On the additive artificial intelligence-based discovery of nanoparticle neurodegenerative disease drug delivery systems

• Shan He,
• Julen Segura Abarrategi,
• Harbil Bediaga,
• Sonia Arrasate and
• Humberto González-Díaz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 535–555, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.47

• data to be explored. As a result, N2D3S development by the additive approach requires an AI/ML technique to achieve multioutput and multilabel classification [21][22][23][24]. In addition, the AI/ML technique includes a pre-processing step to perform information fusion (IF) of the preclinical NDD assay

• preclinical assays for NPs. To achieve this, we conducted the IF of AD and NP databases, curated the data, combined the objective and reference functions, and calculated the PTO. NDDs ChEMBL dataset First, we collected the data of preclinical assays for NDDs from the ChEMBL dataset (see step 2.1. in Figure 1

• information of this dataset is given in Supporting Information File 1 (datasheet “ChEMBL”). NP cytotoxicity dataset Simultaneously, we downloaded the data of preclinical assays for the cytotoxicity of NPs from different sources (see step 2.2. in Figure 1). We selected 62 papers from the scientific literature

Electron-induced deposition using Fe(CO)₄MA and Fe(CO)₅ – effect of MA ligand and process conditions

• Hannah Boeckers,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Petra Martinović,
• Amy V. Walker,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• Petra Swiderek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 500–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.45

• -step process becomes visible. In a first step, CO accumulates near the surface of the adsorbed precursor layer before it desorbs in the second step. CO can be delivered to the surface either by electron-induced fragmentation of the MA ligand or by diffusion of CO ligands cleaved from the precursor at

• , bottom). This is ascribed to surface reactions with residual gases such as CO and H2O (see below). After a deposition step, CKLL and even more OKLL electrons from these impurities at the interface between the Ta substrate and the deposit can contribute to the total signal within and even beyond the

• ]. In the case of the thin layers deposited in the present experiment, the actual composition is, thus, also likely to vary from the first to the second deposition step. We recall, however, that in a situation near scenario A, AES probes the entire deposit. Therefore, again, trends between different

Aero-ZnS prepared by physical vapor transport on three-dimensional networks of sacrificial ZnO microtetrapods

• Veaceslav Ursaki,
• Tudor Braniste,
• Victor Zalamai,
• Emil Rusu,
• Vladimir Ciobanu,
• Vadim Morari,
• Daniel Podgornii,
• Pier Carlo Ricci,
• Rainer Adelung and
• Ion Tiginyanu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 490–499, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.44

• oxide nanotube networks, by atomic layer deposition [20]. Another aeromaterial, so called aerographite, has been produced by a one-step chemical vapor deposition process with a simultaneous and complete removal of the template material consisting of highly porous 3D networks built from interconnected

Fabrication of nanocrystal forms of ᴅ-cycloserine and their application for transdermal and enteric drug delivery systems

• Hsuan-Ang Tsai,
• Tsai-Miao Shih,
• Theodore Tsai,
• Jhe-Wei Hu,
• Yi-An Lai,
• Jui-Fu Hsiao and
• Guochuan Emil Tsai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 465–474, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.42

• nanocrystals were scanned in continuous mode from 5–40° (2θ) with a step size of 0.02° on a spinning stage at 40 kV and 40 mA with Cu Kα radiation. The incident beam path was equipped with a 0.2 mm divergence slit and a 0.02 mm air scattering screen. The diffracted beam was equipped with Ni-filter. The

• dissolves and is loaded into the blood reaching systemic circulation. Notably, the first step is the key barrier for an efficient drug delivery. In this study, the application of Franz diffusion cells, a standard procedure of transdermal in vitro testing in the USP-NF<725>, helps us to test the penetration

Sidewall angle tuning in focused electron beam-induced processing

• Sangeetha Hari,
• Willem F. van Dorp,
• Johannes J. L. Mulders,
• Piet H. F. Trompenaars,
• Pieter Kruit and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 447–456, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.40

• then moved closer to the deposit, and the process was repeated until a sharp highlighting of the edges was observed, suggesting the formation of nearly vertical walls. A cleaning step was then performed, using a large area etch (as in [25]), to remove carbon from all around the deposit up to a few

• MeCpMe3Pt precursor. Simulated etching by FEBIE of a planar FEBID surface (a) and the evolution of the sloped sidewalls in seven consecutive etching steps (b). The etching strength in (a) was chosen to be smaller than in (b). With each etching step the sidewalls become steeper, indicated by the seven

