Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

• biosensing platforms in detecting Co2+ ions and VB12 using RNA aptamer–gold nanoparticles colorimetric sensors, surface plasmon resonance sensors, chemiluminescence and electrochemiluminescence biosensors, and fluorescence biosensors (i.e., chemosensors, nanoclusters/nanoparticles-based sensors, and carbon

• distinct spectral absorption response. Specifically, the derived compound of 3-((2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)-2-(styryl)quinazolin-4(3H)-one emerged as a rapid tool for the determination of Co2+ (λmax = 582 nm) and Fe2+ (λmax = 566 nm) in water. Surface plasmon resonance-based biosensors Surface

• plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors operate through a simple and effective mechanism in five key steps: (i) An electromagnetic field at the metal–dielectric interface excites coherent electron oscillations in the metal; (ii) this leads to the generation of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs; i.e., oscillating

On the road to sustainability – application of metallic nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis in dentistry: a scoping review

• Lorena Pinheiro Vasconcelos Silva,
• Joice Catiane Soares Martins,
• Israel Luís Carvalho Diniz,
• Júlio Abreu Miranda,
• Danilo Rodrigues de Souza,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Moan Jéfter Fernandes Costa and
• Pedro Henrique Sette-de-Souza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1851–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.128

• nanoparticle formation in real time by detecting surface plasmon resonance bands, which provide insight into particle size and distribution [57]. XRD offers detailed information on the crystalline structure and phase composition of the nanoparticles, confirming successful synthesis and purity [53]. Together

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• catalytically active sites resulting from the carbonization of the polymer matrix, together with the silver clusters formed during ion implantation, provide suitable conditions for reactant adsorption and efficient charge transfer. Silver ions exhibit strong localized surface plasmon resonance in the visible

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• approximately 15 to 40 nanoparticles per μm2. The hybrid materials exhibited plasmon resonance absorption of the Au NPs. Shorter EPD times maintained the properties of graphene, while longer deposition times resulted in the conversion of graphene to graphene oxide due to its electrochemical oxidation [132

Photochemical synthesis of silver nanoprisms via green LED irradiation and evaluation of SERS activity

• Tuan Anh Mai-Ngoc,
• Nhi Kieu Vo,
• Cong Danh Nguyen,
• Thi Kim Xuan Nguyen and
• Thanh Sinh Do

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1417–1427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.103

• candidates for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) due to their strong localized surface plasmon resonance and sharp tip geometry. In this study, AgNPrs were synthesized through a photochemical method by irradiating spherical silver nanoparticle seeds with 10 W green light-emitting diodes (LEDs; 520

• ratio of the nanoprisms [4][15]. Therefore, the clear observation of the OPQ peak at 48 h suggests a significant contribution of nanoplate thickness to the overall surface plasmon resonance behavior, which could account for the blueshift of the IPD peak. After 72 and 96 h, the OPQ and IPQ peaks remained

• , photochemical methods utilizing physical agents such as lasers [5], UV light [6], or LEDs [7][8][9] have gained attention due to their superior spatial and temporal control, high stability of the resulting AgNPrs and avoidance of environmentally unfriendly reducing agents [8][10]. The strong surface plasmon

Synthesis and antibacterial properties of nanosilver-modified cellulose triacetate membranes for seawater desalination

• Lei Wang,
• Shizhe Li,
• Kexin Xu,
• Wenjun Li,
• Ying Li and
• Gang Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.100

• nanomaterials can be engineered to optimize their antimicrobial activity, making them versatile tools in the development of advanced membrane technologies. Quantum effects, such as localized surface plasmon resonance in metallic nanoparticles, can further enhance antimicrobial properties by generating reactive

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

• other than purely thermal effects. Among these are electron emission [109], near-field forces of the plasmon resonance on the surface, pressure effects due to an expanding electron gas [25][27], or spatial spreading of fast electrons [110][111]. In general, with femtosecond excitation a large fraction

