Synthesis and applications of carbon nanomaterials for energy generation and storage

• Marco Notarianni,
• Jinzhang Liu,
• Kristy Vernon and
• Nunzio Motta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 149–196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.17

• in the furnace. They demonstrated that, with this method, the Cu inner surface is smoother than the outer one, allowing the formation of millimeter-sized graphene (Figure 24). Mohsin et al. [149] also showed that the Cu surface morphology is very important for graphene nucleation. In fact, by melting

Fabrication and characterization of novel multilayered structures by stereocomplexion of poly(D-lactic acid)/poly(L-lactic acid) and self-assembly of polyelectrolytes

• Elena Dellacasa,
• Li Zhao,
• Gesheng Yang,
• Laura Pastorino and
• Gleb B. Sukhorukov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 81–90, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.10

• promising drug delivery carriers for biomedical applications. The combination of the physical and mechanical properties of such materials could make it possible to modify characteristic features, such as surface morphology, in order to modulate important delivery factors, like permeability and release rate

Dependence of lattice strain relaxation, absorbance, and sheet resistance on thickness in textured ZnO@B transparent conductive oxide for thin-film solar cell applications

• Kuang-Yang Kou,
• Yu-En Huang,
• Chien-Hsun Chen and
• Shih-Wei Feng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 75–80, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.9

• rates were 1, 500, and 550 sccm, respectively. Characterization The surface morphology was revealed by atomic force microscopy (Park Systems, XE-70) performed in noncontact mode using a silicon tip with a curvature of less than 10 nm. The scanning electron microscope and cathodoluminescence results were

Nanostructured surfaces by supramolecular self-assembly of linear oligosilsesquioxanes with biocompatible side groups

• Maria Nowacka,
• Anna Kowalewska and
• Tomasz Makowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2377–2387, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.244

• with COOH groups, which results in a change of the surface morphology (Figure 5). P3 bearing GSH units forms different structures than P2 and P4, which can be explained by better accessibility of donor/acceptor units in GSH molecules. Cys-HCl and NAC in P2 and P4 are more hindered by the polymer matrix

Self-organization of gold nanoparticles on silanated surfaces

• Htet H. Kyaw,
• Salim H. Al-Harthi,
• Azzouz Sellai and
• Joydeep Dutta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2345–2353, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.242

• silanes (Figure 2, type III). Surface morphology analysis of Au nanoparticles deposited on APTES-functionalized glass substrates The surface morphology of AuNPs deposited on self-assembled APTES-functionalized glass substrates (functionalization time of 24 h) are shown in Figure 4. The surface morphology

• surface morphology was observed after annealing in vacuum at 600 °C as some of the AuNPs realign themselves in a certain direction (see Figure 7b) due to the softening of the substrate at its glass transition point. Surface roughness, RMS (root mean square), was marginally reduced from 3.05 nm (before

• 600 °C for 1 h. For annealing in air, samples were annealed at 600 °C for 1 h in a commercial furnace. Characterization. The surface morphology of AuNps self-organized on glass substrates were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM, Veeco di Multimode V). The operation was in contact mode using

Au nanoparticle-based sensor for apomorphine detection in plasma

• Chiara Zanchi,
• Andrea Lucotti,
• Matteo Tommasini,
• Sebastiano Trusso,
• Ugo de Grazia,
• Emilio Ciusani and
• Paolo M. Ossi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2224–2232, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.228

• measured. All spectra were collected in the 900–1800 cm−1 spectral range with exposure times of 5, 10, 30 and 60 s (average of 2 accumulations). Results and Discussion Morphology of nanostructured gold substrates Figure 1 shows representative pictures of the surface morphology of the nanostructured gold

• transfer to APO detection in biological fluids. Experiments performed on unfiltered blood plasma with different APO concentrations proved the applicability of the proposed method to APO detection for samples of clinical origin. (A, B) SEM micrographs of the surface morphology of a gold substrate deposited

Electrochemical coating of dental implants with anodic porous titania for enhanced osteointegration

• Amirreza Shayganpour,
• Alberto Rebaudi,
• Pierpaolo Cortella,
• Alberto Diaspro and
• Marco Salerno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2183–2192, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.224

• , Italy 10.3762/bjnano.6.224 Abstract Clinical long-term osteointegration of titanium-based biomedical devices is the main goal for both dental and orthopedical implants. Both the surface morphology and the possible functionalization of the implant surface are important points. In the last decade

