Curcumin-loaded albumin submicron particles with potential as a cancer therapy: an in vitro study

• Nittiya Suwannasom,
• Netsai Sriaksorn,
• Chutamas Thepmalee,
• Krissana Khoothiam,
• Ausanai Prapan,
• Hans Bäumler and
• Chonthida Thephinlap

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1127–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.93

• promising biological properties, particularly antioxidant activity. However, its medical applications are limited due to its low water solubility, bioavailability, and pH-instability. CUR-loaded albumin microparticles (CUR-HSA-MPs) of submicron size in the range of 800 to 900 nm and a zeta potential of −15

• particles are easily synthesized via cost-effective co-precipitation methods. These techniques are simple, low-cost, and easily scalable, enabling precise control over particle characteristics, including size and morphology, and use inexpensive materials without generating toxic waste. Having established an

• scattering (DLS) (Figure 2B) shows that the hydrodynamic diameter of HSA-MPs ranged from 800 to 900 nm (888 ± 64 nm) with a PDI value of 0.30. These results are similar to those of CUR-HSA-MPs, which ranged from 900 to 1000 nm (983.57 ± 82 nm) in size with a PDI value of 0.31 (Supporting Information File 1

Sulfur nanocomposites with insecticidal effect for the control of Bactericera cockerelli

• Lany S. Araujo-Yépez,
• Juan O. Tigrero-Salas,
• Vicente A. Delgado-Rodríguez,
• Vladimir A. Aguirre-Yela and
• Josué N. Villota-Méndez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1106–1115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.91

• different chemical methods [18][19]. Elemental sulfur nanoparticles (SNPs) have already demonstrated significant insecticidal, fungicidal, and bactericidal activity [20][21]. By manipulating particle size and surface area, SNPs can exhibit higher absorption, increase the efficacy of new insecticide

• as size, distribution, and the nature of the particles [37]. Furthermore, the observed diameters align with other research in which sizes in the range of 10–80 nm were obtained using the same method for SNP synthesis, that is, chemical precipitation from sodium thiosulfate as a sulfur source [31][32

• ]. Those studies reported that the size of the SNPs increased with an increasing concentration ratio between acid and sulfur source during the synthesis [33][34]. Nanocomposites An analysis of morphology and size using STEM revealed that the NCMPs with eucalyptus and rosemary oils had spherical shapes

Density functional theory study of Au-fcc/Ge and Au-hcp/Ge interfaces

• Olga Sikora,
• Małgorzata Sternik,
• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Franciszek Krok,
• Przemysław Piekarz and
• Andrzej M. Oleś

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1093–1105, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.90

• ) grid for crystallographic cells of bulk crystal to a (4,4,4) grid for larger superlattices that model the Au-fcc(011)/Ge(001) and Au-hcp(010)/Ge(111) heterostructures. The slabs with vacuum were calculated using (8,8,2) or (4,4,2) k-points grids depending on the size of the cross section. A vacuum

• ) interface only. To model the heterostructure, we multiply the relevant Au and Ge surfaces (shown in Figure 1d,e) to obtain minimal strain within a reasonable size of the system. Results and Discussion Convergence tests Ideally, the thickness of the slabs should be large enough to ensure that all the surface

Dual-heterodyne Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Benjamin Grévin,
• Fatima Husainy,
• Dmitry Aldakov and
• Cyril Aumaître

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1068–1084, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.88

• to this, they are very promising for the use in many applications, such as LEDs, solar cells, and photodetectors. Reducing their size down to the nanoscale by synthesizing colloidal nanocrystals in solution can allow high control over the perovskite crystallinity and access to various morphologies

Spatial mapping of photovoltage and light-induced displacement of on-chip coupled piezo/photodiodes by Kelvin probe force microscopy under modulated illumination

• Zeinab Eftekhari,
• Nasim Rezaei,
• Hidde Stokkel,
• Jian-Yao Zheng,
• Andrea Cerreta,
• Ilka Hermes,
• Minh Nguyen,
• Guus Rijnders and
• Rebecca Saive

