Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies

• Sameeksha Rawat,
• S. M. Tauseef and
• Madhuben Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148

• -altitude lakes, where particles accumulate in the gut and gill tissues and interfere with normal physiological functions [113]. The low molecular weight of MPs, and particularly nanoparticles (NPs), allows them to easily translocate into organs and tissues resulting in inflammation, oxidative stress, and

Quality by design optimization of microemulsions for topical delivery of Passiflora setacea seed oil

• Daniel T. Pereira,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Danielle T. Freire,
• Dayanne L. Porto,
• Cícero F. S. Aragão,
• Myla L. de Souza,
• Guilherme R. S. de Araujo,
• Ana Maria Costa,
• Wógenes N. Oliveira,
• Anne Sapin-Minet,
• Éverton N. Alencar and
• Eryvaldo Sócrates T. Egito

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2116–2131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.146

• of the MEgel could not be determined. However, NaCMC solutions exhibit negligible surface activity and typically maintain surface tension values close to that of water [48]. Rheological analysis Rheological profiling provides key insights into the behavior of formulations under applied stress or

• . Accordingly, the microemulsions were evaluated for their shear stress and viscosity at both room temperature (25 ± 2 °C) and skin temperature (32.5 ± 2 °C). Microemulsions can exhibit diverse rheological behaviors depending on their type, structure, droplet density, and interdroplet interactions [49]. As

• . Shear stress and viscosity profiles of (A) the base microemulsion, and (B) the gelled microemulsion at 25 and 32.5 °C. Mitochondrial activity of (A) RAW 264.7 murine macrophages and (B) HUVECs after 24 h and 48 h of exposure to different concentrations of the microemulsion, assessed by the MTT assay

Rapid synthesis of highly monodisperse AgSbS₂ nanocrystals: unveiling multifaceted activities in cancer therapy, antibacterial strategies, and antioxidant defense

• Funda Ulusu,
• Adem Sarilmaz,
• Yakup Ulusu,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Mahmut Kus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2105–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.145

• novel antimicrobial agents. Nanoparticle therapy is emerging as a prominent avenue toward that end [8]. Free radicals represent an important focus in pharmacological research. The severity of oxidative stress, defined as the imbalance between the formation of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS

• ) and the activity of the organism’s antioxidative defense systems, is associated with various pathologies such as cancer, aging, and cardiovascular diseases [9]. Some anti-pathological responses of nanoparticles are mediated through increased production of ROS and induction of oxidative stress. This

• nanoparticles [44][45]. Cell inhibition in cell lines can be attributed to intracellular accumulation of nanoparticles leading to oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and necrosis [46]. The findings of this investigation demonstrate that NCs exhibit a substantially lower inhibitory effect on healthy cell lines

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• the purity of the NMs and remove any impurities before their use, such as CCFs [43]. Studies have shown that CCFs can induce oxidative stress and inflammation in cells, potentially leading to cellular damage and toxicity [44]. The potential toxicity of CCFs is a concern in the field of CNM research

Molecular and mechanical insights into gecko seta adhesion: multiscale simulations combining molecular dynamics and the finite element method

• Yash Jain,
• Saeed Norouzi,
• Tobias Materzok,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Florian Müller-Plathe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2055–2076, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.141

• mesh at the end of the spatulae were also removed to be replaced by molecular spatulae models. Table 1 lists the parameters and values used to construct the continuum part of the model. The finite element mesh response was governed by linear isotropic elasticity, with the stress–strain relationship

• given by Hooke’s law [36][37]: where σ is the Cauchy stress tensor, ε is the infinitesimal strain tensor, tr(ε) denotes the trace of the strain tensor, I is the second-order identity tensor, and λ and μ are the Lamé parameters defined as: with E being Young’s modulus and ν Poisson’s ratio. The real seta

Targeting the vector of arboviruses Aedes aegypti with nanoemulsions based on essential oils: a review with focus on larvicidal and repellent properties

