behavior. Physical vapor deposition (PVD) techniques are used to manufacture high-purity thin-film coatings in an environmentally friendly manner (no

Role of oxygen in wetting of copper nanoparticles on silicon surfaces at elevated temperature

• Tapas Ghosh and
• Biswarup Satpati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 425–433, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.45

• of CuO nanostructures on Si surfaces. There are several techniques such as physical vapor deposition (PVD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), electroplating, etc., that can be used to create Cu films. For the PVD and CVD techniques, high vacuum is required, which takes enormous effort and also

Sub-nanosecond light-pulse generation with waveguide-coupled carbon nanotube transducers

• Felix Pyatkov,
• Svetlana Khasminskaya,
• Vadim Kovalyuk,
• Frank Hennrich,
• Manfred M. Kappes,
• Gregory N. Goltsman,
• Wolfram H. P. Pernice and
• Ralph Krupke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 38–44, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.5

• electron beam lithography on top of Si3N4/SiO2/Si substrate. Au/Cr contacts were produced by physical vapor deposition, and 600 nm wide, half-etched Si3N4-waveguides were formed with reactive ion etching. A typical sample contains tens of contact pairs and CNTs that were placed in between using

Nanostructured SnO₂–ZnO composite gas sensors for selective detection of carbon monoxide

• Paul Chesler,
• Cristian Hornoiu,
• Susana Mihaiu,
• Cristina Vladut,
• Jose Maria Calderon Moreno,
• Mihai Anastasescu,
• Carmen Moldovan,
• Bogdan Firtat,
• Costin Brasoveanu,
• George Muscalu,
• Ion Stan and
• Mariuca Gartner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2045–2056, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.195

• ]. However, the addition of another oxide component described in these papers involves complicated and expensive vapor preparation techniques (e.g., chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or physical vapor deposition (PVD), ion-beam or laser-assisted techniques, spray pyrolysis), expensive dedicated equipment (e.g

Nanostructured TiO₂-based gas sensors with enhanced sensitivity to reducing gases

• Wojciech Maziarz,
• Anna Kusior and
• Anita Trenczek-Zajac

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1718–1726, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.164

• stoichiometry of the oxygen-to-titanium content ratio play a major role in the electrical properties of TiO2 [17]. Different ways in which TiO2 can be prepared include sol–gel process [18][19][20], flame spray synthesis [21], hydrothermal process [22], electrospinning methods [23], chemical and physical vapor

• deposition [24][25], and thermal, chemical, and electrochemical (anodization) oxidation [26][27][28][29]. Thermal and chemical oxidation seem to be the easiest to perform, the least expensive, and have interlaboratory reproducibility as an additional advantage. TiO2 is obtained mainly in form of thin film

Dealloying of gold–copper alloy nanowires: From hillocks to ring-shaped nanopores

• Adrien Chauvin,
• Cyril Delacôte,
• Mohammed Boujtita,
• Benoit Angleraud,
• Junjun Ding,
• Chang-Hwan Choi,
• Pierre-Yves Tessier and
• Abdel-Aziz El Mel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1361–1367, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.127

• nanofabrication approaches, which allows for producing nanostructures with complex shapes and morphologies not possible to achieve using classical routes [1]. Physical vapor deposition (PVD) is a very simple and efficient process usually used for the growth of thin films finding application in a wide range of

Voltammetric determination of polyphenolic content in pomegranate juice using a poly(gallic acid)/multiwalled carbon nanotube modified electrode

• Refat Abdel-Hamid and
• Emad F. Newair

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1104–1112, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.103

• a JOEL scanning electron microscope (JSM T200, Japan) with an electron beam energy of 30 kV. For this purpose, a thin layer of gold (50 Å) was deposited using physical vapor deposition. The pH measurements were performed using a bench top pH meter (HI 2210, HANNA Instruments, Romania) with a

A single-source precursor route to anisotropic halogen-doped zinc oxide particles as a promising candidate for new transparent conducting oxide materials

• Daniela Lehr,
• Markus R. Wagner,
• Johanna Flock,
• Julian S. Reparaz,
• Clivia M. Sotomayor Torres,
• Alexander Klaiber,
• Thomas Dekorsy and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2161–2172, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.222

• physical vapor deposition and sputtering have been proven to be a good technique for the preparation of thin films of E@ZnO on different substrates [31][32][33][34]. Despite some inherent advantages such as good crystallinity of the materials, some drawbacks of the mentioned physical methods are that they

