Mechanical stability of individual bacterial cells under different osmotic pressure conditions: a nanoindentation study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Lizeth García-Torres,
• Idania De Alba Montero,
• Eleazar Samuel Kolosovas-Machuca,
• Facundo Ruiz,
• Sumati Bhatia,
• Jose Luis Cuellar Camacho and
• Jaime Ruiz-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1171–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.86

• regular adhesive tape, and coated with 5 μL of the cationic polymer poly-ʟ-lysine (PLL, MW 40 kDa, Sigma-Aldrich). The drop of PLL was not allowed to dry but incubated for 10 min, and then the surfaces were repeatedly rinsed with Milli-Q water to allow the formation of a thin film. This coating promotes

• the bacteria surfaces along each scanned line, only a few test the central region of interest, where mechanics models can better estimate the rigidity or elastic modulus. The different orientations of the rod-shaped morphology of PA on the substrate while being scanned by the quasi-conical AFM tip

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• sizes of 108 and 153 nm, respectively. Furthermore, the elemental composition of the target was analyzed by SEM-EDX and XRF, differentiating compositions on the upper and lower surfaces of the target as well as the core composition determined by EDX after target slicing. The overall composition of the

• pulses is that ns-LAL goes along with a more pronounced melting of the target surface (higher thermal penetration depth and lateral heating), compared to that of ps-LAL, a process that Waag et al. experimentally described by comparing target surfaces after both ps- and ns-LAL [87]. This is because in ns

• undercooling and solidification (TS) (Figure 5 (2)) whereas the carbon (if a carbon shell is formed) rather stays on the surface of the particle. Consequently, the HEA NPs are formed in crystalline nature (single- or polycrystalline, often with defects) with potential carbon species on their surfaces (e.g

Deep learning for enhancement of low-resolution and noisy scanning probe microscopy images

• Samuel Gelman,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Nir Kampf,
• Marek Patočka,
• Maricarmen Rios,
• Marcos Penedo,
• Georg Fantner,
• Amir Beker,
• Sidney R. Cohen and
• Ido Azuri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1129–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.83

• ; low resolution; super resolution; Introduction The capability of atomic force microscopy (AFM) to achieve high resolution at the nanometer level in plane (xy) and at the angstrom level in height (z), on a variety of surfaces, is one of its major advantages. AFM topographical imaging enables high

• -resolution imaging of simple and complex surfaces that capture the sensitive features, details, and information of the surface structure. Whereas many manifestations of AFM are in use, including remarkable sub-molecular resolution for specialized systems working under low temperatures and high vacuum [1

• learning models trained on a large data set of real-world high-quality images. In this study, we collected data sets from two different relatively complex surfaces that contain unique but pseudo-repeating structures, which are typical of those seen over a wide range of images spanning common materials and

Influence of ion beam current on the structural, optical, and mechanical properties of TiO₂ coatings: ion beam-assisted vs conventional electron beam evaporation

• Agata Obstarczyk and
• Urszula Wawrzaszek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1097–1112, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.81

• coatings, there are no significant differences between the surface morphology for films deposited without and with ion gun. SEM images showed smooth surfaces composed of very small grains with columnar-like character. Post-process annealing caused a significant change of the surface and cross-section

Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

• Sevin Adiguzel,
• Nilay Cicek,
• Zehra Cobandede,
• Feray B. Misirlioglu,
• Hulya Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

• , osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and osteocytes, which coordinate bone resorption and deposition. Bone lining cells cover bone surfaces and play a key role in osteoclast differentiation [4][5]. Osteoclasts are large, multinucleated cells responsible for bone resorption through lysosomal enzymes and acid secretion [6

• ]. Osteocytes, the longest-lived bone cells, arise from osteoblast differentiation and regulate bone maintenance [7]. Osteoblasts, found on bone surfaces, drive bone formation through two key steps: matrix deposition and mineralization. During matrix deposition, collagen and noncollagenous proteins are secreted

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• , electronic devices, and electrochemical energy conversion and storage. Marmisollé and colleagues conducted research on “electrochemical nanoarchitectonics through polyaminobenzylamine–dodecyl phosphate complexes” and proposed a straightforward strategy for modifying electrode surfaces with self-assembled