• Laryssa Ferreira do Nascimento Silva,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Mariana Alice Gonzaga Gabú,
• Maria Cecilia Queiroga dos Santos,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Mylena Lemos dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa and
• Fabio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1894–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.132

• stress, being easily degradable or evaporated upon exposure to air, light, heat, and humidity during processing, use, or storage [27][28]. Their volatile nature, susceptibility to oxidation, and insolubility in water limit their industrial application [29]. To overcome these limitations

Low-temperature AFM with a microwave cavity optomechanical transducer

• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• August K. Roos,
• Erik Holmgren,
• Riccardo Borgani,
• Mats O. Tholén and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1873–1882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.130

• in the literature [28][29][30]. The main limitation to the internal quality factor of our microwave resonators is the highly disordered low-stress Si–N layer, which causes significant dielectric losses [31]. As discussed above, the figure of merit of a displacement detector should be evaluated with

Self-assembly and adhesive properties of Pollicipes pollicipes barnacle cement protein cp19k: influence of pH and ionic strength

• Shrutika Sawant,
• Anne Marie Power and
• J. Gerard Wall

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1863–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.129

• the threads under wave-induced stress, thereby allowing the byssus to function as both an adhesive and a shock-absorbing tether [7]. Mussel adhesives are difficult to re-create either synthetically or recombinantly [8], the latter due largely to difficulties associated with post-translational

Current status of using adsorbent nanomaterials for removing microplastics from water supply systems: a mini review

• Nguyen Thi Nhan and
• Tran Le Luu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1837–1850, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.127

• water, affecting microbial communities and bioaccumulating in food chains, as shown in the study by Yang and colleagues [110]. Carbon-based nanomaterials, like GO, have the potential to react with biological systems, causing oxidative stress in aquatic organisms by generating reactive oxygen species

Phytol-loaded soybean oil nanoemulsion as a promising alternative against Leishmania amazonensis

• Victória Louise Pinto Freire,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Johny W. de Freitas Oliveira,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Marcelo de Souza-Silva,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva Junior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.126

• least 30 days of storage and at least 15 days even under stress conditions, with no signs of macroscopic instability or changes in droplet size. The cytocompatibility of NEs was confirmed in 3T3 fibroblasts at the concentrations tested, indicating potential safety for in vivo trials. Notably, PHYT-NE

• was evaluated over a period of 30 days by monitoring droplet size, PdI, zeta potential, and pH values. In parallel, the samples were subjected to centrifugation at two different speeds (960 and 8600g) to simulate stress conditions. After centrifugation, droplet size, PdI, and ZP were assessed over a

• effectiveness of PHYT-NE in maintaining colloidal stability under storage and stress conditions. For pharmaceutical applications and the intended therapeutic purpose, nanoemulsions must not only be functional but also safe and selective. That is, they should effectively damage the parasite without causing

Piezoelectricity of layered double hydroxides: perspectives regarding piezocatalysis and nanogenerators

• Evgeniy S. Seliverstov,
• Evgeniya A. Tarasenko and
• Olga E. Lebedeva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1812–1817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.124

• and external stress, leading to increased current generation and reactive oxygen species production. The authors proposed that the piezoelectric field of LDHs facilitates the separation of photo-induced electron–hole pairs and modulates band alignment, thereby synergistically enhancing the piezo

• and 29 times higher than that of individual Zn/Al-LDHs and LDHs combined with peroxydisulfate without light and stress exposure, respectively. This significant enhancement was also attributed to the stimulation of a high current by the photo-piezocatalytic effect generating electrons and holes in Zn

• higher current under mechanical stress) rather than from standardized direct measurements (e.g., d33 coefficients, calibrated PFM, polarization–voltage loops, or macroscopic electromechanical tests). This makes it difficult to determine whether the observed effects are truly piezoelectric in origin, or

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease

• Niédja Fittipaldi Vasconcelos,
• Almerinda Agrelli,
• Rayane Cristine Santos da Silva,
• Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques,
• Isabel Renata de Souza Arruda,
• Priscilla Stela Santana de Oliveira,
• Mércia Liane de Oliveira and
• Giovanna Machado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120