• approaches [115]. The subsequent pressure and temperature conditions emanate from the close interaction of the excited particles with the medium. The width of the SPR reflects the coherence time of this oscillation. This dephasing time amounts to a few femtoseconds, leading to a plasmon resonance width of

• -field ablation [26][52]. While electronic excitation is easily detected by TAS, the various structural responses of NPs are weaker and ambiguous in TAS. While elastic oscillations of NPs are identified in periodic modulations of the plasmon resonance due to the change of electron density, other

Synthesis of biowaste-derived carbon-dot-mediated silver nanoparticles and the evaluation of electrochemical properties for supercapacitor electrodes

• Navya Kumari Tenkayala,
• Chandan Kumar Maity,
• Md Moniruzzaman and
• Subramani Devaraju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 933–943, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.71

• evidenced from the progressive color change of the solution as shown by surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Structural and morphological analysis The optical properties of PG-CDs and PG-CDs-AgNPs were studied using UV–visible spectroscopy and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. An absorption peak at 275 nm

Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

• ., CSF and blood tests [54]. Researchers have also employed the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of citric acid-coated AuNPs, to specifically detect and quantify Aβ40 oligomers, as the SPR absorption band of AuNPs was found to be sensitive to the presence of AβOs [55]. While exploring the range of AβO

N₂⁺-implantation-induced tailoring of structural, morphological, optical, and electrical characteristics of sputtered molybdenum thin films

• Usha Rani,
• Kafi Devi,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 495–509, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.38

• production of Mo nanoparticles and the subsequent increase in surface plasmon resonance or interband transitions. As-deposited molybdenum thin films deposited at room temperature typically exhibit a smooth surface and crystalline structure. The absorbance of molybdenum thin films increases with increasing

• film thickness and peaks between 300 and 700 nm, corresponding to the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of molybdenum nanoparticles [45][46]. The formation of defects through ion irradiation increased the scattering of light and absorption within the film, resulting in enhanced overall

Effect of additives on the synthesis efficiency of nanoparticles by laser-induced reduction

• Rikuto Kuroda,
• Takahiro Nakamura,
• Hideki Ina and
• Shuhei Shibata

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 464–472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.35

• the change in the absorption peak at 520 nm in the UV–vis absorption spectrum caused by the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of the Au nanoparticles as a function of the laser irradiation time. The black line shows the change in absorbance for the solution without IPA, and the red line shows

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Soni Prajapati and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

• spectrophotometric methods. Specifically, when combined with the Bradford reagent, the PEG–PCL nanoparticles produced a distinct blue color, indicating a successful interaction. This interaction generated a sharp plasmon resonance peak with a maximum absorbance (λmax) at 620 nm. Further, the addition of SDS to PEG

• nanoparticles showed a selective response to SDS. Specifically, only in the presence of SDS a significant redshift of approximately 30 nm was observed in the plasmon resonance peak. This redshifting of absorbance maximum to a longer wavelength is a unique response not seen with the other tested ions or

• a plasmon resonance peak around 595 nm, forming a blue form of the dye–protein complex [37]. Furthermore, the quantification of SDS is not possible with a dye, only without involving protein. Therefore, the current study utilized NPs with PEG–PCL to detect SDS in the presence of the Bradford reagent

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• ns, 532 nm, and 87 mJ·cm−2 pulses. We employed 532 nm pulses because gold nanoparticle generation works well at that wavelength, as nanoparticle nucleation and growth take advantage of this laser wavelength being resonant with the surface plasmon resonance in gold nanoparticles [25]. For 532 nm

Preferential enrichment and extraction of laser-synthesized nanoparticles in organic phases

• Theo Fromme,
• Maximilian L. Spiekermann,
• Florian Lehmann,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Thomas Seidensticker and
• Sven Reichenberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 254–263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.20

• -spectroscopy (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1 and Figure S5) at the wavelength of the plasmon resonance peak (for Au and Ag) or at the wavelength of 550 nm (for Cu, Fe, Al, and Ti). The extinction at a wavelength of 550 nm for copper was used because the plasmon resonance peaks were not always