• titanium. We anodized dental implants made of commercial grade titanium under different experimental conditions and characterized the resulting surface morphology with scanning electron microscopy equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer. The appearance of nanopores on these implants confirm that

• Figure 3 the typical results of anodization are shown with respect to both the surface morphology (SEM, Figure 3a) and its composition (EDS, Figure 3b). The reported data are from S&M implants, but equivalent results were obtained for Stark implants. In Figure 3a, the characteristic nanoporosity of APT

Nanostructured superhydrophobic films synthesized by electrodeposition of fluorinated polyindoles

• Gabriela Ramos Chagas,
• Thierry Darmanin and
• Frédéric Guittard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2078–2087, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.212

• C4F9 and C6F13 chains and differences in the surface morphology depend especially on the substituent position. The polyindoles exhibited hydrophobic and superhydrophobic properties even with a very low roughness. The best results are obtained with PIndole-6-F6 for which superhydrophobic and highly

• 6-position of indole) were synthesized and electropolymerized (Scheme 1). We report the influence of the fluorocarbon chain length and the substituent position on the surface morphology and hydrophobicity. Results and Discussion Electrodeposition In order to develop structured polymeric films, the

• were obtained for C4F9 and C6F13 showing several differences mainly with the substituent position, affecting the surface morphology and the wetting properties. The best results were obtained with PIndole-6-F6 for which a superhydrophobic state with a self-cleaning condition and highly oleophobic

Effect of SiN_x diffusion barrier thickness on the structural properties and photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ films obtained by sol–gel dip coating and reactive magnetron sputtering

• Mohamed Nawfal Ghazzal,
• Eric Aubry,
• Nouari Chaoui and
• Didier Robert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2039–2045, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.207

• that the films are about 40 nm thick (Figure 1b). The surface morphology of the annealed TiO2 coatings synthesized on SiNx/SLG substrates by reactive sputtering is presented in Figure 2. The film surface does not show a major difference when the thickness of SiNx barrier increases. The coatings treated

Atomic force microscopy as analytical tool to study physico-mechanical properties of intestinal cells

• Christa Schimpel,
• Oliver Werzer,
• Eleonore Fröhlich,
• Gerd Leitinger,
• Markus Absenger-Novak,
• Birgit Teubl,
• Andreas Zimmer and
• Eva Roblegg

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1457–1466, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.151

• fundamental question arises whether this is also reflected by the physico-mechanical properties of their respective cell surfaces. SEM was used in order to firstly verify differentiation of Caco-2 cells to M cells in the presence of Raji B cells and secondly to evaluate differences in shape/surface morphology

• , complicated specimen preparation as well as destruction of native molecular conformations/structures can be avoided [36]. With this in mind, AFM was used in contact mode to explore the surface morphology of Caco-2 and M cells in more detailed. Unfortunately, it was not possible to localize M cells in the co

• adhesion forces were found at the periphery of Caco-2 cells and slightly increased in the nuclear regions. However, in M cells adhesion was significantly higher, particularly in the nuclear region. This can be explained by the surface morphology and by the cell elasticity. M cells exhibit a smooth and more

Scalable, high performance, enzymatic cathodes based on nanoimprint lithography

• Dmitry Pankratov,
• Richard Sundberg,
• Javier Sotres,
• Dmitry B. Suyatin,
• Ivan Maximov,
• Sergey Shleev and
• Lars Montelius

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1377–1384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.142

• Au layer on the substrates. Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1 shows the fabrication process flow of the nanostructured electrodes. Characterisation of gold electrodes Surface morphology was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). SEM images were

Formation of substrate-based gold nanocage chains through dealloying with nitric acid

• Ziren Yan,
• Ying Wu and
• Junwei Di

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1362–1368, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.140

• substrate-based silver templates were immersed for 2 h to form Ag–Au NCs. In order to realize dealloying, the strips were inserted in 10% HNO3 solution for 10 h in room temperature. Finally, they were rinsed with water and dried in atmosphere. Characterization The surface morphology of nanoparticles was

High photocatalytic activity of V-doped SrTiO₃ porous nanofibers produced from a combined electrospinning and thermal diffusion process

• Panpan Jing,
• Wei Lan,
• Qing Su and
• Erqing Xie

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1281–1286, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.132