Beyond the bilayer: multilayered hygroscopic actuation in pine cone scales

• Kim Ulrich,
• Max David Mylo,
• Tom Masselter,
• Fabian Scheckenbach,
• Sophia Fischerbauer,
• Martin Nopens,
• Silja Flenner,
• Imke Greving,
• Linnea Hesse and
• Thomas Speck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1695–1710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.119

• FEA in Ansys (ver. 2024 R2, Ansys, Inc., Canonsburg, PA, USA). Expansion was modeled using thermal stress analysis (a combination of the steady-state thermal and static structural solvers). The thermal expansion coefficients of the three tissues involved (sclereid layer, sclerenchyma fibers, and brown

Ambient pressure XPS at MAX IV

• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Ulrike Küst,
• Alexander Klyushin,
• Rosemary Jones,
• Jan Knudsen,
• Robert Temperton,
• Andrey Shavorskiy and
• Esko Kokkonen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1677–1694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.118

• evolution of passive films under electrochemical stress [67][68]. Batteries The dip-and-pull method allows for surface-sensitive XPS measurements of interfaces that are typically hidden inside batteries. Whilst the cell geometry obviously differs dramatically from that of any conventional cell, the approach

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• cell cycle arrest, regulate oxidative stress, enhance metabolic reprogramming, inhibit invasion and metastasis, and modulate immunity and inflammation [129]. The developed nanoparticles underwent physicochemical characterization by SEM, UV–vis spectroscopy, and encapsulation testing, in which the

• effects, which could contribute to cancer prevention and treatment [135]. In cancer therapy, PCs show potential for inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis, modulating oxidative stress, suppressing angiogenesis, and interfering with signaling pathways involved in tumor progression [136

Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• stress, immune system activation, developmental and reproductive toxicity, and damage to the nervous system [8]. MPs possess high specific area and strong adsorption capacity, enabling them to attract pollutants from the environment. They can accumulate harmful substances such as polycyclic aromatic

• oxidative stress, histological damage in vital organs, and overall impaired fish health, highlighting their toxic impact on aquatic ecosystems. NPs and MPs negatively impact marine organisms, but their toxicity toward marine bacteria remain less understood. In a study performed by Sun et al. [49], it was

• found that polystyrene NPs, more than MPs, inhibited the growth of Halomonas alkaliphila, disrupted ammonia conversion, and induced oxidative stress. These findings highlight the effect of plastic debris on marine microbial functions, potentially disrupting nitrogen cycles and ecological balance. When

Bioinspired polypropylene-based functionally graded materials and metamaterials modeling the mistletoe–host interface

• Lina M. Rojas González,
• Naeim Ghavidelnia,
• Christoph Eberl and
• Max D. Mylo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1592–1606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.113

• , allows for thermal and mechanical stresses to be controlled locally, is known as functionally graded materials (FGMs). By means of a gradual composition and microstructure, FGMs can reduce interfacial stress, allowing for precise tailoring of mechanical properties such as stiffness, strength, and

• η = 6.145. The mean value of the linearly graded materials, obtained experimentally from the stress–strain slopes of the elastic region, was used as the Es value. In order to achieve a homogeneous strain distribution along the inversely graded metamaterial geometry, the beams of the two graded

• a speed of 1 mm/min at room temperature using a RetroLine universal testing machine (ZwickRoell GmbH & Co. KG., Ulm, Germany) equipped with a 10 kN load cell. Samples for which slippage was visible during tensile loading were excluded from further evaluation. Stress (σ = F/A0) and strain (ε = (li

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• thicknesses ranging from micrometers to nanometers. A mathematical model was derived to explain the dominant mechanisms in film formation, considering factors such as evaporation and shear stress, and extending the analysis to non-Newtonian fluids [102]. Despite its widespread use, the process faces

The role of biochar in combating microplastic pollution: a bibliometric analysis in environmental contexts

