Vinorelbine-loaded multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles as anticancer drug delivery systems: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro release study

• Zeynep Özcan and
• Afife Binnaz Hazar Yoruç

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 256–269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.24

• ratios as a result of dopamine polymerisation and covalent bonding of thiol-polyethylene glycol (SH-PEG). The VNB/PDA/Fe3O4 nanoparticles have a saturation magnetisation value of 60.40 emu/g in vibrating sample magnetometry, which proves their magnetisation. Vinorelbine, which is used as an effective

• ), and thiol-polyethylene glycol (SH-PEG, purity: ≥95%), ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH, 28–30%), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were purchased from Merck. The chemical vinorelbine tartrate CRS (European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard, catalog no: Y0000463) was also acquired from Merck. Synthesis of

• three times with distilled water, and the PDA/Fe3O4 NPs were dried in a vacuum oven at 55 °C. Surface functionalization of PDA/Fe3O4 nanoparticles with SH-PEG For the surface modification process with SH-PEG, 50 mg of PDA/Fe3O4 NPs were added to 50 mL of Tris-HCl solution. Then, 100 mg of thiol

Antibody-conjugated nanoparticles for target-specific drug delivery of chemotherapeutics

• Mamta Kumari,
• Amitabha Acharya and
• Praveen Thaggikuppe Krishnamurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 912–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.75

• . Maleimide chemistry: Maleimide chemistry is another covalent immobilization technique, which comprises binding through thiol groups (–SH) of the antibodies. This oriented covalent conjugation technique requires various steps, such as chemical modification achieved either by oxidation of sugar moieties or

• the reduction of disulfide bonds. Thiols, also called sulfhydryls, in the cysteine side chain are slightly less abundant than primary amines; therefore, the coupling by thiol groups is more selective [52]. Thiols in cysteines are linked by disulfide bonds (–S–S–) through an oxidation process where the

• thiols groups are oxidized into disulfides. The disulfide bonds stabilize tertiary and quaternary protein structures and play a crucial role in protein folding [53][54]. For conjugation, free thiol and reduced thiol groups are required. Many proteins contain cysteine moieties linked with thiol. In

N-Heterocyclic carbene-based gold etchants

• Robert B. Chevalier,
• Justin Pantano,
• Matthew K. Kiesewetter and
• Jason R. Dwyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 865–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.71

• conditions that the thiol-linked monolayer can be exposed to, prompting the development of alternative surface linking chemistry [12]. N-Heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-based monolayers have received increasing attention for their reported stability under a variety of harsh conditions [11][13][14][15][16]. Indeed

• , an NHC-based monolayer has even been shown to protect against thiol displacement on gold surfaces [13]. Thus, in spite of the challenges that can be presented by NHC synthesis [17], they offer appeal even in light of the more general commercial availability of a wide range of thiols. The covalent

• clearly undesirable that an effort to form a stable monolayer could result in removal of underlying material, but similarly undesirable effects have been reported in the gold–thiol SAM literature. For example, gold–sulfur interactions can lead to a weaker bonding of gold surface atoms to the bulk. This

Gap-directed chemical lift-off lithographic nanoarchitectonics for arbitrary sub-micrometer patterning

• Chang-Ming Wang,
• Hong-Sheng Chan,
• Chia-Li Liao,
• Che-Wei Chang and
• Wei-Ssu Liao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 34–44, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.4

• glycol undecanethiol (TEG), and biotinylated alkane PEG thiol (BAT) were purchased from Sensopath Technologies Inc. (Bozeman, MT, USA). Streptavidin was purchased from Novus Biologicals (Centennial, CO, USA). FITC-labelled antistreptavidin antibody was purchased from Jackson ImmunoResearch Inc. (West

• -covered Au substrate, the Au surface was immersed in a 2 μM ethanolic TEG thiol solution or 1 mM ethanolic MCU solution for overnight. After SAM formation, the substrates were washed with ethanol to remove excess thiol molecules and blown dry with nitrogen gas. To make PDMS stamps for CLL operation, a 10

• surface patterns created by gap-directed CLL through biorecognition. (A) Schematic illustration of the biorecognition process including post lift-off region biotinylated thiol backfilling, streptavidin binding, and antibody recognition. (B) XPS characterization of the surface for (left) pure MCU SAM

Rapid and sensitive detection of box turtles using an electrochemical DNA biosensor based on a gold/graphene nanocomposite

• Abu Hashem,
• M. A. Motalib Hossain,
• Ab Rahman Marlinda,
• Mohammad Al Mamun,
• Khanom Simarani and
• Mohd Rafie Johan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1458–1472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.120

• electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The thiol-modified synthetic DNA probe was immobilised on modified SPCEs to facilitate hybridisation with the reverse complementary DNA. The turtle DNA was distinguished based on hybridisation-induced electrochemical change in the presence of methylene blue compared to

• surface-to-volume ratio [37][38][43][44][45][46]. Biomolecules such as DNA may readily modify AuNPs by adding thiol and amine groups via Au–S or Au–N links without losing their activity [38][47]. In electrocatalytic applications, the combination of carbon-based materials with metal nanoparticles has been

• active surface area and conductivity of the modified SPCE and also enhanced its electrochemical capacity. The attachment of the thiol group to the probe facilitated covalent attachment with AuNPs, and the carbon spacer arm facilitated protrusion from the electrode surface, which enables proper

Studies of probe tip materials by atomic force microscopy: a review

• Ke Xu and
• Yuzhe Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1256–1267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.104

• highly fluorescent gold-silver bimetallic nanomaterials with stable fluorescence properties by a simple one-pot method using thiol salts as ligands. TPN-AuAgNCs were synthesised using tiopronin (TPN) as ligand, and the clusters emitted strong red fluorescence with good burst selectivity for Fe3+ after Ag

• + doping. The fluorescence was restored after further adding ascorbic acid (AA) based on a redox reaction. A rapid detection method for Fe3+ and AA was established and successfully used to detect Fe3+ and AA in human serum. The DMT-AuAgNCs were successfully prepared using 4,6-diaminopyrimidine-2-thiol (DMT

Design of surface nanostructures for chirality sensing based on quartz crystal microbalance

• Yinglin Ma,
• Xiangyun Xiao and
• Qingmin Ji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1201–1219, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.100

• recognition sites in CDs exposed for preferential adsorption of R-limonene. Ng et al. synthesized thiol-functionalized cyclodextrins with different linker lengths via the Staudinger reaction for chiral recognition of R/S-lactate methyl ester [68]. Through a strong reaction between the thiol group and gold, CD

• placement of achiral subunits on the macrocycle [73][74][75]. Akpinar et al. reported a simple and quick chiral discrimination strategy for ascorbic acid (AA) enantiomers based on calixarenes films (Figure 6) [76]. A chiral calix[4]arene-bearing chiral phenyl glycinol moiety on the lower rim and a thiol

Detection and imaging of Hg(II) in vivo using glutathione-functionalized gold nanoparticles

• Gufeng Li,
• Shaoqing Li,
• Rui Wang,
• Min Yang,
• Lizhu Zhang,
• Yanli Zhang,
• Wenrong Yang and
• Hongbin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 549–559, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.46

• University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia 10.3762/bjnano.13.46 Abstract The optical and biological properties of functionalized gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have been widely used in sensing applications. GNPs have a strong binding ability to thiol groups. Furthermore, thiols are used to bind functional

• biocompatibility, and low toxicity [4][5][6][7][8][9]. Another advantage of GNPs is that different shapes and sizes can be obtained during synthesis through changing reducing agents and reaction conditions [10]. The surface chemistry of GNPs is modified via ligands with functional groups such as thiol (–SH), amino

• through the interaction between covalent and non-covalent bonds due to the smaller steric hindrance [23][24][25]. The surface of GNPs can be modified by Au–S bonds with molecules containing thiol groups, such as cysteine [26][27][28], 3-mercaptopropionic acid [29], and homocysteine [30]. Also, they easily

Investigation of electron-induced cross-linking of self-assembled monolayers by scanning tunneling microscopy

• Patrick Stohmann,
• Sascha Koch,
• Yang Yang,
• Christopher David Kaiser,
• Julian Ehrens,
• Jürgen Schnack,
• Niklas Biere,
• Dario Anselmetti,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Xianghui Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 462–471, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.39

• the effective cross-sections of a complete cross-linking of 4'-nitro-1,1'-biphenyl-4-thiol SAMs [56]. These studies provided valuable insights into the chemical transformations associated with cross-linking. However, direct imaging on the atomic scale to visualize the evolution of irradiation-induced

• study (some figures and text) are based on the Ph.D. thesis of the first coauthor: P. Stohmann, “Investigation of Electron Irradiation-Induced Cross-Linking of p-Terphenyl Thiol Self-Assembled Monolayers on Au(111) by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy” [72], Ph.D. Thesis 2020, Bielefeld University, Germany

Impact of device design on the electronic and optoelectronic properties of integrated Ru-terpyridine complexes

• Max Mennicken,
• Sophia Katharina Peter,
• Corinna Kaulen,
• Ulrich Simon and
• Silvia Karthäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 219–229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.16

