Synthesis and applications of carbon nanomaterials for energy generation and storage

• Marco Notarianni,
• Jinzhang Liu,
• Kristy Vernon and
• Nunzio Motta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 149–196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.17

• based on the chemical exfoliation of graphite and thermal or chemical reduction of graphene oxide can produce graphene on an industrial scale but unfortunately with structural defects that can affect the electronic and electrical properties [84][85]. These are the main problems that impede the

• number of oxygen containing functional groups and structural defects. GO can be chemically produced from graphite oxide (also obtained from graphite by treatment with strong oxidizers), which is a compound of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen in variable ratios. The first to synthetize the graphite oxide was

Evaluation of gas-sensing properties of ZnO nanostructures electrochemically doped with Au nanophases

• Elena Dilonardo,
• Michele Penza,
• Marco Alvisi,
• Cinzia Di Franco,
• Francesco Palmisano,
• Luisa Torsi and
• Nicola Cioffi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 22–31, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.3

• electric charge transfer at the gas–solid interface on the MOS surface. It is influenced by the surface area and by the presence of structural defects and impurities that positively affect the gas detection. Moreover, it is favored by the presence of oxygen species adsorbed on MOS surface, whose amount

Plasma fluorination of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes: functionalization and thermal stability

• Claudia Struzzi,
• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Axel Hemberg,
• Luca Petaccia,
• Jean-François Colomer,
• Rony Snyders and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2263–2271, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.232

• (functionalized and heated at 900 °C), confirming the evolution of ID/IG. As a consequence of the Ar/F2 plasma functionalization, structural defects are generated with respect to the pristine sample, as also confirmed by the broadened base of the C 1s core level in Figure 1a and the AD/AG ratio [18]. Through

A facile method for the preparation of bifunctional Mn:ZnS/ZnS/Fe₃O₄ magnetic and fluorescent nanocrystals

• Houcine Labiadh,
• Tahar Ben Chaabane,
• Romain Sibille,
• Lavinia Balan and
• Raphaël Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1743–1751, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.178

• % for the Mn:ZnS/ZnS QDs, to 3.24% for the Mn:ZnS/ZnS/Fe3O4 (1) material. A continuous decrease of the PL QY was further observed when increasing the thickness of the Fe3O4 shell and reached 0.65% for Mn:ZnS/ZnS/Fe3O4 (3). These results probably originate (1) from structural defects related to the

Possibilities and limitations of advanced transmission electron microscopy for carbon-based nanomaterials

• Xiaoxing Ke,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Gustaaf Van Tendeloo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1541–1557, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.158

• structural defects, for instance, is evoked by electrons as a tool and imaged simultaneously. From this point of view, the electron beam is more than an illumination source in producing projections of the investigated materials as in a “shadow play”. It is, to be more accurate, the process or the result of

Thermal treatment of magnetite nanoparticles

• Beata Kalska-Szostko,
• Urszula Wykowska,
• Dariusz Satula and
• Per Nordblad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1385–1396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.143

• , structural defects, tension, composition variation, crystal imperfections, etc.) significantly contribute to the broadening of the line width of the XRD patterns [33]. Therefore, the average particle size calculated this way is only a rough estimation. The temperature dependence of the line width also shows

Tunable white light emission by variation of composition and defects of electrospun Al₂O₃–SiO₂ nanofibers

• Jinyuan Zhou,
• Gengzhi Sun,
• Hao Zhao,
• Xiaojun Pan,
• Zhenxing Zhang,
• Yujun Fu,
• Yanzhe Mao and
• Erqing Xie

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 313–320, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.29

• wavelengths, allowing for potential application in white light emission devices. It has been demonstrated that the luminescence emission and emission intensity of SiO2 nanostructures are strongly dependent upon the intrinsic structural defects and extrinsic environmental influences introduced during the

Interaction of dermatologically relevant nanoparticles with skin cells and skin

• Annika Vogt,
• Fiorenza Rancan,
• Sebastian Ahlberg,
• Berouz Nazemi,
• Chun Sik Choe,
• Maxim E. Darvin,
• Sabrina Hadam,
• Ulrike Blume-Peytavi,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Matthias Epple,
• Christina Graf,
• Eckart Rühl,
• Martina C. Meinke and
• Jürgen Lademann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2363–2373, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.245

• found in patients with inflammatory skin diseases, structural defects of the barrier and open wounds or barrier dysfunction in response to excessive sunlight exposure. We show that toxic effects of particles per se have to be differentiated from secondary effects, e.g., ion release from silver particles

Electrical contacts to individual SWCNTs: A review

• Wei Liu,
• Christofer Hierold and
• Miroslav Haluska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2202–2215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.229

• , the additional barriers caused by the deformation of the SWCNT were avoided [26]. Transmission line model: CNFETs with longer channel lengths exhibit a higher on-resistance due to the electron scattering effect along the channels [46]. This could be caused by intrinsic structural defects or by the

On the structure of grain/interphase boundaries and interfaces

• K. Anantha Padmanabhan and
• Herbert Gleiter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1603–1615, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.172