• image and (b) FIB cross section of an as-deposited FEBID structure. (a) Top view SE image after etching of the sidewall and (b) after the cleaning step. (c) FIB cross section of deposit after sidewall etching clearly demonstrating the creation of vertical sidewalls. Supporting Information The

Heat-induced morphological changes in silver nanowires deposited on a patterned silicon substrate

• Elyad Damerchi,
• Sven Oras,
• Edgars Butanovs,
• Allar Liivlaid,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Boris Polyakov,
• Annamarija Trausa,
• Veronika Zadin,
• Andreas Kyritsakis,
• Loïc Vidal,
• Karine Mougin,
• Siim Pikker and
• Sergei Vlassov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 435–446, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.39

• temperature. The temperature of the first cycle was 100 °C and in each following step, it was increased by 50 °C until 200 °C, and then by 25 °C increments until reaching 450 °C. In the scheme 2 (Figure 2), freshly made samples were heated in a single step for 10 min at a target temperature chosen based on

• Tool (OVITO) [42]. The system time step was 10 fs. More technical details can be found in Supporting Information File 1. Results and Discussion Heat treatment First heating scheme No significant changes in the morphology of Ag NWs were detected for heat-treatment temperatures up to 275 °C. Starting

• one image. : Necking and splitting of Ag NWs in the heating scheme 1 after treatment at 375 °C. SEM images of Ag NWs after a single-step heat treatment (heating scheme 2) at 400 °C. Fragmentation of NWs happened almost exclusively in the adhered parts. Average values of splits per length unit in

Unveiling the nature of atomic defects in graphene on a metal surface

• Karl Rothe,
• Nicolas Néel and
• Jörg Kröger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 416–425, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.37

• an Ar+-induced Ir(111) surface defect [57]. In a next step, AFM imaging of the defects at different tip–surface distances was complemented by spatially resolved Δf(Δz) measurements (Figure 4). Figure 4a shows the evolution of the total vertical force recorded along the path across a type-1 defect

Modulated critical currents of spin-transfer torque-induced resistance changes in NiCu/Cu multilayered nanowires

• Mengqi Fu,
• Roman Hartmann,
• Julian Braun,
• Sergej Andreev,
• Torsten Pietsch and
• Elke Scheer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 360–366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.32

• steps were necessary to define the contact area and to obtain a small contact array, which complicates the fabrication process [18][19]. Compared with these works, our process does not need any additional etching step to either define the contact area of the nanowire or electrodes for the top contact

Nanomedicines against Chagas disease: a critical review

• Maria Jose Morilla,
• Kajal Ghosal and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 333–349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.30

• hydroxylamine intermediates in a two-step, two-electron transfer reaction, culminating in 4,5-dihydro-4,5-dihydroxyimidazole, whose breakdown releases the reactive dialdehyde glyoxal, which, in the presence of guanosine, generates guanosine–glyoxal adducts. These reactive metabolites are toxic to the parasite

• large industrial volumes is the most challenging step in nanomedicine product development [112]. Slight structural changes induced during the industrial-scale production may modify pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and pharmacodynamics of nanomedicines and alter their therapeutic properties and toxic

Comparative electron microscopy particle sizing of TiO₂ pigments: sample preparation and measurement

• Ralf Theissmann,
• Christopher Drury,
• Markus Rohe,
• Thomas Koch,
• Jochen Winkler and
• Petr Pikal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 317–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.29

• results were obtained for the other samples. The first peak corresponds to the primary particles and the second peak to the aggregates and agglomerates of the primary particles. The percentage of agglomerates should be higher if shaking by hand is the only re-dispersion step, and this is indeed observed

• sonication for 1 min at 80 W input. Following re-dispersion at Agilent, the dilution for spICP-MS was carried out in three steps. Considering the method’s sensitivity to dilution, during the initial dilution step, the sample was kept under continuous stirring. In subsequent steps, the sample was taken

Investigating structural and electronic properties of neutral zinc clusters: a G₀W₀ and G₀W₀Г₀⁽¹⁾ benchmark

• Sunila Bakhsh,
• Muhammad Khalid,
• Sameen Aslam,
• Muhammad Sohail,
• Muhammad Aamir Iqbal,
• Mujtaba Ikram and
• Kareem Morsy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 310–316, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.28

• reliably predict new systems and properties. The next step was to perform the G0W0 calculations using the FHI-aims all-electron package [23][24], which was further used to assess the electronic properties of the Zn clusters. We used the pre-relaxed structures to obtain the energy gaps and IPs of the Zn

