Graphene removal by water-assisted focused electron-beam-induced etching – unveiling the dose and dwell time impact on the etch profile and topographical changes in SiO₂ substrates

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek,
• Jan M. Michalik,
• Inés Serrano-Esparza,
• Zdeněk Nováček,
• Veronika Novotná,
• Piotr Ozga,
• Czesław Kapusta and
• José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 190–198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.18

• unconventional strong electron–electron interactions, present in superlattices formed in twisted bilayered and trilayered graphene, led to the emergence of a new field called “twistronics” – just to highlight recent remarkable discoveries such as superconductivity [2][3], topological phases [4][5], and the

Density functional theory study of Au-fcc/Ge and Au-hcp/Ge interfaces

• Olga Sikora,
• Małgorzata Sternik,
• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Franciszek Krok,
• Przemysław Piekarz and
• Andrzej M. Oleś

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1093–1105, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.90

• ) grid for crystallographic cells of bulk crystal to a (4,4,4) grid for larger superlattices that model the Au-fcc(011)/Ge(001) and Au-hcp(010)/Ge(111) heterostructures. The slabs with vacuum were calculated using (8,8,2) or (4,4,2) k-points grids depending on the size of the cross section. A vacuum

Chemical vapor deposition of germanium-rich CrGe_x nanowires

• Vladislav Dřínek,
• Stanislav Tiagulskyi,
• Roman Yatskiv,
• Jan Grym,
• Radek Fajgar,
• Věra Jandová,
• Martin Koštejn and
• Jaroslav Kupčík

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1365–1371, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.100

• furnace. Cr11Ge19 belongs to the large family of compounds exhibiting a Nowotny chimney ladder crystal structure. Such materials have mostly significant thermoelectric properties [5]. CrGe superlattices in CrGe/FeGe and CrGe/Mn/Ge/FeGe systems were fabricated for advanced materials with tunable skyrmions

Functional nanostructures for electronics, spintronics and sensors

• Anatolie S. Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1704–1706, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.152

• theoretical and experimental investigations of S/F superlattices. Such superlattices can be used as tunable kinetic inductivity synapses in artificial neural networks of a superconducting computer with non-von Neumann architecture. A further example by Novikov et al. [14] demonstrated the concept of “read-out

Controlling the proximity effect in a Co/Nb multilayer: the properties of electronic transport

• Sergey Bakurskiy,
• Mikhail Kupriyanov,
• Nikolay V. Klenov,
• Igor Soloviev,
• Andrey Schegolev,
• Roman Morari,
• Yury Khaydukov and
• Anatoli S. Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1336–1345, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.118

• superlattices can be used as tunable kinetic inductors designed for artificial neural networks representing the information in a “current domain”. Keywords: cryogenic computing; spin-valve; superconducting neural network; superconducting spintronics; Introduction Multilayer superconductor/ferromagnetic (S/F

• /F structure. To test the concept of the magnetically tunable kinetic inductor, we calculated the superconducting order parameter in S/[F1/s/F2/s]n superlattices, as presented in Figure 1. We studied the proximity effect and electronic transport in the multilayer hybrid structures in the frame of

• , predicted in the model, for the pair potential in thin s-layers of a [Co(1.5 nm)/Nb(8 nm)/Co(2.5 nm)/Nb(8 nm)]3 AFM. For these superlattices, the possibility of switching between the P and AP cases, using a magnetic field with an intensity of ≈30 oersteds, has already been demonstrated [9]. The samples were

Proximity effect in [Nb(1.5 nm)/Fe(x)]₁₀/Nb(50 nm) superconductor/ferromagnet heterostructures

• Yury Khaydukov,
• Sabine Pütter,
• Laura Guasco,
• Roman Morari,
• Gideok Kim,
• Thomas Keller,
• Anatolie Sidorenko and
• Bernhard Keimer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1254–1263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.109

• Nanotechnologies ASM, MD2028 Kishinev, Moldova 10.3762/bjnano.11.109 Abstract We have investigated the structural, magnetic and superconduction properties of [Nb(1.5 nm)/Fe(x)]10 superlattices deposited on a thick Nb(50 nm) layer. Our investigation showed that the Nb(50 nm) layer grows epitaxially at 800 °C on

• the Al2O3(1−102) substrate. Samples grown at this condition possess a high residual resistivity ratio of 15–20. By using neutron reflectometry we show that Fe/Nb superlattices with x < 4 nm form a depth-modulated FeNb alloy with concentration of iron varying between 60% and 90%. This alloy has weak

• superconduction properties of [Fe(x)/Nb(1.5 nm)]10 superlattices on top of a thick Nb(50 nm) layer. The main characteristics are summarized in Table 1. Our investigation has shown that the Nb layer grows epitaxially on the Al2O3() substrate in the (100) direction at a substrate temperature during deposition of