• another 2 h, and V-doped SrTiO3 porous nanofibers were then obtained. Characterization and photocatalytic evaluation of V-doped SrTiO3 porous nanofibers The surface morphology, crystal structure, chemical composition and optical properties of pure and V-doped SrTiO3 porous nanofibers were characterized

Growth and morphological analysis of segmented AuAg alloy nanowires created by pulsed electrodeposition in ion-track etched membranes

• Ina Schubert,
• Loic Burr,
• Christina Trautmann and
• Maria Eugenia Toimil-Molares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1272–1280, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.131

• diameters as small as about 15 nm can be fabricated [18]. By choosing different types of polymer membranes the surface morphology of the nanowires can be varied [19][20]. Since the successful growth of Cu/Co and Ni/Cu multilayer nanowires back in the 1990s [1][2][21], the template method has allowed for the

Preparation of Ni/Cu composite nanowires

• Hu Wang,
• Xiaoyu Li,
• Ming Li,
• Kenan Xie and
• Li Liao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1268–1271, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.130

• and Figure 1d, respectively. It is obvious that Ni nanowires (Figure 1c) of about 200 nm in diameter with a relatively smooth surface were obtained before being used as template. Figure 1d shows the surface morphology of the Ni/Cu composite nanowires, from which a straight clubbed nanowire could be

• observed with its surface coated by plenty of small particles. We assume these small grains to be copper particles. It can be concluded from the difference of the surface morphology between Ni nanowires and Ni/Cu composite nanowires that copper ions were reduced by nickel, which resulted in copper

Scanning reflection ion microscopy in a helium ion microscope

• Yuri V. Petrov and
• Oleg F. Vyvenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1125–1137, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.114

• microscope (HIM). The reflected ions were detected by their “conversion” to secondary electrons on a platinum surface. An angle of incidence in the range 5–10° was used in the experimental setup. It was shown that the RIM image contrast was determined mostly by surface morphology but not by the atomic

• detectable step height was found to be approximately 5 nm. RIM imaging of an insulator surface without the need for charge compensation was successfully demonstrated. Keywords: helium ion microscope; low-angle ion scattering; reflection microscopy; surface imaging; surface morphology; Introduction

• particles exhibit a bright contrast in the BSI image on the dark background of the carbon substrate due to its significantly larger atomic number. On the contrary, the RI image does not show any noticeable signal difference between two different materials, giving information about surface morphology only

Fabrication of high-resolution nanostructures of complex geometry by the single-spot nanolithography method

• Alexander Samardak,
• Margarita Anisimova,
• Aleksei Samardak and
• Alexey Ognev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 976–986, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.101

• gas. Characterization The thickness and surface morphology of the PMMA and Au films were measured with an Ntegra Aura (NT-MDT, Russia) atomic force microscope. The evolution of the resist before and after development was studied with a Supra (Carl Zeiss, Germany) scanning electron microscope at an

Effects of swift heavy ion irradiation on structural, optical and photocatalytic properties of ZnO–CuO nanocomposites prepared by carbothermal evaporation method

• Sini Kuriakose,
• D. K. Avasthi and
• Satyabrata Mohapatra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 928–937, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.96

• these nanosheets and nanorod like structures consist of smaller nanoparticles. Figure 1b shows the FESEM image revealing the surface morphology of nanocomposite following irradiation with 90 MeV Ni ions at a fluence of 3 × 1013 ions/cm2. It can be clearly seen that swift heavy ion irradiation at a

• fluence of 3 × 1013 ions/cm2 resulted in the formation of a high density of nanosheets with reduced thickness. The FESEM images showing the surface morphology of nanocomposite following irradiation with 90 MeV Ni ions at a fluence of 1 × 1014 ions/cm2 are shown in Figure 1c and Figure 1d. The presence of

Graphene on SiC(0001) inspected by dynamic atomic force microscopy at room temperature

• Mykola Telychko,
• Jan Berger,
• Zsolt Majzik,
• Pavel Jelínek and
• Martin Švec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 901–906, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.93

• images taken over an incomplete layer of graphene grown on 6H-SiC(0001). Figure 1a shows the main features of the surface morphology, terraces divided by steps of various heights, areas covered with SLG and BLG and areas of buffer layer. All of them have a common pattern – the quasiperiodic (q-6

Morphological and structural characterization of single-crystal ZnO nanorod arrays on flexible and non-flexible substrates