• Tuan Minh Truong Dang,
• Thao Thu Thi Huynh,
• Guo-Ping Chang-Chien and
• Ha Manh Bui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1401–1416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.102

• removal in water and its ability to restore functionality in microplastic-contaminated soils. Biochar applications in restoring MP-contaminated soil Improving plant growth under MP stress MPs negatively impact crop performance by reducing biomass production, inhibiting stem and root development and

• consequently affecting fruit and seed formation [51]. This effect is primarily due to oxidative stress and cellular damage in plant roots, which diminishes water and nutrient absorption [52]. MPs disrupt root–soil hydrocarbon exchange pathways and hinder photosynthesis. Furthermore, they impair metabolic

• resulted in biomass reductions of 4.2–8.6% for canes and leaves and 22.6–37.9% for roots, indicating that root systems are the most affected [54]. The potential of biochar in mitigating MP-induced stress and enhancing plant biomass is illustrated in Figure 5. Experiments with 0.5% cotton stalk biochar in

Parylene-coated platinum nanowire electrodes for biomolecular sensing applications

• Chao Liu,
• Peker Milas,
• Michael G. Spencer and
• Birol Ozturk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1392–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.101

• , and cell oxidative stress [10]. Another important class of biosensors relies on metal nanoparticles, as metals have long served as some of the earliest and most widely utilized materials in biosensor development. Like CNTs, nanoscale metal particles benefit from their small size and high surface-to

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• cell membranes. Following membrane degradation, copper-released ions penetrate into the bacterial cell causing oxidative stress by production of ROS and subsequent degradation of the DNA [114][115]. Recent research has focused on the antibacterial properties of copper complexes derived from quinolones

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• lysosome failure, Golgi stress-associated lipid peroxidation, and oxidative stress associated with the endoplasmic reticulum [23]. Ferroptosis immediately alters the phenotype and function of immune cells [26]. The intricate relationship between lipid metabolism, cysteine, and iron has been recognized as a

• of ferroptosis. The role of iron metabolism is characterized by the generation of ROS and oxidative stress conditions, while the peroxidation of lipids under these oxidative conditions causes intracellular damage that leads the cell into programmed death by ferroptosis [31][32]. Despite the

• of ferroptosis by dissipating cysteine [36][60][79]. Considering the role of the transcription factor Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-related Factor 2 (NRF2) in the transcription of genes involved in redox reactions and managing oxidative stress, this factor can be considered an attenuator of ferroptosis

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• addition, the escalation of new glitches such as drug sensitivity in tumor cells has been reduced due to the emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR) by various factors, including ATP-dependent drug efflux, selective stress of drugs, altered DNA repair mechanisms, cellular heterogeneity, recurrence, and

Chitosan nanocomposite containing rotenoids: an alternative bioinsecticidal approach for the management of Aedes aegypti

• Maria A. A. Bertonceli,
• Vitor D. C. Cristo,
• Ivo J. Vieira,
• Francisco J. A. Lemos,
• Arnoldo R. Façanha,
• Raimundo Braz-Filho,
• Gustavo V. T. Batista,
• Luis G. M. Basso,
• Sérgio H. Seabra,
• Thalya S. R. Nogueira,
• Felipe F. Moreira,
• Arícia L. E. M. Assis,
• Antônia E. A. Oliveira and
• Kátia V. S. Fernandes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1197–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.88

• Clitoria fairchildiana seeds with larvicidal activity against third-instar Ae. aegypti larvae. These studies revealed morphological and metabolic changes in the larvae, suggesting that V-ATPase inhibition triggers oxidative stress, resulting in high production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the midgut

• region was observed (Figure 6, white arrows), which progressively intensified at higher concentrations (100 and 200 ppm). This phenomenon may be indicative of physiological stress related to the integrity of the peritrophic matrix (PM), a semi-permeable structure that lines the midgut, playing essential

• important to highlight that this tissue melanization observed in the larval midgut aligns with our previous findings, which reported the appearance of dark spots along the larval body associated with oxidative stress induced by in natura rotenoids [14]. In that study, the purified rotenoids triggered