Ultrasensitive and ultrastretchable metal crack strain sensor based on helical polydimethylsiloxane

• Shangbi Chen,
• Dewen Liu,
• Weiwei Chen,
• Huajiang Chen,
• Jiawei Li and
• Jinfang Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 270–278, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.25

• remarkable stability and favorable recoverability. Figure 2d illustrates the response time of the helical sensor when subjected to a quasi-transient step strain of 10%. Notably, the response time was approximately 158 ms, while the relaxation time was approximately 243 ms, indicating a strong response to

• applied strain with helix indices of 1, 2, and 3. Insets: relative resistance change as a function of the applied strain in the flat gold film. (b) The linearity between the relative resistance changes and strain. (c) Change in resistance for a step strain from 0 to 200%. (d) Response time of the strain

Design, fabrication, and characterization of kinetic-inductive force sensors for scanning probe applications

• August K. Roos,
• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• Erik Holmgren and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 242–255, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.23

• (maN1407), baking at 100 °C on a hotplate for 60 s. We expose the pattern with a dose of 450 mJ/cm2, aligning to the markers on the front, and we develop in maD533s for roughly 45 s. A subsequent short soft-ashing step in a Plasmalab 80 ICP65 from Oxford Instruments removes residual resist and improves the

• the same CF4/O2 RIE process as in step (d). In our design, we vary the widths (w = 75, 100, and 200 nm) of the nanowires across the wafer, adjusting the total number of squares (total inductance) and the capacitor to obtain a resonant frequency ωc/2π ∼ 4.5 GHz, see Figure 1d–f. (f) Cantilever pattern

• 60 s. With the front side of the wafer protected, we flip over the wafer and etch through the Si-N using the same CHF3/SF6 process as in step (f) and the etch mask defined in step (c). We then use a Bosch process to etch through most of the Si substrate (approximately 450 μm deep) with an etch rate

Multiscale modelling of biomolecular corona formation on metallic surfaces

• Parinaz Mosaddeghi Amini,
• Ian Rouse,
• Julia Subbotina and
• Vladimir Lobaskin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 215–229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.21

• orientation of each individual protein, a primary coarse-graining step was performed. In this part, we use the UA model to predict the protein–NP binding energies. This model takes into account various factors, such as the material’s chemical composition, size, shape, surface roughness, charge

• step, we predicted the composition of the milk protein layer at the aluminum surfaces. For this analysis, we consider the Al surface as a spherical NP with the protein layer uniformly adsorbed on its entire surface, forming the protein corona. Competitive adsorption and biomolecular corona Kinetic

Graphene removal by water-assisted focused electron-beam-induced etching – unveiling the dose and dwell time impact on the etch profile and topographical changes in SiO₂ substrates

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek,
• Jan M. Michalik,
• Inés Serrano-Esparza,
• Zdeněk Nováček,
• Veronika Novotná,
• Piotr Ozga,
• Czesław Kapusta and
• José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 190–198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.18

• processes using the so-called focused electron-beam-induced etching (FEBIE), with a spatial resolution of ten nanometers. Nanopatterning graphene with such a method in one single step and without using a physical mask or resist is a very appealing approach. During the process, on top of graphene

• an electron beam. In the blue spectra, additional peaks (D’ and 2D’) are visible, and the intensity of the D peak is more pronounced. The Raman spectra were collected at each spot over the area containing the flake and the surrounding substrate. In the next step, based on the characteristic D/G

• microscopes, leading to enhanced quality signals. The equipment has an automatic motorized sample positioner in the x-, y- and z-directions that allows 2D and 3D mapping. For our study, we performed 2D mapping with a lateral step size of 1 µm. The WITec software was used to process these spectra selecting

Ferromagnetic resonance spectra of linear magnetosome chains

• Elizaveta M. Gubanova and
• Nikolai A. Usov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 157–167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.15

• stochastic Landau–Lifshitz equation, the numerical time step is kept to be 1/30 of the characteristic precession period of the unit magnetization vectors of the particles, τH ~ 1/γ1Hef. Such a small time step is necessary to accurately describe the precession of unit magnetization vectors in the chain. In

• chains as a function of the angle θ of the external magnetic field with respect to the orientation axis of the chains. The spectra of randomly oriented assemblies of chains were then calculated by the angle averaging of partial FMR spectra calculated with a fairly small step Δθ ~ 5–7.5°. Further, we