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1059–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.87

• spatially map voltage-induced oscillation of various sizes of piezoelectric membranes without the photodiode to investigate their position- and size-dependent displacement. Keywords: Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM); light-driven micro/nano systems; piezoelectric membrane; surface photovoltage (SPV

• . Measurements of modulated topography and CPD were conducted at the center of the membrane, where the AFM tip was positioned at a single point (zero scan size) to avoid any effect of the topography on the results. In conventional AFM images, each pixel represents the value of a specific signal relative to its

• actuators of varying sizes, namely A, B, C, and D. Only one-quarter of the devices were mapped, considering their symmetry. The experiment focused on studying the size-dependent displacement of these devices. Simulations We used COMSOL Multiphysics for the finite element method (FEM) simulations of our

Experimental investigation of usage of POE lubricants with Al₂O₃, graphene or CNT nanoparticles in a refrigeration compressor

• Kayhan Dağıdır and
• Kemal Bilen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1041–1058, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.86

• (XRD) analyses were performed. Characterization of Al2O3 nanoparticles The morphological features of the Al2O3 nanoparticles were investigated with the help of FE-SEM micrograph (Figure 2a). It is seen that the Al2O3 nanoparticles exhibit amorphous nature. Thus, it can be stated that the particle size

• cannot be clearly determined in FE-SEM micrograph, but the primary particle size is smaller than 50 nm. On the other hand, EDS analysis was conducted on the Al2O3 sample to determine the elemental composition and purity of Al2O3 nanoparticles. The result of the EDS analysis is given in Figure 2b and it

Recognition mechanisms of hemoglobin particles by monocytes – CD163 may just be one

• Jonathan-Gabriel Nimz,
• Pichayut Rerkshanandana,
• Chiraphat Kloypan,
• Ulrich Kalus,
• Saranya Chaiwaree,
• Axel Pruß,
• Radostina Georgieva,
• Yu Xiong and
• Hans Bäumler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1028–1040, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.85

• occur in the liver [24][25][26]. The question of the mechanisms by which HBOCs are sequestered remains partly unclear though. Possible degradation pathways include haptoglobin (Hp), which, depending on the size and surface properties of HBOCs, could bind its physiological target protein hemoglobin [16

• site within the Hb α chain is freely accessible (exclusively β-crosslinked Hb vs α-crosslinked Hb) [27]. Intermolecular modifications changing the molecular or polymer size of HBOCs [16][19][30] are relevant for protein binding as well. Hemoglobin sub-micron particles (HbMPs) obtained via

• coprecipitation–crosslinking–dissolution (CCD) are promising as HBOCs. CCD provides particles that are malleable and show a consistent morphology and narrow size distribution, as well as a negative zeta potential [19][31][32][33]. It could be shown that neither NO scavenging nor vasoconstriction can be detected

Exploring internal structures and properties of terpolymer fibers via real-space characterizations

• Michael R. Roenbeck and
• Kenneth E. Strawhecker

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1004–1017, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.83

• stiffness (or “stiffness”), quantified in [N/m], makes no assumptions about tip–substrate interactions such as tip size or shape. It is primarily useful for semi-quantitative mapping to show the relative fluctuations in stiffness within different regions. However, stiffness itself is not a material property

Nanoarchitectonics of photothermal materials to enhance the sensitivity of lateral flow assays

• Elangovan Sarathkumar,
• Rajasekharan S. Anjana and
• Ramapurath S. Jayasree

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 988–1003, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.82

• materials, including size, shape, and nanoscale composition, plays a significant role in enhancing the photothermal properties of nanomaterials. In this review, we discuss the nanoarchitectonics of nanomaterials regarding enhanced photothermal properties and their application in LFAs. Initially, we discuss

• various important photothermal materials and their classification along with their working principle. Then, we highlight important aspects of the nanoscale architecture (i.e., size, shape, and composition) to enable maximum light-to-heat conversion efficiency. Finally, we discuss some of the recent