Improvement of the thermoelectric properties of a MoO₃ monolayer through oxygen vacancies

• Wenwen Zheng,
• Wei Cao,
• Ziyu Wang,
• Huixiong Deng,
• Jing Shi and
• Rui Xiong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2031–2038, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.199

• Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 912, Beijing 100083

Oblique angle deposition of nickel thin films by high-power impulse magnetron sputtering

• Hamidreza Hajihoseini,
• Movaffaq Kateb,
• Snorri Þorgeir Ingvarsson and
• Jon Tomas Gudmundsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1914–1921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.186

• ][21] and substrate temperature [19], as well as while stacking into superlattices [23][24]. High-power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS), sometimes referred to as high-power pulsed magnetron sputtering (HPPMS), is a physical vapor deposition (PVD) technique based on pulsed power technology where

Magnetic field-assisted assembly of iron oxide mesocrystals: a matter of nanoparticle shape and magnetic anisotropy

• Julian J. Brunner,
• Marina Krumova,
• Helmut Cölfen and
• Elena V. Sturm (née Rosseeva)

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 894–900, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.90

• symmetry of packing arrangement and orientational order in 2D and 3D superlattices. The 3D structures of the self-assembled nanocubes can be approximated by a slightly distorted fcc superlattice, thereby the texture-like wide-angle diffraction pattern indicates the formation of mesocrystals with a

• within the superlattices remarkably differentiates from that obtained without magnetic field. For the formation of “directed mesocrystals”, a nanocrystal dispersion was left to dry within a homogeneous magnetic field (Figure 1). The homogenous magnetic field with a field strength is 120 mT was created by

• elongated superstructures with sizes up to several tens of micrometres aligned along the direction of the applied magnetic field (Figure 2b). This observation proves that the assembly process of the nanocrystals to superlattices was significantly affected by an external magnetic field and it further

Capillary force-induced superlattice variation atop a nanometer-wide graphene flake and its moiré origin studied by STM

• Loji K. Thomas and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 804–810, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.80

• superlattices on graphite by imaging a live transition from one superlattice to another with concurrent and direct measurement of the orientation angle before and after rotation using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). This has been possible due to a fortuitous observation of a superlattice on a nanometer

• of altering the superlattice on the flake. The change in the superlattice periodicity is then used to validate the moiré origin of the superlattices. We also describe the theory behind the plausible cause of the rotation of the flake based on a more “realistic” meniscus pertinent to the situation of

• a solid-liquid STM measurement. Results and Discussion Apart from various defects [5][6][7][8][9], hexagonal superlattices are the most frequently observed planar artefacts found on HOPG(0001) during STM imaging [19][20][21][22]. It was proved by Xhie et al., based on a direct measurement of the

Pinning of a ferroelectric Bloch wall at a paraelectric layer

• Vilgelmina Stepkova and
• Jiří Hlinka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2356–2360, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.220

• Vilgelmina Stepkova Jiri Hlinka Institute of Physics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic 10.3762/bjnano.9.220 Abstract The phase-field simulations of ferroelectric Bloch domain walls in BaTiO3–SrTiO3 crystalline superlattices performed in this study suggest that a

• superlattices; ferroelectric domain walls; Ginzburg–Landau–Devonshire model; phase-field simulations; Introduction Nanometer-scale mixtures of paraelectric and ferroelectric materials in disordered solid solutions or in very fine artificial crystalline superlattices often show qualitatively similar domain

• phenomena as the parent ferroelectric materials. For example, in the case of BaTiO3–SrTiO3 superlattices with only a few atomic layers of SrTiO3, the domain walls are simply expected to penetrate through BaTiO3/SrTiO3 interfaces [1][2][3][4][5]. In general, it can be expected that a small amount of

Absence of free carriers in silicon nanocrystals grown from phosphorus- and boron-doped silicon-rich oxide and oxynitride

• Daniel Hiller,
• Julian López-Vidrier,
• Keita Nomoto,
• Michael Wahl,
• Wolfgang Bock,
• Tomáš Chlouba,
• František Trojánek,
• Sebastian Gutsch,
• Margit Zacharias,
• Dirk König,
• Petr Malý and
• Michael Kopnarski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1501–1511, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.141

• , optical and electrical properties of P- and B-incorporating Si NCs in both embedding dielectrics. We will show that, despite some minor differences in the four different sample configurations, no free carriers associated to a doping behaviour of P or B are observed. Experimental Superlattices of SiO2 and

A terahertz-vibration to terahertz-radiation converter based on gold nanoobjects: a feasibility study

