Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• light scattering, and infrared spectroscopy. We probed particles adsorbed on hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and vibrational sum frequency generation (VSFG) spectroscopy, both operated under variable air humidity. For AFM, we additionally tested hydrophilic and

• [17], is essential to infection. Complete dryness is certainly detrimental (lipid bilayers ultimately collapse). Still, how such virus surfaces are preserved under low-humidity conditions, as is typical for airborne transmission in Northern Hemisphere winters, is unknown [18]. We believe that a

• high and the shape cannot be identical (hemagglutinin is roughly a triangular 7 nm prism of 15 nm length), the size is in the typical NP range, and a dense coating with oligomannoside should mimic surface physics. Accordingly, we note that the adsorption of AuNPs on surfaces would mimic the survival of

Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies

• Sameeksha Rawat,
• S. M. Tauseef and
• Madhuben Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148

• smaller molecules [48]. Biofilms adhering to the plastic surfaces are required for biological degradation since they secrete enzymes that degrade polymers outside cells [49]. As noted by Rai et al., biofilms can speed up the breakdown of MPs, even though such a process is prone to interference from

• studies showing their capacity to break down PET [46]. Biofilms can accelerate the breakdown process under cold conditions by generating enzymatically active microenvironments [71]. According to Dhiman et al., these microbial colonies stick to the surfaces of MPs and release enzymes that break down

• protective covering made of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs). These EPSs are made by the microbes themselves and stick to surfaces, such as MPs. The enzymes secreted by these microbial colonies have the ability to degrade synthetic polymers into smaller, biodegradable components. Tiwari et al. have

Electron transport through nanoscale multilayer graphene and hexagonal boron nitride junctions

• Aleksandar Staykov and
• Takaya Fujisaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2132–2143, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.147

• in far-ultraviolet light-emitting devices. These applications leverage h-BN’s properties like high temperature stability, electrical insulation, and chemical resistance [18][20][21]. An interesting application of multilayer h-BN is its deposition on electrode surfaces as an electron blocking layer

Multifrequency AFM integrating PeakForce tapping and higher eigenmodes for heterogeneous surface characterization

• Yanping Wei,
• Jiafeng Shen,
• Yirong Yao,
• Xuke Li,
• Ming Li and
• Peiling Ke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2077–2085, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.142

• nanoscale [1][2][3][4][5]. Among its various operating modes, tapping mode AFM is particularly prevalent due to lateral force minimization and its ability to give phase-contrast images of heterogeneous surfaces [6]. This mode involves oscillating the cantilever near its resonance frequency with the tip

Molecular and mechanical insights into gecko seta adhesion: multiscale simulations combining molecular dynamics and the finite element method

• Yash Jain,
• Saeed Norouzi,
• Tobias Materzok,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Florian Müller-Plathe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2055–2076, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.141

• gecko keratin [11]. It also helped clarify other aspects of humidity-enhanced adhesion, revealing that keratin softening due to water uptake accounts for only a minor part of the increase in adhesion on very smooth surfaces [13]. The present paper builds on our previous research and extends the

• parametrization of our coarse-grained potential against united-atom simulations of gecko keratin on nonpolar surfaces [10]. Hydrophilic substrates, roughness, and humidity, which introduce additional mechanisms such as keratin softening and capillary forces, have been addressed in our previous spatula-scale

• exceedingly smooth compared to real surfaces, agreement with experimental friction values at comparable sliding velocities was not a goal of this study. Nonetheless, our simulations revealed significant spatula sliding, particularly among the pad-dominant (even-numbered) spatulae (Figure 2). During the 400

Stereodiscrimination of guests in chiral organosilica aerogels studied by ESR spectroscopy

• Sebastian Polarz,
• Yasar Krysiak,
• Martin Wessig and
• Florian Kuhlmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2034–2054, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.140

• Sebastian Polarz Yasar Krysiak Martin Wessig Florian Kuhlmann Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Leibniz-University Hannover, Callinstrasse 9, 30167 Hannover, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.16.140 Abstract Macroporous materials containing surfaces with chiral groups are highly relevant for applications in

• extensive description of the enormous progress of liquid chromatography with chiral, stationary phases made over several decades [18]. The author analyzes that a molecular understanding of the recognition mechanisms on chiral surfaces is still scarce, particularly regarding dynamic aspects. Meanwhile

• surfaces has proven challenging. For the separation of the individual factors, researchers developed powerful nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. Great success was reached using pulsed field gradient (PFG)-NMR [19][20][21]. PFG-NMR incorporates the application of magnetic field gradients in

The cement of the tube-dwelling polychaete Sabellaria alveolata: a complex composite adhesive material