Peptide-equipped tobacco mosaic virus templates for selective and controllable biomineral deposition

• Klara Altintoprak,
• Axel Seidenstücker,
• Alexander Welle,
• Sabine Eiben,
• Petia Atanasova,
• Nina Stitz,
• Alfred Plettl,
• Joachim Bill,
• Hartmut Gliemann,
• Holger Jeske,
• Dirk Rothenstein,
• Fania Geiger and
• Christina Wege

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1399–1412, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.145

• 30 nm thick gold layer by physical vapor deposition (PVD; Varian NRC 836, Palo Alto, California, U.S.A.). All samples used for mineralization analysis were found to be free of Si and silicon oil contamination, which could potentially interfere with the analysis. 10 µL of a 1:250 diluted solution of

Polymer blend lithography for metal films: large-area patterning with over 1 billion holes/inch²

• Cheng Huang,
• Alexander Förste,
• Stefan Walheim and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1205–1211, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.123

• applications [23]. The surface of the metal can be selectively modified with molecules such as thiols and used for immobilization of biomaterials [33]. The perforated metal films, which can be fabricated on large areas based on spin-coating and physical vapor deposition (PVD), have the potential to be used as

Exploring plasmonic coupling in hole-cap arrays

• Thomas M. Schmidt,
• Maj Frederiksen,
• Vladimir Bochenkov and
• Duncan S. Sutherland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1–10, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.1

• masks were modified by evaporation of a thin film of gold (between 10–40 nm in thickness) utilizing a homebuilt system for Electron Beam stimulated Physical Vapor Deposition, EB-PVD, (2 kV e-gun, base pressure 1 × 10−7 Torr, deposition rate of 0.1–0.4 nm/s) to generate cap/hole arrays. The cap and hole

On the structure of grain/interphase boundaries and interfaces

• K. Anantha Padmanabhan and
• Herbert Gleiter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1603–1615, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.172

• . The processing route seems to be important: Metallic nano-glasses are made by using physical vapor deposition or sputtering, while polymeric nano-glasses are made by using vapor deposition or laser-assisted vapor deposition. In polymeric nano-glasses there is also some evidence that the substrate

Purification of ethanol for highly sensitive self-assembly experiments

• Kathrin Barbe,
• Martin Kind,
• Christian Pfeiffer and
• Andreas Terfort

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1254–1260, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.139

• , this procedure had to be carried out a second time using freshly regenerated zeolite-supported Au-NPs to obtain fully purified solvent. Thin film sensors for chemisorption measurements Following the protocol of Bohn et al. [29][32], thin gold films were produced by physical vapor deposition of gold

Electron-beam induced deposition and autocatalytic decomposition of Co(CO)₃NO

• Florian Vollnhals,
• Martin Drost,
• Fan Tu,
• Esther Carrasco,
• Andreas Späth,
• Rainer H. Fink,
• Hans-Peter Steinrück and
• Hubertus Marbach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1175–1185, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.129

• (0.2 C/cm2) and autocatalytic growth with Co(CO)3NO are presented for different growth times. The left panel (a) shows an overview of the Co L2/3 region; the right panel (b) an enlargement of the L3 region along with the spectrum of a layer of pure cobalt (grey) that was produced by physical vapor

• deposition (PVD). The comparison of the Co peak positions (maxima) of the metallic cobalt film prepared by PVD (779.9 eV, Co0) and the structures prepared by EBID plus autocatalytic growth (780.4 eV) reveals a chemical shift of approx. 0.5 eV, which is indicative of cobalt in an oxidized state ([29] and

Gas sensing with gold-decorated vertically aligned carbon nanotubes

• Prasantha R. Mudimela,
• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Oriol González-León,
• Nicolas Reckinger,
• Rony Snyders,
• Eduard Llobet,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Jean-François Colomer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 910–918, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.104

• was taken out from the reactor. The detailed synthesis was reported in [23]. Formation of gold nanoparticles Gold nanoparticles were prepared by the physical vapor deposition (PVD) technique. This method is well-known to synthesize nanoparticles based on the aggregation of free atoms generated in the

Fullerenes as adhesive layers for mechanical peeling of metallic, molecular and polymer thin films

• Maria B. Wieland,
• Anna G. Slater,
• Barry Mangham,
• Neil R. Champness and
• Peter H. Beton

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 394–401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.46