• sensitivity is an important research area. The nanoscale architecture, including shape, size, composition, and surface properties, is expected to play a major role in the photothermal properties of nanomaterials [26]. The nanoscale architecture is not only responsible for the optical characteristics of the

Isolation of cubic Si₃P₄ in the form of nanocrystals

• Polina K. Nikiforova,
• Sergei S. Bubenov,
• Vadim B. Platonov,
• Andrey S. Kumskov,
• Nikolay N. Kononov,
• Tatyana A. Kuznetsova and
• Sergey G. Dorofeev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 971–979, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.80

• Si3P4 decomposition, sample SP670 as well as the freshly prepared sample SP550 were selected for the TEM studies. A typical TEM bright-field image is shown in Figure 6a. The particles show a profound tendency to agglomerate, not unlike the parent oxidized Si NPs [38]. The agglomeration obstructs size

• determination; thus, the linear dimensions of the particles could only be estimated to be in the range of 10–50 nm. The particles are polycrystalline and highly defective as evident from the high-resolution image (Figure 7a). The size of the crystalline domains does not exceed 10 nm in its longest dimension

• . This is consistent with the average size of crystallites of 4 nm determined from the XRD data using the Scherrer equation. The electron diffraction ring pattern (Figure 6b) corresponds to a cubic lattice with a parameter of 5.05 Å (apart from the (111), (220) and (311) reflections discussed earlier

Metal-organic framework-based nanomaterials for CO₂ storage: A review

• Ha Huu Do,
• Iqra Rabani and
• Hai Bang Truong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 964–970, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.79

• , including pore size manipulation, post-synthetic modifications, and composite formation. Finally, the extant challenges and anticipated prospects pertaining to the development of MOF-based nanomaterials for CO2 storage are described. Keywords: CO2 storage; metal-organic frameworks; nanomaterials; open

• metal sites; pore size; Introduction One of the major issues associated with CO2 emissions is the heightened risk of climate change faced by our planet. Furthermore, there is an alarming issue of elevated levels of air pollution affecting human population [1]. One potential solution to address this

• frameworks (MOFs) [11][12][13]. Notably, MOFs constructed from metal ions and organic linkers are expected to be alternative materials to the organic alcohol amines in CCS [14]. These nanosized materials posess unique properties such as ultrahigh surface area, tunable pore size, open metal sites (OMSs), and

Prediction of cytotoxicity of heavy metals adsorbed on nano-TiO₂ with periodic table descriptors using machine learning approaches

• Joyita Roy,
• Souvik Pore and
• Kunal Roy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 939–950, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.77

• descriptors are denoted as “second-generation periodic table descriptors” [24]. The computed descriptors for all metals are reported in the Excel file in Supporting Information File 1. In addition to being computationally less demanding, periodic table descriptors are size-independent. Splitting of data set

• sorted response-based approach using the in-house dataset division tool (https://dtclab.webs.com/software-tools). In this study, the size ratio was set at 3:1 (training set/test set) for dataset division. In almost any ML algorithm, different models are trained for a dataset and the best-performing model

• the size of the particles. The ML algorithm with periodic table descriptors has helped to evaluate the cell survival rate of HK-2 cells in less time and at less cost than using expensive quantum chemical descriptors and experimental descriptors. Among all algorithms, the random forest model shows the

Upscaling the urea method synthesis of CoAl layered double hydroxides

• Camilo Jaramillo-Hernández,
• Víctor Oestreicher,
• Martín Mizrahi and
• Gonzalo Abellán

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 927–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.76

• alkalinization rate, which (mainly) controls the nucleation and growth processes, and therefore particle size, morphology, and crystallinity [33][36][37]. Attempts to upscale the production of LDHs included incrementing the concentration of the reactants [38][39], the use of large-scale reactors [40][41], byway