• structure such that an almost complete nanoparticle layer was formed. In a next step, the acetyl-protected thiol groups of MPTP-SAc were hydrolyzed with concentrated ammonium solution yielding mainly Ru(MPTP)2–AuNP devices, followed by a washing procedure [15]. As usual, all nanoelectrode samples have been

Sputtering onto liquids: a critical review

• Anastasiya Sergievskaya,
• Adrien Chauvin and
• Stephanos Konstantinidis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 10–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.2

Use of nanosystems to improve the anticancer effects of curcumin

• Andrea M. Araya-Sibaja,
• Norma J. Salazar-López,
• Krissia Wilhelm Romero,
• José R. Vega-Baudrit,
• J. Abraham Domínguez-Avila,
• Carlos A. Velázquez Contreras,
• Ramón E. Robles-Zepeda,
• Mirtha Navarro-Hoyos and
• Gustavo A. González-Aguilar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1047–1062, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.78

• conjunction with inhibition of angiogenic/inflammatory proteins in an NF-κB-dependent manner [18]. Zhang et al. [75] reported that a combination of nanosized particles and the inclusion of glutathione (which has a thiol group that can initiate thiolysis and release CUR) results in a synergistic effect. This

Modification of a SERS-active Ag surface to promote adsorption of charged analytes: effect of Cu²⁺ ions

• Bahdan V. Ranishenka,
• Andrei Yu. Panarin,
• Irina A. Chelnokova,
• Sergei N. Terekhov,
• Peter Mojzes and
• Vadim V. Shmanai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 902–912, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.67

• corresponds to the highest reported values for this method [10][12][32]. Moreover, the SEM image demonstrates many interparticle contacts, which are potential “hot spots” in SERS analysis. Electrostatic effect on SERS signal for thiol-modified Ag NPs Despite the high NP packing density, about 42% of the

• with the Ag surface, we used a set of organic thiols with the same linker length but differently charged hydrophilic functional groups. Thiol functionality guarantees a strong binding to the surface and a sufficiently dense molecule packing to make the surface properties determined by the introduced

• with sodium mercaptoethyl sulfonate did not result in a significant change of the SERS intensity for both porphyrins (Figure 5, number 5). These data are in line with the initial negative charge of the NP surfaces. The high affinity of thiol groups to the Ag surface suggests that the chloride counter

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

• ) and assessed their effect on human glioblastoma (U-87 MG) cells under US exposure at a frequency of 1 MHz. In this study, thiol–maleimide was used to cross-link the DOX-containing liposomes onto the surface of the MBs. The in vitro results showed a four-fold enhancement in cell death using DOX

Silver nanoparticles nucleated in NaOH-treated halloysite: a potential antimicrobial material

• Yuri B. Matos,
• Rodrigo S. Romanus,
• Mattheus Torquato,
• Edgar H. de Souza,
• Rodrigo L. Villanova,
• Marlene Soares and
• Emilson R. Viana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 798–807, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.63

• behaviour is most certainly due to the presence of DIO, a very hydrophobic substance itself. DIO is an organic molecule made of a long carbon chain “tail” attached to a thiol “head” (R-SH), which forms covalent bonds with silver via the sulfur atom. So, by mixing DIO and Ag/HNT-8 one is able to create a

Fate and transformation of silver nanoparticles in different biological conditions

• Barbara Pem,
• Marija Ćurlin,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Rinea Barbir,
• Vedran Micek,
• Raluca M. Fratila,
• Jesus M. de la Fuente and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 665–679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.53

• are created by several pathways, including partial AgNPs dissolution in the gastric fluid, uptake and systemic transport of ionic and nanoparticulate Ag as thiol and selenium complexes, and final deposition in the near-skin regions [15]. Especially important is the process of interaction with thiols

• owing to their many physiological roles and evidences for thiol-containing proteins as major targets for toxic effects of ionic Ag [25]. In the presence of biothiols the soluble complexes are formed. Thiols possess a high affinity for soft Lewis acid metals and may easily coordinate Ag+ [9][26][27]. The

• association of Ag with sulphur and the formation of Ag2S granules from ion exchange or Ag–thiol complexes is known as sulphidation [28][29]. However, many other scenarios should be considered during an in vivo journey of AgNPs and Ag+ ions, especially their interactions with biomolecules, such as lipids

On the stability of microwave-fabricated SERS substrates – chemical and morphological considerations

• Limin Wang,
• Aisha Adebola Womiloju,
• Christiane Höppener,
• Ulrich S. Schubert and
• Stephanie Hoeppener

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 541–551, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.44