• Emilie Duthoo,
• Aurélie Lambert,
• Pierre Becker,
• Carla Pugliese,
• Jean-Marc Baele,
• Arnaud Delfairière,
• Matthew J. Harrington and
• Patrick Flammang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1998–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.138

• ) residues, which may facilitate bonding to mineral surfaces and play a role in quinone-mediated cross-linking during cement hardening [14][15]. Pc-3 exists in at least two major isoforms, Pc-3A and Pc-3B. Both isoforms are exceptionally rich in serine (72.9 mol %), with up to 90% of these residues

• contain phosphoserine residues that can bind to calcareous mineral surfaces [45]. But it is in Sabellariid tubeworms that this post-translationally modified amino acid seems to be the most important. In sandcastle worms, more than 25% of the cement was found to be composed of phosphoserine [15]. In this

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

• compared to that in the liquid phase, which has been shown in [27] to have an impact on the NP size. On the contrary, if the conditions favour more NPs to be transferred into the liquid (and their nucleation and growth is occurring preferentially outside the bubble) then fast passivation of the NP surfaces

Mechanical property measurements enabled by short-term Fourier-transform of atomic force microscopy thermal deflection analysis

• Thomas Mathias,
• Roland Bennewitz and
• Philip Egberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1952–1962, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.136

• ); mechanical property measurements; surface science; Introduction Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has become an indispensable tool for imaging the surface topography on a variety of surfaces [1]. Since the invention of the AFM [2], several other modes of AFM have been developed, including friction force

• viscoelastic modulus) of surfaces [5]. It is particularly useful for the measurement of heterogeneous surfaces, characteristic of composite and biological materials, where understanding the interplay between microstructure and mechanical properties of the constituent materials is critical for the performance

• difficult to measure mechanical properties of heterogeneous surfaces as the cantilever is scanned over the surface, or to measure how mechanical properties of the surface evolve with time as the cantilever is pressed against the surface. Furthermore, the analysis assumes that the cantilever’s oscillation

Evaluating metal-organic precursors for focused ion beam-induced deposition through solid-layer decomposition analysis

• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Franciszek Krok and
• Iwona B. Szymańska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1942–1951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.135

• masks, and resistance, with the flexibility of depositing materials on non-planar surfaces [4][5][14]. The FIBID method has several advantages compared to the FEBID technique in depositing thin films on substrates. First, ions generate more secondary electrons on the substrate surface than electrons

PEGylated lipids in lipid nanoparticle delivery dynamics and therapeutic innovation

• Peiyang Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1914–1930, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.133

• adsorb onto the nanoparticle surfaces to form a “corona” [21]. This dynamic layer, often called the biomolecular or protein corona, can significantly influence the biological identity and behavior of nanoparticles [22]. Among the factors shaping corona formation, the presence of a PEG layer on the outer

• ]. PEG’s hydrophilic and steric properties are instrumental in reducing the adsorption of proteins onto LNP surfaces. By creating a hydrated barrier, PEG minimizes nonspecific binding, leading to a “stealth” effect that prolongs circulation time and reduces recognition by the mononuclear phagocytic system

Low-temperature AFM with a microwave cavity optomechanical transducer

• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• August K. Roos,
• Erik Holmgren,
• Riccardo Borgani,
• Mats O. Tholén and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1873–1882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.130

• refrigerator, which was not designed for preparation of pristine surfaces, nor was any attempt made to sharpen the tip in situ. Our analysis shows that the KIMEC principle of detecting cantilever deflection, as it is implemented in these sensors, is capable of operating at the thermal limit of force

Self-assembly and adhesive properties of Pollicipes pollicipes barnacle cement protein cp19k: influence of pH and ionic strength

• Shrutika Sawant,
• Anne Marie Power and
• J. Gerard Wall

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1863–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.129

• to promote the formation of extended, needle-like fibrils by the cp19k protein. The β-amyloid nature of fibrils formed under these conditions and at high pH/low salt concentration was confirmed by Thioflavin T assay. Non-fibrillar cp19k adhered most effectively to hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces

• bioinspired adhesives and biomaterials. Keywords: adhesive; amyloid fibre; barnacle cement protein; surface coating; transmission electron microscopy; Introduction Marine adhesives are naturally occurring substances secreted by a variety of organisms to attach themselves to submerged surfaces such as rocks

• may help to inform the design of eco-friendly adhesives for application in biomedicine, industry, and underwater engineering [2][3]. Mussel adhesive proteins are the most extensively studied of marine bioadhesives. Mussels anchor to submerged surfaces using a byssus, a bundle of proteinaceous threads