• co-precipitation, and mechanochemical approaches [27]. Although these methods can produce materials on a large scale, they are very limited in providing materials with controlled morphology, size, or crystallinity [42]. This issue can be partially solved using continuous flow techniques [43][44]. Yet

• reactor size) and mass (increment in the reagent concentration) scale-up processes. In the mass scale-up process, the increment in the concentration (25-fold that of the reference condition) triggers the appereance of simonkolleite-like Co-based impurities due to phase competition during the precipitation

Antibody-conjugated nanoparticles for target-specific drug delivery of chemotherapeutics

• Mamta Kumari,
• Amitabha Acharya and
• Praveen Thaggikuppe Krishnamurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 912–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.75

• copper-free click reaction to decorate fluorescent silica NPs with bicyclononyne. They exposed the NPs to media that mimicked in vitro culture conditions (10% serum) and biological fluids present in vivo (100% serum). They observed an increase in size and a slight decrease in negative charge in serum

• identify new molecular markers for the rapid detection and treatment of various types of cancers. NPs enhance the drug accumulation at the target site due to their advantages, including higher surface-to-volume ratio, ease of surface modification and functionalization, precise control of structure and size

• through the antibodies [94]. Additionally, these targeted NPs internalize the chemotherapeutics precisely into tumor cells with minimal drug leakage and also provide protection from degradation and elimination [95]. The controlled size and surface charge of NPs avoid the rapid renal clearance of the NPs

Two-dimensional molecular networks at the solid/liquid interface and the role of alkyl chains in their building blocks

• Suyi Liu,
• Yasuo Norikane and
• Yoshihiro Kikkawa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 872–892, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.72

• explained by the nonlinearity of the entropy term in the Gibbs free energy. 3.2 Pore size The fabrication of nanoscale porous networks has attracted attention owing to their ability to accommodate guest molecules in the confined pores. Modification of the alkyl chain length facilitated the tuning of the

• pore size of the honeycomb structure. Dehydrobenzo[12]annulene (DBA, Scheme 4a) derivatives formed honeycomb structures in which the triangular DBA core was located at the vertices of the hexagon (Figure 6a,b) [89][90]. The honeycomb structure was highly stabilized by interdigitation of the four alkyl

• chains that followed the HOPG lattice directions. The pore size enlarged from 1.6 to 4.7 nm in accordance with the alkyl chain length ranging from C6 to C20, respectively [90]. In addition to the honeycomb structure, DBA formed wavy structures without pores [91], where two of the six alkoxy chains

N-Heterocyclic carbene-based gold etchants

• Robert B. Chevalier,
• Justin Pantano,
• Matthew K. Kiesewetter and
• Jason R. Dwyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 865–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.71

• concentration of 1 and the concentration dependence shown in Figure 3c and Figure 3d. We repeated this test using a 10 μL aliquot of 5.00 × 10−3 M of 2 in THF. The constancy of λmax = 530 nm indicated that any change in the nanoparticle size distribution was undetectable on the timescale of the measurement

Industrial perspectives for personalized microneedles

• Remmi Danae Baker-Sediako,
• Benjamin Richter,
• Matthias Blaicher,
• Michael Thiel and
• Martin Hermatschweiler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 857–864, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.70

• their efforts on one-size-fits-all designs for transdermal drug delivery, regardless of patient demographic and injection site. In this perspective article, we briefly review current microneedle designs, microfabrication methods, and industrialization strategies. We also provide an outlook where

• we divide the body into mobile areas (i.e., joints) and passive areas (e.g., volar forearm), then a one-size-fits-all microneedle design may not satisfy the requirements for both applications [18]. This builds upon previous work from Rougier et al. [23], who demonstrated that drug absorption differs

• medical device for administering drugs and collecting biological fluids, all while reducing sharps-related risks to healthcare professionals. To date, microneedle patches are relatively simple with a one-size-fits-all approach, regardless of patient demographic and injection site. 3D microfabrication

Biomimetics on the micro- and nanoscale – The 25th anniversary of the lotus effect