• Omar F. Farhat,
• Mohd M. Halim,
• Mat J. Abdullah,
• Mohammed K. M. Ali and
• Nageh K. Allam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 720–725, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.73

• Yvon, HR800UV) with an argon ion laser source (514.5 nm) were used. The incident laser power was 20 mW. The grating and the hole size were usually set at 50 µm. The Raman scattering experiments were carried out at room temperature with a system resolution of 1 cm−1. The surface morphology of the films

Self-assembled anchor layers/polysaccharide coatings on titanium surfaces: a study of functionalization and stability

• Ognen Pop-Georgievski,
• Dana Kubies,
• Josef Zemek,
• Neda Neykova,
• Roman Demianchuk,
• Eliška Mázl Chánová,
• Miroslav Šlouf,
• Milan Houska and
• František Rypáček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 617–631, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.63

• –6.2 [5][6][7]. Different surface modifications have been proposed to take the advantage of the titanium surface properties and to promote beneficial interactions at tissue–titanium implant interfaces. Established techniques use modifications of the titanium surface morphology and variations in the

• the surface morphology and roughness parameters during the activation of titanium surfaces were monitored by SEM and SP analysis. The 5 nm thick ALG layers anchored to neridronate and PDA were stable during immersion under physiological-like conditions for 7 days. The hydrolysis of the anchoring APTES

Exploiting the hierarchical morphology of single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotube films for highly hydrophobic coatings

• Francesco De Nicola,
• Paola Castrucci,
• Manuela Scarselli,
• Francesca Nanni,
• Ilaria Cacciotti and
• Maurizio De Crescenzi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 353–360, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.34

• ; Introduction In general, the surface morphology [1] is a crucial parameter for the fabrication of artificial hydrophobic surfaces and may be enhanced especially by hierarchical [2][3][4][5][6][7] and fractal structures [7][8], possibly allowing for the formation of air pockets to further impede the penetration

• SWCNT/MWCNT samples are comparable with those of micropapillae in hydrophobic plant leaves. (ii) The hierarchical surface morphology lead to the formation of a consistent amount of air pockets, as a consequence of the transition from the hydrophobic Wenzel state to the hydrophobic Cassie–Baxter

Release behaviour and toxicity evaluation of levodopa from carboxylated single-walled carbon nanotubes

• Julia M. Tan,
• Jhi Biau Foo,
• Sharida Fakurazi and
• Mohd Zobir Hussein

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 243–253, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.23

• . The surface morphology changes of the carbon samples before and after drug loading were observed with a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). The samples were sputter-coated with gold and examined in a JSM-7600F SEM (JEOL, Japan). The internal structure of the nanotubes was observed on

Synthesis of boron nitride nanotubes and their applications

• Saban Kalay,
• Zehra Yilmaz,
• Ozlem Sen,
• Melis Emanet,
• Emine Kazanc and
• Mustafa Çulha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 84–102, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.9

• substrate where the contact angle was found to be more than 170° [8]. The origin of this super hydrophobicity was attributed to the surface morphology and adsorption capacity of BNNTs for airborne molecules [9]. BNNTs were also used to prepare composite materials to enhance their physical properties. Bansal

Gas sensing properties of nanocrystalline diamond at room temperature

• Marina Davydova,
• Pavel Kulha,
• Alexandr Laposa,
• Karel Hruska,
• Pavel Demo and
• Alexander Kromka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2339–2345, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.243

• ; and deposition time, 5 h. Figure 1a shows the SEM image of the surface morphology of the sensor substrate (Si/SiO2 + IDEs with a separation of 200 µm) coated with the NCD layer using a 40 min nucleation time. This top view depicts the presence of an amorphous carbon shell at the diamond grains (film

• results demonstrated that the hydrogenated diamond sensor exhibited a clear response to each sequence of NH3, and this behavior indicated that the H-terminated NCD sensor demonstrated an integrator-type gas response. Figure 2a shows an SEM image of the surface morphology of the sensor substrate (Si/SiO2

• reference gas (N2). (a) SEM surface morphology of an NCD-coated sensor substrate with IDEs with separation of 200 µm and a nucleation time of 40 min, and (b) corresponding plot of the sensor response vs time. (a) SEM surface morphology of an NCD-coated sensor substrate with IDEs with separation of 50 µm and