• provides an optimal environment for membrane or membrane-associated proteins, thus paving the way for new bio-nanoarchitected devices. In particular, they can serve as electroactive components in sensing and energy devices. Furthermore, a unit-by-unit construction on solid surfaces to form end-on polymer

• within the MOF microporous matrix, which serves as an oxygen reservoir linked to the polymer electrocatalytic material, enhances the overall ORR activity. This exemplary work demonstrated the potential for a new method of fabricating MOF-based electrocatalytic surfaces. Further enhancements in

Multifunctional properties of bio-poly(butylene succinate) reinforced with multiwalled carbon nanotubes

• Volodymyr Krasinskyi,
• Krzysztof Bajer,
• Ludmila Dulebova,
• Nickolas Polychronopoulos,
• Oksana Krasinska and
• Daniel Kaczor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1014–1024, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.76

• for this purpose. Measurements were performed between smooth film surfaces (smooth to smooth) and rough film surfaces (rough to rough). The tests were carried out in accordance with PN-EN ISO 8295:2005 “Plastics – Film and Sheeting – Determination of the Coefficients of Friction” at a measurement

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

• simple handling and safe suspension of the products for further use. On the other hand, the interaction of the irradiated surfaces and NPs with the liquid forms an active interface for energy exchange, leading to extreme cooling rates of 1000 K per nanosecond, which quenches melted particles, generates

• formation threshold as well as bubble sizes [125][128]. Figure 8F shows that bubble size growth with laser fluence can be extracted with good correlation to X-ray results (Figure 8G). Structure formation, such as LAL or LFL in NP colloids and on surfaces, involves all steps of particle heating, melting

Shape, membrane morphology, and morphodynamic response of metabolically active human mitochondria revealed by scanning ion conductance microscopy

• Eric Lieberwirth,
• Anja Schaeper,
• Regina Lange,
• Ingo Barke,
• Simone Baltrusch and
• Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 951–967, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.73

• to the hydrodynamic forces exerted by the nanopipette. Beyond mechanical similarities, microtubules and the nanopipette also share key “biophysical” properties. Both surfaces are strongly negatively charged, with ζ-potentials ranging from −30 to −60 mV [45]. Therefore, both exhibit a laterally mobile

• cation layer on their surfaces, which is responsible for ionic conductivity in physiological media (Figure 8b). Microtubules align along direct current electric field lines and can be vibrationally excited at megahertz frequencies by electric dipole antennas [46]. Other relevant properties include

Tendency in tip polarity changes in non-contact atomic force microscopy imaging on a fluorite surface

• Bob Kyeyune,
• Philipp Rahe and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 944–950, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.72

• -preserving and polarity-changing tip changes can be identified unambiguously. From analyzing a large set of images, we find that the vast majority of tip changes tend to result in negative tip termination. This analysis delivers hints for tip configurations suitable for stable imaging of CaF2(111) surfaces

• . Keywords: atomic resolution imaging; calcium fluoride surface; interaction force; non-contact atomic force microscopy (NC-AFM); tip change; Introduction Non-contact atomic force microscopy (NC-AFM) [1] is a surface science tool that has been used to atomically resolve surfaces of semiconductor and

• insulator materials in real space with unprecedented spatial resolution [2][3][4][5][6]. Besides high-resolution imaging of molecular structures [7], NC-AFM has demonstrated its ability to identify sublattices of atomic surfaces [8][9][10]. In these studies, the knowledge of the tip’s atomic structure plays

Synthesis of biowaste-derived carbon-dot-mediated silver nanoparticles and the evaluation of electrochemical properties for supercapacitor electrodes

• Navya Kumari Tenkayala,
• Chandan Kumar Maity,
• Md Moniruzzaman and
• Subramani Devaraju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 933–943, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.71

• reduction of Ag+ to Ag(0) via oxygen-containing functionalities on their surfaces. The electrostatic attraction between the oxygen-containing functionalities on the surface of CDs binds with the positively charged Ag+ ions, which were then reduced by electron transfer from PG-CDs to the Ag+ ions [27]. The

• successfully adopted for the production of AgNPs using CDs produced from waste biomass as a stabilizing and reducing agent. The TEM analysis showed that the produced PG-CDs-AgNPs have more uniform surfaces and spherical shapes with an average particle size of 10–11 nm. The synthesized PG-CD-AgNPs are