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• categorized into three distinct types based on their different photothermal conversion mechanisms, which arise from their unique electronic structures [23][24]. The types include metals exhibiting localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), carbon and polymer materials undergoing molecular thermal vibration

• materials initiate photothermal conversion through localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), characterized by absorption at a single wavelength [48][49][50]. The therapeutic process involves mechanical forces generated by the rupture of vapor nanobubbles, effectively treating tissues or cells. (d–f

Facile synthesis of size-tunable L-carnosine-capped silver nanoparticles and their role in metal ion sensing and catalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar,
• Ridhima Chadha,
• Abhishek Das,
• Nandita Maiti and
• Rayavarapu Raja Gopal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1576–1592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.124

• properties [3][11][12]. These include localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), which can be utilized to detect heavy metal ions. The catalytic properties can be applied to degrade nitrophenolic compounds such as P-NP. Also, it is well documented that the properties of silver nanoparticles can be modulated

• degradation demonstrates the catalytic prowess of ʟ-car-AgNPs and highlights their potential in environmental remediation applications. The successful synthesis of ʟ-car-AgNPs with tunable plasmon resonance has paved the way for their application as colorimetric sensors for heavy metal detection and as

Nanoarchitectonics with cetrimonium bromide on metal nanoparticles for linker-free detection of toxic metal ions and catalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1312–1332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.106

• and complex operational procedures [21]. Colorimetric detection of heavy metals and catalytic conversion of 4-nitrophenol can be achieved using CTAB-capped gold or silver nanoparticles because of their unique surface plasmon resonance (SPR) properties, allowing for a colorimetric analysis through a

• change in surface plasmon resonance of the metal nanostructures. A single absorbance peak correlates to the symmetrical shape and collective oscillation of free electrons on the nanoparticle surface. This phenomenon is known as localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), a characteristic feature of

• nanoparticles of the same concentration and size were evaluated to understand the impact of washing. As-prepared AuNR1 at 0.5 and 1 OD did not detect any metal through significant changes in color or plasmon resonance (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S15 and Figure S16). However, a slight blueshift of as

Enhanced catalytic reduction through in situ synthesized gold nanoparticles embedded in glucosamine/alginate nanocomposites

• Chi-Hien Dang,
• Le-Kim-Thuy Nguyen,
• Minh-Trong Tran,
• Van-Dung Le,
• Nguyen Minh Ty,
• T. Ngoc Han Pham,
• Hieu Vu-Quang,
• Tran Thi Kim Chi,
• Tran Thi Huong Giang,
• Nguyen Thi Thanh Tu and
• Thanh-Danh Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1227–1237, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.99

• temperature, and the reaction time, by using UV–vis spectroscopy. Changes in the physicochemical properties, such as morphology and particle size of AuNPs, were monitored through absorbance and the λmax values of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band. Figure 2 illustrates the impact of synthesis conditions

Effect of wavelength and liquid on formation of Ag, Au, Ag/Au nanoparticles via picosecond laser ablation and SERS-based detection of DMMP

• Sree Satya Bharati Moram,
• Chandu Byram and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1054–1069, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.86

• was meticulously evaluated by analyzing the ablation rates, surface plasmon resonance peak positions, and particle size distributions of the obtained colloids. The nanoparticles (NPs) were characterized using the techniques of UV–visible absorption, transmission electron microscopy, and energy

• solution, covering a wavelength range of 300–800 nm. In Figure 1, the optical absorption spectra of (a) Ag, (b) Au, and (c) Ag/Au NP solutions are presented for both environments obtained at 1064, 532, and 355 nm wavelengths in LASiS. All absorption spectra exhibit a distinct single surface plasmon

• resonance (SPR) absorption peak, indicating the formation of spherical NPs. The SPR peak of Ag/Au alloy NPs lies between the SPR peak positions of pure Ag and Au NPs. Notably, the plasmon bands of NPs obtained at lower wavelengths (355 and 532 nm) are broadened compared to those of NPs fabricated at higher