• sublimation of organic thin films and house the STM has a base pressure of 10−10 mbar. Commercially supplied (111) terminated gold films on mica (Georg Albert, Physical Vapor Deposition) are used as substrates and prepared via Ar-sputtering for 30 min at 0.8 keV and 10−5 mbar Ar-pressure, followed by

Fabrication of carbon nanomembranes by helium ion beam lithography

• Xianghui Zhang,
• Henning Vieker,
• André Beyer and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 188–194, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.20

• epitaxially grown on a mica substrate (Georg Albert Physical Vapor Deposition, Germany). The substrate was cleaned with a UV/ozone cleaner (UVOH 150 LAB FHR) for 5 min, rinsed with ethanol, and then blown dry under a nitrogen stream. Afterwards the substrates were immersed into 10 mL of a solution of dry and

Functionalization of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes

• Eloise Van Hooijdonk,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Rony Snyders and
• Jean-François Colomer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 129–152, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.14

• the double-step synthesis, firstly catalytic nanoparticles with controlled size and distribution are prepared, and then the growth of CNTs is performed. The nanoparticles can be obtained by physical methods (for example, Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD)) or chemical methods by using precursor solutions

Catalytic activity of nanostructured Au: Scale effects versus bimetallic/bifunctional effects in low-temperature CO oxidation on nanoporous Au

• Lu-Cun Wang,
• Yi Zhong,
• Haijun Jin,
• Daniel Widmann,
• Jörg Weissmüller and
• R. Jürgen Behm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 111–128, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.13

• fresh sample exhibits a single sharp desorption peak with a maximum at 275 °C, equal to that on the NPG(Ag)-4 catalyst (see Figure 7a). Vacuum-annealing-induced reduction of fully oxidized copper films (2 nm thick, grown by physical vapor deposition) has shown that CuO started to form Cu2O at around 200

Plasmonics-based detection of H₂ and CO: discrimination between reducing gases facilitated by material control

• Gnanaprakash Dharmalingam,
• Nicholas A. Joy,
• Benjamin Grisafe and
• Michael A. Carpenter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 712–721, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.81

• fabricated through layer-by-layer physical vapor deposition (PVD). The change in the peak position of the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) was monitored as a function of time and gas concentration. The responses of the films were preferential towards H2, as observed from the results of exposing the

• sensors for turbine engines, solid-oxide fuel cells, and other high-temperature applications. Keywords: hydrogen detection; nanocomposites gold nanoparticles; optical sensor; plasmonics; physical vapor deposition; surface plasmon resonance; Introduction Sensors based on surface plasmon resonance have

• determined by statistical algorithms that show the greatest selective detection of the target analytes. In the current work, a Au–YSZ film has been fabricated through a layer-by-layer physical vapor deposition (PVD) procedure, and the response of the film to H2, CO and NO2 at 500 °C has been monitored by

Mechanical characterization of carbon nanomembranes from self-assembled monolayers

• Xianghui Zhang,
• André Beyer and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 826–833, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.92

• epitaxially grown on a mica substrate (Georg Albert Physical Vapor Deposition). The substrate was cleaned with a UV/ozone cleaner (UVOH 150 LAB FHR), rinsed with ethanol and then blown dry under a nitrogen stream. Afterwards the substrates were immersed into a ~10 mmol solution of dry and degassed

Plasmonic nanostructures fabricated using nanosphere-lithography, soft-lithography and plasma etching

• Manuel R. Gonçalves,
• Taron Makaryan,
• Fabian Enderle,
• Stefan Wiedemann,
• Alfred Plettl,
• Othmar Marti and
• Paul Ziemann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 448–458, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.49

• pillars are discussed in the next two subsections. Coated hemispheres Figure 1 shows schematically the fabrication of hemispheres coated by a metal film. After the preparation of a PS 2D colloidal crystal and two casting steps, the resulting structures were metal coated by physical vapor deposition. In

• -ahesive film. The Cr masks were removed with a commercial etching solution (Chrome Etch 1 from SOTRAMCHEM Technic, France). Metal coating Gold films were deposited by physical vapor deposition (PVD), from tungsten boats, at a rate of 1 to 2 Å/s under a vacuum of 10−6 to 10−5 mbar. The thickness of the

• vapor deposition. AFM topography images of coated beads (a) and coated hemispheres (b), both fabricated using PS spheres of 1 μm diameter. The plots of (c) and (d) are cross sections of lines marked in the topography images. Reflectance (left) and transmittance (right) obtained at vertical illumination