Structural and magnetic properties of microwave-synthesized reduced graphene oxide/VO₂/Fe₂O₃ nanocomposite

• Sumanta Sahoo,
• Ankur Sood and
• Sung Soo Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 921–932, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.70

• surfaces through substantial interactions. To confirm the formation of the ternary NC, the XRD analysis of the GVF was performed. As shown in Figure 3a, the characteristic peaks of GVF corresponding to the α phase of Fe2O3 and VO2, along with the signature peak of rGO were observed. To be specific, the

• presence of these elements. For a comparative study, the morphological analysis of the GV was performed, and the corresponding FESEM images are shown in Figure 6a–c. As shown in the SEM micrographs, at various magnifications, the spherical-shaped VO2 particles are covered on the graphene surfaces. Notably

• ) was visible on the thin rGO surfaces. Notably, a clear difference between the size of Fe2O3 NPs (average particle diameter – 8.1 ± 2.2 nm) and VO2 NSs (average particle diameter – 34 ± 5.2 nm) indicates the formation of these two different types of metal oxides on top of the rGO nanosheets (Figure 8e

Heat-induced transformation of nickel-coated polycrystalline diamond film studied in situ by XPS and NEXAFS

• Olga V. Sedelnikova,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva,
• Dmitriy V. Gorodetskiy,
• Yuri N. Palyanov,
• Elena V. Shlyakhova,
• Eugene A. Maksimovskiy,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva and
• Aleksandr V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 887–898, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.67

• of diamond surfaces is important for many applications, which require the formation of thin conductive electrodes on dielectric substrates. Transition metal catalysts can facilitate the graphitization process, which depends on the diamond face orientation. In the present work, the role of a nickel

• diamond surfaces is initiated at 750 °C. A temperature of about 1500 °C is needed for the formation of extended graphene-like layers, and temperatures higher than 2000 °C are required for the complete conversion of the diamond (111) surface to graphitic layers [10][11]. Thermal stability of diamond

• contrast, the Ni nanoparticles penetrate beneath the (110) and (100) surfaces, creating pits that were partially filled with graphite covalently bonded to the etched diamond surface. From prior works, it can be seen that the Ni-assisted graphitization of diamond has been studied on either SCDs, which have

Ar⁺ implantation-induced tailoring of RF-sputtered ZnO films: structural, morphological, and optical properties

• Manu Bura,
• Divya Gupta,
• Arun Kumar and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 872–886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.66

• explains the mechanism of the evolution of nanostructures on ion beam-implanted surfaces at normal incidence. According to this theory, in the early stages, sputtering leads to the formation of tiny wavy perturbations induced via instabilities created by the ion beam. These instabilities are followed by a

• observed higher reductions of optical bandgap values than other earlier studies using low-energy ion beams [3][12]. Thus, low-energy argon ion implantation of ZnO films provides us with an approach to fabricate advanced materials having smoother surfaces, lower particle sizes, lower bandgap, and higher

Insights into the electronic and atomic structures of cerium oxide-based ultrathin films and nanostructures using high-brilliance light sources

• Paola Luches and
• Federico Boscherini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 860–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.65

• applications. Studies on cerium oxide nanostructures and powders prepared by chemical synthesis methods are quite numerous, and they are typically carried out on systems with a marked and often unexplored complexity [14][15][16][17]. For studies on cerium oxide as model systems, such as low-index surfaces

• was possible to identify different types of interactions between Pt NPs and cerium oxide surfaces including electron transfer from Pt NPs to CeO2 and transport of oxygen atoms from ceria to Pt NPs, the latter occurring only when the ceria support surface is nanostructured [26]. In addition, thanks to

• that form the film, while the Pt ions in the 2+ oxidation state are confined at the outermost layers [29]. The interplay of ceria surfaces with adsorbed molecules, a crucial factor in understanding reactivity, has become a significant research focus, also thanks to synchrotron-radiation-based XPS

Synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of sodium adsorption on vertically arranged MoS₂ layers coated with pyrolytic carbon

• Alexander V. Okotrub,
• Anastasiya D. Fedorenko,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Veronica S. Sulyaeva,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva and
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 847–859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.64

• source was simultaneously deposited in vacuum on the surfaces of MoS2, pyrolytic carbon, and a hybrid sample obtained by transferring a pyrolytic carbon film onto the MoS2 film. According to XPS data, sodium easily penetrates into the space between the vertical layers of the uncoated film, and its