• thickness is Ten = 5 nm, and the magnetic damping constant is κ = 0.1. To obtain FMR spectra of randomly oriented chain assemblies, partial FMR spectra were averaged with a step width of Δθ = 5°. As Figure 4a shows, with an increase in the tilt angle of the magnetizing field θ from 0° to 75°, the peak of

Enhanced feedback performance in off-resonance AFM modes through pulse train sampling

• Mustafa Kangül,
• Navid Asmari,
• Santiago H. Andany,
• Marcos Penedo and
• Georg E. Fantner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 134–143, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.13

• force (setpoint) is the process variable that the feedback controller uses to calculate the error (Figure 1D). Figure 1E shows that a step-up in sample topography (Figure 1E-i.) gives rise to an increase in the maximum force value (Figure 1E-ii.). The feedback controller within the traditional control

• faster feedback iterations compared to the conventional ORT controller that only samples once per interaction period. Figure 2B illustrates the operation principle of the proposed method for a step-up in the sample topography (i.). The feedback controller samples all the deflection values within the

• ORT cycle, this method provides faster and more accurate topography tracking. Deciding the Tw width of the reference interaction window is a critical step while using the proposed method. When imaging a sample made of a single material, an interaction window covering the full positive force gradient

In situ optical sub-wavelength thickness control of porous anodic aluminum oxide

• Aleksandrs Dutovs,
• Raimonds Popļausks,
• Oskars Putāns,
• Vladislavs Perkanuks,
• Aušrinė Jurkevičiūtė,
• Tomas Tamulevičius,
• Uldis Malinovskis,
• Iryna Olyshevets,
• Donats Erts and
• Juris Prikulis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 126–133, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.12

• ) converter and digitized using an analog-to-digital converter (ADS1115, Texas Instruments). The electronics design files (KiCAD) and microcontroller software source code are accessible on GitHub [43]. The two-step anodization procedure in 0.3 M oxalic acid electrolyte at 40 V potential has been described in

Development and characterization of potential larvicidal nanoemulsions against Aedes aegypti

• Jonatas L. Duarte,
• Leonardo Delello Di Filippo,
• Anna Eliza Maciel de Faria Mota Oliveira,
• Rafael Miguel Sábio,
• Gabriel Davi Marena,
• Tais Maria Bauab,
• Cristiane Duque,
• Vincent Corbel and
• Marlus Chorilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 104–114, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.10

• techniques [16][17]. Griffin established the hydrophile–lipophile balance (HLB) as a tool for classifying and selecting non-ionic emulsifiers [18]. The determination of the required HLB (rHLB) of essential oils appears as a critical step for the development of stable emulsions [19]. Determining the required

• against Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae. Results and Discussion Preparation and characterization of the nanoemulsions The determination of the required HLB (rHLB) is an important step in the development of NEs containing volatile oils [19][25]. From the determination of the rHLB, it is possible to determine

• evaluation of the biocompatibility in human cells is an important step in the development and commercialization of any drug [46]. Here, the toxicity of the terpene-based formulations was evaluated in the HaCAT cell line (Table 6). The results show that the IC50 values of the free terpenes were lower those of

Study of the reusability and stability of nylon nanofibres as an antibody immobilisation surface

• Inés Peraile,
• Matilde Gil-García,
• Laura González-López,
• Nushin A. Dabbagh-Escalante,
• Juan C. Cabria-Ramos and
• Paloma Lorenzo-Lozano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 83–94, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.8

• microplate, previously blocked with PBS–casein. In order to achieve a well-oriented antibody immobilisation, protein A/G (10 μL 100 μg/mL in PBS) was added to each NF sample and incubated overnight at 4 °C, followed by a blocking step with PBS–casein. Then, a FITC-labelled antibody against BSA was

• immobilized on the surface of the NFs containing protein A/G through 1 h of incubation. Then, RPE-labelled BSA (10 µL 100 µg/mL in blocking buffer) was immunocaptured by the anchored antibodies over a period of 1 h. Washing steps were carried out between each step in order to remove non-linked excess reagents

• surface and incubated over night at 4 °C, followed by a blocking step with PBS–casein. The control planar surface group was incubated with protein A/G overnight and then blocked with PBS–casein. Since only the immunocapture capability was measured in this study, nonlabelled in-house antibody (10 µL 500 µg

Berberine-loaded polylactic acid nanofiber scaffold as a drug delivery system: The relationship between chemical characteristics, drug-release behavior, and antibacterial efficiency