• Kamil Moldosanov and
• Andrei Postnikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 983–989, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.90

• [17][18], a tunneling of acoustic phonons across nanoscale gaps became an issue of priority. Meanwhile, already in 2010 Beardsley et al. [19] described a working 0.44 THz saser (on the basis of semiconductor superlattices). It seems that metallic nanobars/nanorings supposed to serve as resonators for

Enhanced fullerene–Au(111) coupling in (2√3 × 2√3)R30° superstructures with intermolecular interactions

• Michael Paßens,
• Rainer Waser and
• Silvia Karthäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1421–1431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.147

• –metal interface. First systematic studies of close packed fullerene thin films on Au(111) surfaces using scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) were performed by Altman and Colton [8][9][10]. They observed two structural arrangements, the (2√3 × 2√3)R30° and the uniform (7 × 7)R0° superlattices, with the

Nano-contact microscopy of supracrystals

• Adam Sweetman,
• Nicolas Goubet,
• Ioannis Lekkas,
• Marie Paule Pileni and
• Philip Moriarty

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1229–1236, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.126

• well-ordered 3D nanocrystal superlattices, otherwise known as supracrystals [4], can now be synthesized via slow nucleation and growth under a solvent atmosphere [5]. This assembly process produces not only supracrystalline films (which nucleate and grow at the air–solvent interface) but also large

• Middleton and Wingreen in the early 1990s [6], a number of groups [7][8][9][10][11] have shown that the current–voltage (I(V)) characteristics of nanocrystal superlattices follow a power law dependence above a voltage threshold (which is related to the Coulomb gap for the system). The power law exponent

• ] and inter-molecular [32][33][34] resolution are increasingly the norm, also exploits imaging in the point-contact regime for which electron repulsion underpins the contrast mechanism (as pioneered by Gross et al. [30]). We apply a similar type of contact imaging protocol to nanocrystal superlattices

Review of nanostructured devices for thermoelectric applications

• Giovanni Pennelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1268–1284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.141

• temperature range, because silicon is a very stable material for temperatures in excess of 900 K. Silicon–germanium alloys, SiGe [38][39], and superlattices [40][41] showed a good Z factor value, of the order of 2 × 10−3 K−1 at 800 K. Furthermore, they can be used for power generation in devices exploiting

Sublattice asymmetry of impurity doping in graphene: A review

• James A. Lawlor and
• Mauro S. Ferreira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1210–1217, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.133

• lattice sites yields no band gap [17]. Further investigations using vacancies, where carbon atoms are removed from the lattice, found that both superlattices [18] and random distributions restricted to one of the two graphene sublattices [19] both lead to a tunable band gap, and in the latter case an

• dopants and their effect on the graphene electronic properties were purely theoretical. Beginning with impurity superlattices, this research preceded the experimental realistation of nitrogen doped graphene. By introducing a controlled periodic arrangement of boron and nitrogen impurities a band gap was

Organic and inorganic–organic thin film structures by molecular layer deposition: A review

• Pia Sundberg and
• Maarit Karppinen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1104–1136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.123

• multilayer and nanostructure architectures by combining different inorganic, organic and hybrid material layers into on-demand designed mixtures, superlattices and nanolaminates, and employing new innovative nanotemplates or post-deposition treatments to, e.g., selectively decompose parts of the structure

• ; nanostructuring; organic thin films; superlattices; thin-film technology; Introduction Many high-end technologies rely on our capability to fabricate thin films and coatings with on-demand tailored compositions and architectures in a highly controlled way. The atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique is capable

Designing magnetic superlattices that are composed of single domain nanomagnets

• Derek M. Forrester,
• Feodor V. Kusmartsev and
• Endre Kovács

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 956–963, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.109

• to create magnetic devices. On the other hand, one may require a magnetic system that can easily be switched between phases, and so one can use the information herein to design superlattices of the required shape and character by choosing parameters close to the phase boundaries. This work will be

• useful when designing future spintronic devices, especially those manipulating the properties of CoFeB compounds. Keywords: hysteresis; nanoparticles; magnetic phases; superlattices; Introduction The development of highly ordered superlattices is of significant importance from a practical perspective

• and magnetic sensors because changing the geometry of the nanomagnet and levels of doping allows one to change the magnetic properties in a controllable way. Superlattices with magnetic elements of amorphous magnetic alloys, such as Co60Fe20B20 [3] and Fe65Co35B12 [4], have been developed due to their

Towards precise defect control in layered oxide structures by using oxide molecular beam epitaxy

• Federico Baiutti,
• Georg Christiani and
• Gennady Logvenov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 596–602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.70

• structural defects, with the aim of tailoring their functional properties by precise defects control. Keywords: artificial superlattices; complex oxides; defect chemistry; interface effects; molecular beam epitaxy; Introduction The progress in the synthesis of layered complex oxide compounds with high