• films were synthesized by CVD and transferred onto the surfaces of SiO2/Si and MoS2. PyC, MoS2 film, and PyC-MoS2 hybrid were used to deposit equal amounts of sodium via evaporation in UHV. Analysis of XPS data revealed a higher sodium concentration on the PyC-MoS2 surface than on the MoS2 surface since

• then dried under ambient conditions. Morphology of sample surfaces was examined by SEM with a CIQTEK SEM5000 (CIQTEK Ltd., Hefei, Anhui, PRC) microscope at an accelerating voltage of 15 kV. The cross section of MoS2 film was prepared using a gallium-ion column FIB system and a two-stage protective cap

Supramolecular hydration structure of graphene-based hydrogels: density functional theory, green chemistry and interface application

• Hon Nhien Le,
• Duy Khanh Nguyen,
• Minh Triet Dang,
• Huyen Trinh Nguyen,
• Thi Bang Tam Dao,
• Trung Do Nguyen,
• Chi Nhan Ha Thuc and
• Van Hieu Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 806–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.61

• cell content includes about 70–95% water that creates an aqueous environment for biological processes. Water molecules are bound to biomolecular surfaces and participate in the structuring and functioning of biomolecules, typically the folding of protein and the twisting of the double helix of

• interface of biomolecules has considerably slower dynamics than water molecules in the bulk. Besides, the first water layer on the interface is responsible for hydration forces between biomolecular structures [5]. The rearrangement of water molecules through hydrogen bonding on hydrated surfaces generates

• circular economy [18][19][20][21]. Especially, GO nanosheets decorated with SG-ZH nanoparticles have hydrophilic surfaces to retain hydration layers in the hydrogel structure of the GO-SG-ZH nanocomposite. Hydration layers in the GO-SG-ZH hydrogel also function as lubricants at the nanomaterials interfaces

Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• images of the film (FDMF) before sulfurization is also presented (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S5a,b). Umehara et al. has reported the effect of sulfurization temperatures and observed that temperatures above 500 °C are not preferable for device fabrication processes due to roughnened surfaces

Changes of structural, magnetic and spectroscopic properties of microencapsulated iron sucrose nanoparticles in saline

• Sabina Lewińska,
• Pavlo Aleshkevych,
• Roman Minikayev,
• Anna Bajorek,
• Mateusz Dulski,
• Krystian Prusik,
• Tomasz Wojciechowski and
• Anna Ślawska-Waniewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 762–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.59

• various shapes and dimensions of several dozens of micrometers. The surfaces of the grains are notably rough and torn, and during the measurement displayed high susceptibility to electron beam charging, which is a characteristic of organic compounds. Consequently, these grains were recognized as

• if there is a fraction of iron sucrose that is not bound into microcapsules. Beyond the grains depicted in Figure 2, SEM measurements also registered elongated shreds and numerous smaller grains with more regular shapes and flat surfaces (not shown in the text). The former is most probably reflecting

• Raman spectra exhibited a similar pattern. They included a complex of bands in the 3000–2800 cm−1 region related to CHx modes and strong bands in the 1600–1000 cm−1 region. These bands originated from carboxylate and glycosidic modes, which are structurally sensitive to interactions with metal surfaces

Thickness dependent oxidation in CrCl₃: a scanning X-ray photoemission and Kelvin probe microscopies study

• Shafaq Kazim,
• Rahul Parmar,
• Maryam Azizinia,
• Matteo Amati,
• Muhammad Rauf,
• Andrea Di Cicco,
• Seyed Javid Rezvani,
• Dario Mastrippolito,
• Luca Ottaviano,
• Tomasz Klimczuk,
• Luca Gregoratti and
• Roberto Gunnella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 749–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.58

• investigates interfaces made by dry transfer of CrCl3 flakes in an atmospheric environment. Cl vacancies and the formation of O/CrCl3 are induced, serving as dissociation centers that facilitate the migration of Cl vacancies between the top and bottom surfaces. By manipulating 2D atomic layers via surface

• showed that oxygen adsorption on cleaved surfaces facilitates the formation of a stable structure with charge transfer signatures, as identified by high-resolution photoemission spectroscopy [8]. It remains unclear whether similar effects occur in exfoliated thin flakes. Like in other materials, the