• Le Thi Le,
• Hue Thi Nguyen,
• Liem Thanh Nguyen,
• Huy Quang Tran and
• Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 71–82, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.7

• exhibited excellent performance in repairing bone defects [3][26], healing diabetic foot ulcers [27], promoting hemostasis [28], acting as anti-leishmanial drugs [29], and inhibiting microbial agents [27][30]. Zhou et al. [31] developed hybrids of nanofibers and microparticles for dual-step controlled

• release of BBR, combining a fast-release step of BBR from hydrophilic polypyrrolidone nanofibers (47.9 wt % in the first hour) and a sustained-release step of BBR from the insoluble cellulose acetate microparticles (98.6 wt % for 60 h). In comparison with the aforementioned hybrid nanofibers, the release

• embedded on the surface of nanofibers, and then the dissolved BBR molecules were diffused into the medium. This step took a long time due to the high hydrophobicity of BBR/PLA nanofibers, causing a lag time in the initial stage of release. (2) When the PLA nanofibers were wetted, water molecules penetrated

Influence of conductive carbon and MnCo₂O₄ on morphological and electrical properties of hydrogels for electrochemical energy conversion

• Sylwia Pawłowska,
• Karolina Cysewska,
• Yasamin Ziai,
• Jakub Karczewski,
• Piotr Jasiński and
• Sebastian Molin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 57–70, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.6

• elevated temperatures at the synthesis stage, which is an essential step in most of the conventional synthesis paths of conductive hydrogels described in the literature [23][24][26][27][28]. These two features, the one-stage process, and the low-temperature needed, are used for synthesising the polymer

• presented in this work indicate a promising direction for further work aimed at obtaining electrocatalytic layers participating in the OER process and characterized by high efficiency, while using a simple one-step method for synthesizing a conductive hydrogel containing electrochemically active particles

• ). Hydrogel sample preparation Hydrogels with conductive and catalyst particles dispersed throughout were synthesised via a one-step polymerisation procedure – all components were dissolved or suspended in a hydrogel precursor solution (Figure 6). The hydrogel precursor solution was a composition of NIPAAm

Josephson dynamics and Shapiro steps at high transmissions: current bias regime

• Artem V. Galaktionov and
• Andrei D. Zaikin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 51–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.5

• step is defined by the formula which obviously yields δIk = 2I1βk. For comparison, let us also consider the limit of Ohmic dissipation, that is, we now set q = 1. In this case, we have and from Equation 22, we immediately recover the result [11] for δIk(ϑ), which in the limit a − 1 ≪ 1 reduces to The

• magnitudes of the Shapiro steps are again defined by combining Equation 27 and Equation 25. Conclusion Comparing the magnitudes of Shapiro steps in the sub-Ohmic and Ohmic limits for different values of k, we observe that the first Shapiro step 2I1β1 in the sub-Ohmic limit turns out to be smaller than that

Curcumin-loaded nanostructured systems for treatment of leishmaniasis: a review

• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Edijane Matos Sales and
• Fábio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 37–50, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.4

• of nanostructured curc in vivo. Also, clinical studies that prove the efficacy and safety of nanostructured curc must be conducted to encourage the transfer of these formulations to the therapeutic scenario. Based on the findings, polymeric nanoparticles reveal themselves to be a step ahead in the

Measurements of dichroic bow-tie antenna arrays with integrated cold-electron bolometers using YBCO oscillators

• Leonid S. Revin,
• Dmitry A. Pimanov,
• Alexander V. Chiginev,
• Anton V. Blagodatkin,
• Viktor O. Zbrozhek,
• Andrey V. Samartsev,
• Anastasia N. Orlova,
• Dmitry V. Masterov,
• Alexey E. Parafin,
• Victoria Yu. Safonova,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Andrey L. Pankratov,
• Leonid S. Kuzmin,
• Anatolie S. Sidorenko,
• Silvia Masi and
• Paolo de Bernardis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 26–36, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.3

• Microstructures of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IPM RAS), with subsequent measurements of the samples in the sorption 3He refrigerator of our laboratory. The 210/240 GHz receiving system is fabricated using a two-layer technology (two lithography steps). During the first photolithography step, a layer of

• contact pads, DC lines, and antennas is made. The second electronic lithography step is used for the exposition of the bolometric layer. During photolithography, the first exposure was carried out with two photoresists. This is because the DC linewidth was 3 µm, and the use of a single photoresist would