• . Bhattacharya et al. to tailor the magnetic exchange interaction in LaMnO3–SrMnO3 [20], where magnetic properties of these superlattices were tuned between ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic metallic states by inserting extra single-unit-cell layers of LaMnO3 and SrMnO3, respectively. The ALL-oxide MBE at the

• single phase oxide films and heterostructures. During the system optimization phase, we have experimented with La2−xSrxCuO4 and La2−xSrxNiO4 with different doping levels (x), LaNiO3, LaAlO3, LaSrAlO4 and several other complex oxides. In particular, we have deposited superlattices with ultrathin layers

Grain boundaries and coincidence site lattices in the corneal nanonipple structure of the Mourning Cloak butterfly

• Ken C. Lee and
• Uwe Erb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 292–299, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.32

• boundary analysis. For example, in 2D crystal structures produced by bubble rafts [11] or 3-D polycrystalline materials [12][13] such superlattices were studied for many different grain boundaries. Kronberg and Wilson [12] were likely the first researchers to point out the significance of superlattices for

• angular deviations up to which the special properties of grain boundaries are maintained [16][17][18][19]. The most commonly used criterion is the Brandon criterion [16], which states Table 1 summarizes all possible superlattices with Σ ≤ 19 that can be generated for increasing misorientation values up to

• superlattices shown in Figure 4 and Figure 7 as these are projections of curved 2-D crystals. In other words, the superlattice fit may actually extend over much larger areas if this curvature is taken into consideration. In summary, the 2 mm hemispherical eyes of the Mourning Cloak butterfly consist of several

Simple theoretical analysis of the photoemission from quantum confined effective mass superlattices of optoelectronic materials

• Debashis De,
• Sitangshu Bhattacharya,
• S. M. Adhikari,
• A. Kumar,
• P. K. Bose and
• K. P. Ghatak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 339–362, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.40

• Electronics and Instrumentation, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology, Majitar, Rangpo, East Sikkim-737136, India National Institute of Technology, Agartala, Tripura-799055,India 10.3762/bjnano.2.40 Abstract The photoemission from quantum wires and dots of effective mass superlattices of optoelectronic

• superlattices, together with quantum well superlattices under magnetic quantization, has also been investigated in this regard. It appears, taking HgTe/Hg1−xCdxTe and InxGa1−xAs/InP effective mass superlattices, that the photoemission from these quantized structures is enhanced with increasing photon energy in

• intensity reflects the direct signature of light waves on the carrier energy spectra. The content of this paper finds six different applications in the fields of low dimensional systems in general. Keywords: magnetic quantization; photoemission; quantum dot effective mass superlattices; quantum well

Effect of large mechanical stress on the magnetic properties of embedded Fe nanoparticles

• Srinivasa Saranu,
• Sören Selve,
• Ute Kaiser,
• Luyang Han,
• Ulf Wiedwald,
• Paul Ziemann and
• Ulrich Herr

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 268–275, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.31

• anisotropy when subjected to tetragonal distortions by incorporation of the material into CoFe/Pt superlattices [12] or growth on Pd(001) surfaces [13]. In the present contribution, we extend the investigations of the stress effect on the magnetic anisotropy to the study of Fe nanoparticles embedded in a

Extended X-ray absorption fine structure of bimetallic nanoparticles

• Carolin Antoniak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 237–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.28

• putting a small droplet of nanoparticle dispersion onto the substrate. The shell of organic ligands prevents the agglomeration of the nanoparticles and drives the formation of hexagonally self-assembled superlattices. The quality of the hexagonal arrangement can be improved by an excess of surfactants in

Review and outlook: from single nanoparticles to self-assembled monolayers and granular GMR sensors

• Alexander Weddemann,
• Inga Ennen,
• Anna Regtmeier,
• Camelia Albon,
• Annalena Wolff,
• Katrin Eckstädt,
• Nadine Mill,
• Michael K.-H. Peter,
• Jochen Mattay,
• Carolin Plattner,
• Norbert Sewald and
• Andreas Hütten

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2010, 1, 75–93, doi:10.3762/bjnano.1.10

• ordered regions ranging from monolayers of hexagonally or cubically ordered arrays with sizes between a few square nanometers up to the square micron scale [13][45][46][47] and to three dimensional superlattices of several cubic millimeters [48][49] as shown in Figure 8. For many applications, a high

• another crucial factor for the preparation of homogeneously ordered superlattices on large scales. The influence of different surface conditions is shown in Figure 10(b): A photo resist mask of 2.5 µm wide strips created on top of a Ta layer by optical lithography was employed. After removal of the mask