• as vacancies and extra occupancies, are due to the details of the electronic structure requirements and not just structural defects [19][20][21]. In these cases, the formation of structural/basic units will depend on the separation between the atoms and the nature (metallic, ionic or covalent) of the

Synthesis of hydrophobic photoluminescent carbon nanodots by using L-tyrosine and citric acid through a thermal oxidation route

• Venkatesh Gude

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1513–1522, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.164

• structural defects [2][5][15][20]. Recently, Cushing et al. reported that the origin of excitation wavelength dependent emission, the continuous red shift and the broadening of bands is due to a “giant red-edge effect” of heterogeneous graphene quantum dots. The giant red-edge effect appears because the

Probing the electronic transport on the reconstructed Au/Ge(001) surface

• Franciszek Krok,
• Mark R. Kaspers,
• Alexander M. Bernhart,
• Marek Nikiel,
• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Paulina Indyka,
• Mateusz Wojtaszek,
• Rolf Möller and
• Christian A. Bobisch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1463–1471, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.159

• resolution STM image of the area between the Au clusters exhibits Au reconstructed terraces separated by single layer steps, exemplarily shown in Figure 1d. At most step edges the wire structure is rotated by 90° resulting from the reconstructed Ge(001) substrate. The domains exhibit some structural defects

Gas sensing with gold-decorated vertically aligned carbon nanotubes

• Prasantha R. Mudimela,
• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Oriol González-León,
• Nicolas Reckinger,
• Rony Snyders,
• Eduard Llobet,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Jean-François Colomer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 910–918, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.104

• aligned inside the forest (Figure 3). The CNTs were found to consist of multi-walled nanotubes with different wall number (the average value was about a dozen walls). Moreover, the nanotubes showed structural defects as exemplified in Figure 3b. The presence of defects along the length of the tube is

Analytical development and optimization of a graphene–solution interface capacitance model

• Hediyeh Karimi,
• Rasoul Rahmani,
• Reza Mashayekhi,
• Leyla Ranjbari,
• Amir H. Shirdel,
• Niloofar Haghighian,
• Parisa Movahedi,
• Moein Hadiyan and
• Razali Ismail

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 603–609, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.71

• transport at room temperature give rise to the potential applicability in electrolyte-gated transistors [8][9][10][11]. Graphene, as a nearly perfect 2D crystal free of the structural defects [12][13] shows ballistic transport because of its significant high electron mobility at low temperatures, which can

Towards precise defect control in layered oxide structures by using oxide molecular beam epitaxy

• Federico Baiutti,
• Georg Christiani and
• Gennady Logvenov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 596–602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.70

• structural defects, with the aim of tailoring their functional properties by precise defects control. Keywords: artificial superlattices; complex oxides; defect chemistry; interface effects; molecular beam epitaxy; Introduction The progress in the synthesis of layered complex oxide compounds with high

Preparation of poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone)-stabilized ZnO colloid nanoparticles

• Tatyana Gutul,
• Emil Rusu,
• Nadejda Condur,
• Veaceslav Ursaki,
• Evgenii Goncearenco and
• Paulina Vlazan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 402–406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.47

• of XRD analysis. Note also that the emission in the visible spectral range, which is usually associated with structural defects, is practically absent from ZnO/PVP nanoparticles. The XRD pattern of the powder material is shown in Figure 4. The diffraction peaks for 2θ = 31.71°, 34.40°, 36.42°, 47.58

En route to controlled catalytic CVD synthesis of densely packed and vertically aligned nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube arrays

• Slawomir Boncel,
• Sebastian W. Pattinson,
• Valérie Geiser,
• Milo S. P. Shaffer and
• Krzysztof K. K. Koziol

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 219–233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.24

• products contained 0.3–0.4 wt % H, which is assumed to be in a form of nanotube H-terminations and other possible C–H functions localized at structural defects. Morphology of N-CNTs. Raw products from each of the N-CNTs syntheses were examined with respect to the degree of alignment and areal density of

• (graphitisation) of N-CNTs. It must be emphasized here that the ratio ID/IG not only reflects of the presence of amorphous carbon (i.e., ‘cauliflowers’) but, particularly in our case, corresponds to the degree of graphitisation. In general, the ratio ID/IG reflects a number of structural defects, the

• concentration of amorphous carbon and it is sensitive to doping. In the case of N-CNTs, the D-peak originates not only from structural defects but also from the covalent heteroatomic doping of the nanotubes. Firstly, changes in the positions of critical G- and D-peaks were found for N-CNTs (3% N) (ωG = 1585 cm

Template based precursor route for the synthesis of CuInSe₂ nanorod arrays for potential solar cell applications

• Mikhail Pashchanka,
• Jonas Bang,
• Niklas S. A. Gora,
• Ildiko Balog,
• Rudolf C. Hoffmann and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 868–874, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.98