• Matthias Mail,
• Kerstin Koch,
• Thomas Speck,
• William M. Megill and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 850–856, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.69

• and the geometry of the setae with age and size of the animals. The authors find that the diameter of the fibres and their density in the toepad do not change with size in this species. The toepads scale isometrically with body size, and the setae get relatively shorter with body size. The scaling is

A wearable nanoscale heart sound sensor based on P(VDF-TrFE)/ZnO/GR and its application in cardiac disease detection

• Yi Luo,
• Jian Liu,
• Jiachang Zhang,
• Yu Xiao,
• Ying Wu and
• Zhidong Zhao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 819–833, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.67

• bottle was sealed and placed in a shaking mixer and shaken for 3 h. Next, ZnO nanoparticles (Shanghai Keyan Industrial Co., Ltd., particle size 3 ± 5 nm, content ≥99.8%) and GR filler (Shenzhen Turing Evolution Technology Co., Ltd., carbon content 98%, average diameter/thickness ratio = 9500) were added

Nanostructured lipid carriers containing benznidazole: physicochemical, biopharmaceutical and cellular in vitro studies

• Giuliana Muraca,
• María Esperanza Ruiz,
• Rocío C. Gambaro,
• Sebastián Scioli-Montoto,
• María Laura Sbaraglini,
• Gisel Padula,
• José Sebastián Cisneros,
• Cecilia Yamil Chain,
• Vera A. Álvarez,
• Cristián Huck-Iriart,
• Guillermo R. Castro,
• María Belén Piñero,
• Matias Ildebrando Marchetto,
• Catalina Alba Soto,
• Germán A. Islan and
• Alan Talevi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 804–818, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.66

• mean size, zeta potential, polydispersity index, and %EE of the formulation remained stable for at least six months. The hemolytic effect of the nanoparticles was insignificant compared to that of the positive lysis control. The nanoparticle formulation exhibited similar performance in vitro against T

• ] software showed a mean particle size of 150 ± 13 nm. Accordingly, the hydrodynamic diameter of the nanoparticles measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) was in the 100–200 nm range (≈150 nm), with a moderate distribution of sizes as indicated by a polydispersity index (PdI) of 0.204. The zeta potential

• this description has its limitations, it has been widely used to describe drug release from similar lipidic formulations [35][36][37][38]. The mean particle size, PdI, zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency were selected as parameters to follow the physical stability of the nanoparticle

Silver-based SERS substrates fabricated using a 3D printed microfluidic device

• Phommachith Sonexai,
• Minh Van Nguyen,
• Bui The Huy and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 793–803, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.65

• , resulting in Ag nanoparticles of uniform shape and size. The study investigates the effects of various synthesis conditions on the size distribution, dispersity, and localized surface plasmon resonance wavelength of the Ag nanoparticles. To create the SERS substrate, the as-synthesized Ag nanoparticles were

• fields in industry and laboratories, such as chemical synthesis and microreactors [11][12], drug screening [13], and clinical trials [14]. They can create homogeneous reaction environments with controllable parameters for synthesizing homogeneous colloidal nanoparticles with a narrow size distribution

• reactants in segmented flow and oil in continuous flow. They can control the reaction rates by mass transfer through convection and diffusion [20][21]. Furthermore, droplet-based microfluidic devices are frequently utilized to synthesize complex materials of uniform size, as each droplet can function as a

Silver nanoparticles loaded on lactose/alginate: in situ synthesis, catalytic degradation, and pH-dependent antibacterial activity

• Nguyen Thi Thanh Tu,
• T. Lan-Anh Vo,
• T. Thu-Trang Ho,
• Kim-Phuong T. Dang,
• Van-Dung Le,
• Phan Nhat Minh,
• Chi-Hien Dang,
• Vinh-Thien Tran,
• Van-Su Dang,
• Tran Thi Kim Chi,
• Hieu Vu-Quang,
• Radek Fajgar,
• Thi-Lan-Huong Nguyen,
• Van-Dat Doan and
• Thanh-Danh Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 781–792, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.64