• effect) [19][20][21]. A well-known and suitable technique to investigate the electronic structure of surfaces is X-ray photoemission spectro-microscopy [22][6]; in order to obtain the necessary spatial resolution, the beam size must be reduced to tens of nanometers. The Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical

Nanostructured materials characterized by scanning photoelectron spectromicroscopy

• Matteo Amati,
• Alexey S. Shkvarin,
• Alexander I. Merentsov,
• Alexander N. Titov,
• María Taeño,
• David Maestre,
• Sarah R. McKibbin,
• Zygmunt Milosz,
• Ana Cremades,
• Rainer Timm and
• Luca Gregoratti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 700–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.54

• surfaces. The characterization of the building blocks is of paramount importance to deeply understand their functionalities and mutual interactions when they are part of a nanostructured body. The building blocks may differ in their atomic structure, crystallographic orientation, chemical composition, and

• enhanced sensitivities are examples of capabilities that modern techniques of characterization in nanotechnology must possess. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is still one of the fundamental tools for chemical and electronic characterization of surfaces and subsurface layers. In the last three to

• promising, their performance is often limited by surface properties of the III–V semiconductor material, which furthermore can vary for individual nanowires. This includes native oxides on semiconductor surfaces and their possible removal, surface passivation, and interface defects [27]. Therefore, in-depth

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• hydrogen bonds and coat various surfaces [23]. Our results are compatible with a model where adsorbed TA molecules create a partially active antioxidant layer on the FLG surface, maintaining bioactivity while enhancing graphene colloid stability. Unfortunately, the zeta potential of the FLG–TA material in

• . The cellular response on different graphene surfaces was previously studied, and it was demonstrated that substrate characteristics such as surface roughness, surface chemistry, and electronic properties can influence cell response [38]. The implications of these results are particularly significant

• surfaces as observed through SEM, we undertook additional confocal microscopy analyses concentrating on the actin cytoskeleton, which is a pivotal determinant of cellular structural integrity and adhesion capability, as well as overall cell viability [39][40]. The arrangement of actin filaments is

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• , SF, cellulose, and collagen, along with their composites and derivatives can be electrospun [58]. Electrospinning has emerged as a versatile technique investigated across various fields, including tissue engineering, drug delivery, filtration, wound dressings, self-cleaning surfaces, biotechnology

• , environmental engineering, and green chemistry [59]. This method facilitates the creation of highly porous 3D structures with an extensive surface area and desirable chemical and physical properties, making the resulting nanofibers ideal for applications such as biosensors, antimicrobial surfaces, scaffolds

Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

• promising alternative with NPs specifically designed for AD diagnosis and AβO inhibition. These NPs possess unique properties, including variable size and shape and readily modifiable surfaces. These features allow for targeted and effective therapeutic strategies. In this section, we discuss NPs

• MNSs was further modified with oligomer-specific antibodies, creating a stable nanobioconjugate for both in vitro and in vivo applications. The MNSs could detect toxic AβOs present on nerve cell surfaces in vitro, demonstrating their specificity and effectiveness. Additionally, upon intranasal delivery

• physicochemical properties, diverse structural forms, and potential applications in combating NDs. The unique characteristics of CNMs, including their hydrophobic surfaces and variable dimensions, enable them to interact effectively with biomolecules, making them valuable tools in biomedical research and

Performance optimization of a microwave-coupled plasma-based ultralow-energy ECR ion source for silicon nanostructuring

• Joy Mukherjee,
• Safiul Alam Mollick,
• Tanmoy Basu and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 484–494, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.37

• generating ion beams in a microwave-coupled plasma-based ultralow-energy electron cyclotron resonance ion source, generally used for nanostructuring solid surfaces. The investigation focuses on developing, accelerating, and extracting Ar ions from a magnetron-coupled plasma cup utilizing a three-grid ion

• extraction-based ion sources. Plasma physics principles are employed to interpret the observed variations in the beam current with various parameters. The optimized beam current is used to investigate the inert ion-induced nanopatterning of silicon surfaces, at various ion fluences and incidence angles. The

• pre- and post-bombardment changes in optical properties, resulting from nanopatterned surfaces, are investigated using UV–vis reflectivity measurements and correlated with the dimensions of the nanopatterns. This manuscript highlights the potential applications arising from these findings, emphasizing