• moderate shift of this peak to lower wavenumbers may result from structural defects like grain boundaries, and confirms the nanocrystalline composition of the nanorods [27]. The broad structureless signal centred at 226 cm−1 is also in good agreement with previous studies of CuInSe2 lattice dynamics

Evolution of microstructure and related optical properties of ZnO grown by atomic layer deposition

• Adib Abou Chaaya,
• Roman Viter,
• Mikhael Bechelany,
• Zanda Alute,
• Donats Erts,
• Anastasiya Zalesskaya,
• Kristaps Kovalevskis,
• Vincent Rouessac,
• Valentyn Smyntyna and
• Philippe Miele

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 690–698, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.78

• energy gap of the films are lower due to structural defects. The observed UV and visible photoluminescence emissions in the films correspond to band-edge and defect-related transitions, respectively. Additional UV emissions are observed from band-tail states. The defects related to observed PL bands are

• , and effective mass of the exciton, respectively. Since ZnO is a direct band gap semiconductor, the wave vector k = 0 and the value of the energy gap of the samples, according to Equation 4, is around 3.35–3.36 eV. The difference between the estimations and the experimental data is due to structural

• defects. Correlation between optical and structural properties. The optical properties of ultrathin ZnO films are tailored by structural parameters (grain size, stoichiometry, etc.). A strong relation between the crystalline structures and photoluminescence of ZnO is described by the intensity ratio of

Large-scale atomistic and quantum-mechanical simulations of a Nafion membrane: Morphology, proton solvation and charge transport

• Pavel V. Komarov,
• Pavel G. Khalatur and
• Alexei R. Khokhlov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 567–587, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.65

• almost invisible. Taking this into account, one has to conclude that microphase-separated Nafion does not form a perfect DD phase, indicating the large amount of various defects present in the simulated structure. These structural defects include a considerable number of undulations and perforations, as

Molecular dynamics simulations of mechanical failure in polymorphic arrangements of amyloid fibrils containing structural defects

• Hlengisizwe Ndlovu,
• Alison E. Ashcroft,
• Sheena E. Radford and
• Sarah A. Harris

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 429–440, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.50

• , Leeds LS2 9JT, UK 10.3762/bjnano.4.50 Abstract We examine how the different steric packing arrangements found in amyloid fibril polymorphs can modulate their mechanical properties using steered molecular dynamics simulations. Our calculations demonstrate that for fibrils containing structural defects

• considered when quantifying the mechanical properties of amyloid fibres containing defects. Keywords: amyloid; fibril fragmentation; steered molecular dynamics (SMD); structural defects; Introduction Amyloid fibrils are biomaterials that are commonly associated with human disease [1]. Over recent years

• defects within the model fibrils in determining their mechanical properties. Similarly, in this paper we pay particular attention to the role played by structural defects in the ability of the three different polymorphs of the 10-residue amylin fragment to resist an applied force. The calculations reveal

Functionalization of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes

• Eloise Van Hooijdonk,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Rony Snyders and
• Jean-François Colomer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 129–152, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.14

• their structural defects [110]. The fuel cell [111], discovered in 1839 by Sir William Grove [112], is a device in which the production of electricity is due to oxidation on a fuel reducer electrode coupled to the reduction of an oxidant on the other electrode. The oxygen reduction reaction plays a key

Highly ordered ultralong magnetic nanowires wrapped in stacked graphene layers

• Abdel-Aziz El Mel,
• Jean-Luc Duvail,
• Eric Gautron,
• Wei Xu,
• Chang-Hwan Choi,
• Benoit Angleraud,
• Agnès Granier and
• Pierre-Yves Tessier

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 846–851, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.95

• further demonstrated the presence of a preferential magnetic orientation along the wire axis, which has been attributed to the shape anisotropy. The low coercive fields reflect the low roughness and low structural defects as well as dipolar coupling between the nanowires. This new type of graphene

Influence of the diameter of single-walled carbon nanotube bundles on the optoelectronic performance of dry-deposited thin films

• Kimmo Mustonen,
• Toma Susi,
• Antti Kaskela,
• Patrik Laiho,
• Ying Tian,
• Albert G. Nasibulin and
• Esko I. Kauppinen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 692–702, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.79

• ). In graphitic carbon, the G band (~1580 cm−1) corresponds to planar vibrations of carbon atoms, while the D band (~1350 cm−1) is sensitive to structural defects and impurities such as amorphous carbon and vacancies in the sp2-hybridized carbon lattice [27]. Therefore, the ratio of the intensities of

X-ray absorption spectroscopy by full-field X-ray microscopy of a thin graphite flake: Imaging and electronic structure via the carbon K-edge

• Carla Bittencourt,
• Adam P. Hitchock,
• Xiaoxing Ke,
• Gustaaf Van Tendeloo,
• Chris P. Ewels and
• Peter Guttmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 345–350, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.39

• . Deviation from the expected signal intensity can be associated with nonplanarity, structural defects, etc. [12]. Here we use NEXAFS spectromicroscopy, performed with the Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin (HZB) full-field transmission X-ray microscope (TXM) installed at the electron storage ring BESSY II [19], to