• ionotropic gelation utilizing the biodegradable saccharides lactose (Lac) and alginate (Alg). The lactose reduced silver ions to form AgNPs. The crystallite structure of the nanocomposite AgNPs@Lac/Alg, with a mean size of 4–6 nm, was confirmed by analytical techniques. The nanocomposite exhibited high

• properties of AgNPs can be influenced by factors such as size, pH value, and ionic strength of the medium [28][29][30][31]. Extensive research has been dedicated to control the size and shape of AgNPs through the application of various capping agents. In addition to their antimicrobial properties, AgNPs are

• Lac/Alg, namely 0.3 (AgNPs@Lac/Alg-0.3) and 0.7 (AgNPs@Lac/Alg-0.7), were selected for further physicochemical characterizations. Physicochemical characterizations The stability and size of the nanocomposites in the colloidal solution were evaluated through zeta potential and DLS measurements at a

Carboxylic acids and light interact to affect nanoceria stability and dissolution in acidic aqueous environments

• Matthew L. Hancock,
• Eric A. Grulke and
• Robert A. Yokel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 762–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.63

• Table 2 of Grulke et al. [34], changes in the valence state at the edge and core of the nanoparticles were shown over twelve weeks of dissolution. The Ce3+ concentration increased as the particle size decreased, but only slightly. Figure 7 of Yokel et al. [33] shows little to no change within four weeks

• Table S1 (Supporting Information File 1). Each sample typically contained a bimodal distribution, represented by the blue and red bars on the 3D graphs. The peak heights of these bars represent the sample percentage at that size. In some samples, nanoceria completely dissolved before the end of the

• experiment; those experiments were terminated at 1000 h. The average bimodal size distribution for the nanoceria suspension at time zero among all conditions was 13.8 and 33.6 nm with a standard deviation of 2.1 and 8.0 nm, respectively. The results shown in Table 1 can be summarized in five categories. The

In situ magnesiothermic reduction synthesis of a Ge@C composite for high-performance lithium-ion batterie anodes

• Ha Tran Huu,
• Ngoc Phi Nguyen,
• Vuong Hoang Ngo,
• Huy Hoang Luc,
• Minh Kha Le,
• Minh Thu Nguyen,
• My Loan Phung Le,
• Hye Rim Kim,
• In Young Kim,
• Sung Jin Kim,
• Van Man Tran and
• Vien Vo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 751–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.62

• cycle, the subsequent cycles yield broad and low-intensity peaks caused by the electrochemical milling of the active material, leading to reduced size and amorphous structures [59][60]. For the Ge@C electrodes, the first cathodic peaks in the potential range of 0.5–1.5 V vs Li/Li+, are assigned to the

• microscopy (HR-TEM, JEOL JEM-2100F) were conducted for morphology and particle size investigation. A well-blended mixture of active material, conductive carbon C65, and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder with a mass ratio of 75:15:10 in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone solvent was used for fabricating the working

Control of morphology and crystallinity of CNTs in flame synthesis with one-dimensional reaction zone

• Muhammad Hilmi Ibrahim,
• Norikhwan Hamzah,
• Mohd Zamri Mohd Yusop,
• Ni Luh Wulan Septiani and
• Mohd Fairus Mohd Yasin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 741–750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.61

• properties in terms of morphology, size, type, and functionalization have been reported [2]. Controlling the properties of nanotubes is essential for various applications. In a recent study on the production of CNT-based conductive textiles, the fabrication of conductive wool required the utilization of

• temperature field and the gas phase chemistry evolve concurrently inside the flame [24]; thus, particle formation and CNT growth occur almost instantaneously. The rapid particle formation from the surface breakup produces a heterogenous particle size distribution. Consequently, particle bundles can be

• temperatures at lower and higher HAB values. The lowest HAB value shows the highest temperature reading, which linearly decreases with increasing HAB values. The temperature differences are expected to produce different particle size distributions due to aggregation of particles on the surface of the nickel