On the road to sustainability – application of metallic nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis in dentistry: a scoping review

• Lorena Pinheiro Vasconcelos Silva,
• Joice Catiane Soares Martins,
• Israel Luís Carvalho Diniz,
• Júlio Abreu Miranda,
• Danilo Rodrigues de Souza,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Moan Jéfter Fernandes Costa and
• Pedro Henrique Sette-de-Souza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1851–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.128

• materials or applied to prosthetic and restorative surfaces [8][25][26]. Despite the potential for application in dentistry, there is a lack of reviews integrating recent advances in the green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles in this field. Therefore, this scoping review employed the “population, concept

• coatings for dental and orthodontic surfaces. Beyond the initial findings, nanoparticles have also been incorporated into a wide range of preventive and restorative dental materials. Composite resins and glass ionomer cements reinforced with silver or zinc oxide nanoparticles exhibit enhanced antimicrobial

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• yield. Such properties are promising for applications including photocatalytic water purification, self-cleaning surfaces, and light-activated antimicrobial coatings [20]. The elemental composition of the modified films was characterized by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) and elastic recoil

• detected profile. Surface chemical analysis by XPS Chemical groups and the concentration of chemical elements on the surfaces of GO and PI before and after 20 keV and 1.5 MeV Ag ion implantation were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The XPS method specifically provides information from a

• implanted with 20 keV at the same fluence (RMS = 64 nm). Such surfaces likely provide an optimal balance between the density of active sites and efficient charge carrier transport, thereby reducing recombination. In contrast, excessive roughening, as observed for GO at 1 × 1016 cm−2 (RMS = 590 nm), did not

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• . Therefore, different polymer surfaces impact the NPs’ fate in the GIT in a different way [20]. Polymers are classified as either natural, derived from natural products, or synthetic, chemically synthesized from monomers. Examples of natural polymers include chitosan, alginate, and hyaluronic acid. Synthetic

Advances of aptamers in esophageal cancer diagnosis, treatment and drug delivery

• Yang Fei,
• Hui Xu,
• Chunwei Zhang,
• Jingjing Wang and
• Yong Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1734–1750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.121

• frequently compromised by acquired drug resistance. Studies have revealed that one pivotal mechanism underlying this resistance involves the overexpression of P-gp on tumor cell surfaces [109]. Notably, DOX has been widely employed in drug delivery systems [110][111] due to its unique ability to

• overexpressed on cell surfaces; it can be directly used as a wide-range tumor therapeutic [120]. Zheng et al. [121] developed a novel aptamer conjugate drug that utilizes AS1411 aptamer targeting nucleolin to achieve targeted therapy against EC cells by binding AS1411 to the apolipoprotein portion of human

Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease

• Niédja Fittipaldi Vasconcelos,
• Almerinda Agrelli,
• Rayane Cristine Santos da Silva,
• Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques,
• Isabel Renata de Souza Arruda,
• Priscilla Stela Santana de Oliveira,
• Mércia Liane de Oliveira and
• Giovanna Machado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120

• potential (−33.3 to −44.7 mV) reflect the influence of surface-active functional groups, particularly the phosphate groups in lecithin. This effect was statistically significant (F = 15.24, p = 0.00235, one-way ANOVA), as reported in Table 3. These groups impart a negative charge to the droplet surfaces

• droplets, increasing surfactant mobility on their surfaces [98]. This mobility may create gaps at the interface, ultimately promoting coalescence and causing destabilization over time. To avoid this effect, Kolliphor® HS15, a non-ionic hydrophilic surfactant, was added as a second surfactant. The addition

• anchors onto the surfaces of the oil droplets. Additionally, the ultrasound process further contributes to size reduction by promoting droplet fragmentation. The smaller droplet size increases the surface-area-to-volume ratio, enhancing electrostatic shielding. This effect is particularly pronounced when

Ambient pressure XPS at MAX IV

• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Ulrike Küst,
• Alexander Klyushin,
• Rosemary Jones,
• Jan Knudsen,
• Robert Temperton,
• Andrey Shavorskiy and
• Esko Kokkonen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1677–1694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.118

• heterogeneous catalysis, corrosion, and thin film growth. Given that surfaces are heavily influenced by their surroundings, it is essential to study them in situ, while exposed to realistic reaction conditions, or operando, when producing reaction products under realistic conditions. X-ray photoelectron

• additionally available, which allows for preparing sample surfaces before commencing the APXPS experiments. Both beamlines have other external light sources (e.g., to provide solar radiation or UV light) available to all users in order to perform photocatalysis experiments. HIPPIE offers also a catalytic