Gold nanomakura: nanoarchitectonics and their photothermal response in association with carrageenan hydrogels

• Nabojit Das,
• Vikas,
• Akash Kumar,
• Sanjeev Soni and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 678–693, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.56

• gold nanomakura within a 600–700 nm wavelength. The aspect ratio as well as anisotropy of synthesized gold nanomakura can influence photothermal response upon near-infrared irradiation. The role of carbon tail length was evident via absorption peaks obtained from longitudinal surface plasmon resonance

• . Plasmon resonance in spherical nanoparticles can be stretched over a relatively small wavelength range by changing the diameter, whereas casting anisotropy serves an extra degree of freedom for controlling the plasmon band over a range of visible to infrared (IR) spectrum [4]. Gold nanoparticles are well

• absorb NIR/IR wavelengths show efficient heat-generating capability. It is due to the strong absorption and scattering of light from visible to NIR/IR region that has brought radical advancement in the field of biomedical sciences. The manifestation of longitudinal surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) at the

Potential of a deep eutectic solvent in silver nanoparticle fabrication for antibiotic residue detection

• Le Hong Tho,
• Bui Xuan Khuyen,
• Ngoc Xuan Dat Mai and
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 426–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.38

• of plasmonic materials, which extensively respond to electromagnetic waves with proper wavelengths in terms of free electrons resonating to the incident waves [9][15]. This is the fundamental principle of surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Moreover, plasmons are easily controlled at the nanoscale

• through different sizes, shapes, and surface morphologies of nanoparticles [16]. At the contacts among adjacent nanoparticles, so-called “hot spots” form; here, electromagnetic fields are effectively enlarged, leading to localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) [1][17]. Crucial parts of SERS-based

In situ optical sub-wavelength thickness control of porous anodic aluminum oxide

• Aleksandrs Dutovs,
• Raimonds Popļausks,
• Oskars Putāns,
• Vladislavs Perkanuks,
• Aušrinė Jurkevičiūtė,
• Tomas Tamulevičius,
• Uldis Malinovskis,
• Iryna Olyshevets,
• Donats Erts and
• Juris Prikulis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 126–133, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.12

• zinc oxide nanorods embedded within the PAAO template [13]. Recently, it was demonstrated that the PAAO thickness tuning can increase the signal intensity and refractometric sensitivity of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) sensors constructed using gold nanoparticles, which are deposited on

Nanoarchitectonics of photothermal materials to enhance the sensitivity of lateral flow assays

• Elangovan Sarathkumar,
• Rajasekharan S. Anjana and
• Ramapurath S. Jayasree

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 988–1003, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.82

• assays (LFAs) are currently the most widely used point-of-care testing technique with remarkable advantages such as simple operation, rapid analysis, portability, and low cost. Traditionally, gold nanoparticles are employed as tracer element in LFAs due to their strong localised surface plasmon resonance

• , before being captured by immobilized biomolecules on a test line in the nitrocellulose membrane [6][7]. In conventional LFAs, most commonly gold nanoparticles and coloured cellulose nanobeads have been used as tracer elements because of strong light absorption and surface plasmon resonance, which yield

• nanoparticles are exposed to light of a specific wavelength, they undergo coherent oscillation of surface electrons, leading to the production of thermal energy and enhanced electromagnetic signals. This phenomenon is known as localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), which has been recognized as a reliable

N-Heterocyclic carbene-based gold etchants

• Robert B. Chevalier,
• Justin Pantano,
• Matthew K. Kiesewetter and
• Jason R. Dwyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 865–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.71

• attachment of NHCs to gold and the properties of the corresponding monolayers have been studied using conventional surface science techniques under ultrahigh-vacuum conditions [13][14]. NHC monolayers have also been used in applications such as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and surface plasmon

• resonance in solution-phase samples [15][18][19][20][21][22]. In these works, the NHC monolayer films were formed using several different approaches and preparations [16]. Indeed, a recent feature article highlights four methods to prepare NHC films [16]. For example, Crudden and co-workers have presented