• observation of catalytic surfaces under reaction conditions. This allows for full life cycle characterization of catalysts, offering insights into surface structure, composition, and dynamic behavior during catalysis. Thanks to its intrinsic surface sensitivity, APXPS is uniquely positioned to probe the

Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• . Common chemical treatment techniques include coagulation, flocculation, precipitation, and electrocoagulation [18]. Even though both physical and chemical methods are found to be effective in the removal of MPs, they pose several challenges on the remediation of MPs, such as blocking pores and surfaces

• six degrees of freedom due to their negative photogravitaxis. Their self-propelling capability, combined with tunable surface charge (zeta potential), enables rapid attraction and capture of nanoplastics onto their surfaces and between layered structures. The magnetic nature of the microrobots allows

• , their ability to trigger photocatalytic reactions under UV light makes them effective for breaking down MPs. Among these materials, silver is especially valued for its suitability in creating corrosion-resistant surfaces. Membranes composed of metals and metal oxides exhibit strong adsorption

Dendrimer-modified carbon nanotubes for the removal and recovery of heavy metal ions from water

• Thao Quynh Ngan Tran,
• Huu Trung Nguyen,
• Subodh Kumar and
• Xuan Thang Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1522–1532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.107

• metals from water solution [28][29][30]. However, the poor dispersibility of bare CNTs in most solvents including water is a significant limitation to their wider applicability. Covalent modification of CNT surfaces with dendrimers of desirable functionality can improve their dispersibility and binding

• efficiency. Generally, dendrimer growth on CNT surfaces requires pre-functionalization through radiation or chemical oxidation processes involving strong acids and oxidants [31][32][33][34][35]. However, these processes can damage CNTs, thus diminishing their core properties and generating large amounts of

• acidic waste at the same time. Covalent functionalization of dendrimers on CNT surfaces via Diels–Alder reactions transforming sp2 carbon into sp3 carbon is a desirable alternative. This technique has been successfully used to generate various functionalities on CNT surfaces using different organic

Cross-reactivities in conjugation reactions involving iron oxide nanoparticles

• Shoronia N. Cross,
• Katalin V. Korpany,
• Hanine Zakaria and
• Amy Szuchmacher Blum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1504–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.106

• not drawn to scale, and certain sections of ligand molecules may be omitted. Figure 2 provides a legend with the more detailed structural formulae of the IONP surfaces for each preparation. FTIR analysis of IONP-PPA shows a very weak bump in the spectrum at 2122 cm−1, which may be attributed to the

• surfaces, as any subsequent maleimide conjugation may, in fact, be due to the presence of surface-bound DTT, rather than (or in addition to) successful cleavage of the disulfide bonds. Use of disulfide reducing agents: tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine To get around the interferences of the DTT thiols

Nanomaterials for biomedical applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Filippo Pierini,
• Seda Kizilel and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1499–1503, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.105

• to spread, stay attached, and turn into different cell types. Electrospun polymers could produce these nanofibers, which are widely applied for nerve treatment, bone growth, and wound healing [26]. A second approach is the utilization of nano-patterned surfaces. These surfaces have carefully designed

• slowly release therapeutic compounds over time. For instance, anti-inflammatory medications or antibiotics benefit the patient over a longer period without additional procedures. Bone-related implants have demonstrated that nanoscale surfaces stimulate the growth and attachment of bone cells, allowing

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

Photochemical synthesis of silver nanoprisms via green LED irradiation and evaluation of SERS activity

• Tuan Anh Mai-Ngoc,
• Nhi Kieu Vo,
• Cong Danh Nguyen,
• Thi Kim Xuan Nguyen and
• Thanh Sinh Do

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1417–1427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.103

• play decisive roles, namely, the source of silver ions (Ag+) and the reducing agent that converts Ag+ to metallic silver (Ag0). Upon LED irradiation of the system containing initial AgNPs seeds, the atomic layers of silver at the nanoparticle surfaces are excited and oxidized by dissolved oxygen in the

• released from TSC immediately reduce Ag+ to Ag0. Since the (111) facets are protected by TSC, the newly formed Ag0 preferentially deposits on the (100) and (110) surfaces, leading to planar two-dimensional growth and the formation of planar twinned seeds [6][7]. Subsequently, as LED irradiation continues

• , the surfaces of the silver nanomaterials (initial AgNP seeds, planar twinned seeds) are continuously excited, and the growth of AgNPrs proceeds via two mechanisms (Figure 6). These mechanisms are: (1) TSC continues to be excited and promotes the reduction of Ag+, resulting in the deposition of Ag0 on