• by utilizing a thiol-functionalized test molecule to form a defined monomolecular dense layer of analyte on the surface. Additionally, 4-ATP only binds to silver nanoparticles and does not bind to the underlying glass substrate. The self-assembly time for 4-ATP solutions was kept short to avoid any

A review on nanostructured silver as a basic ingredient in medicine: physicochemical parameters and characterization

• Gabriel M. Misirli,
• Kishore Sridharan and
• Shirley M. P. Abrantes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 440–461, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.36

• agents responsible for the toxicity of silver and argyria in our body. When Ag+ enters the bloodstream, it is transported bound to albumin and thiol groups. When it reaches a region close to the skin, in areas affected by light, it can easily be photoreduced to AgNPs, which are then immobilized in the

• epidermis. Immobilization is both physical, due to the low diffusivity of the particles, and chemical, since thiol-exchange reactions occur with Ag+ but not with AgNPs. This fact explains why AgNPs are not responsible for causing argyria or argyrosis [1][11]. It is well known that the strong interaction of

• from the damaged respiratory chain since they depend on thiol groups which are occupied by silver ions. The increase in superoxide and hydrogen peroxide anions in the reaction with iron (Fenton reaction), according to Equation 2 [104] and as described in Figure 6, are indicative of the deleterious

Exploring the fabrication and transfer mechanism of metallic nanostructures on carbon nanomembranes via focused electron beam induced processing

• Christian Preischl,
• Linh Hoang Le,
• Elif Bilgilisoy,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Hubertus Marbach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 319–329, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.26

• beam-induced surface activation (EBISA) are studied with the precursors Fe(CO)5 and Co(CO)3NO on SAMs of 1,1′,4′,1′′-terphenyl-4-thiol (TPT). For Co(CO)3NO only EBID leads to deposits consisting of cobalt oxide. In the case of Fe(CO)5 EBID and EBISA yield deposits consisting of iron nanocrystals with

• aromatic molecules, which are chemically bound to a Au or Ag surface via either thiol [26] or carboxylic [28][29] anchor groups. Via FEBIP, the SAM can be functionalized with metallic nanostructures and subsequently be transformed into a CNM by electron-induced cross-linking. Afterwards, the resulting

• metallic nanostructures fabricated via EBID and Fe(CO)5 remain unchanged, besides oxidation. This result was achieved by using a SAM consisting of 1,1′,4′,1′′-terphenyl-4-thiol (TPT) on a Au substrate [21]. In this work, we want to gain more insight into the underlying processes yielding such hybrid

Characterization, bio-uptake and toxicity of polymer-coated silver nanoparticles and their interaction with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

• Sahar Pourhoseini,
• Reilly T. Enos,
• Angela E. Murphy,
• Bo Cai and
• Jamie R. Lead

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 282–294, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.23

• . RPMI medium contains chloride, which can lead to reprecipitation of Ag ions as described previously [37]. Furthermore, cysteine and thiol-containing proteins are found in FBS and have a high affinity for Ag ions and NPs. Ag loss to the container wall could be another reason that we did not get full

Fusion of purple membranes triggered by immobilization on carbon nanomembranes

• René Riedel,
• Natalie Frese,
• Fang Yang,
• Martin Wortmann,
• Raphael Dalpke,
• Daniel Rhinow,
• Norbert Hampp and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 93–101, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.8

• electron irradiation-induced cross-linking of a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of 4′-nitro-1,1′-biphenyl-4-thiol (NBPT) and second, purple membrane (PM) containing genetically modified bacteriorhodopsin (BR) carrying a C-terminal His-tag. The NBPT-CNM was further modified to carry nitrilotriacetic acid

• optical properties as well as their chemical [39], thermal [40], and mechanical stability [41]. PM patches were deposited by electrophoretic sedimentation from a suspension as a quasi-monolayer on a 4′-nitro-1,1′-biphenyl-4-thiol (NBPT) CNM [42][43]. We use the term quasi-monolayer to express that there

• -thiol in dried and degassed N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, anhydrous, 99.8%, Sigma-Aldrich) under nitrogen atmosphere in a sealed flask for 72 h, followed by subsequent rinsing with DMF (BioSyn, ≥99.9%, Honeywell) and absolute ethanol. Cross-linking of the SAMs was conducted by exposing the SAM to 100 eV

Antimicrobial metal-based nanoparticles: a review on their synthesis, types and antimicrobial action

• Matías Guerrero Correa,
• Fernanda B. Martínez,
• Cristian Patiño Vidal,
• Camilo Streitt,
• Juan Escrig and
• Carol Lopez de Dicastillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1450–1469, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.129

• interact with the functional groups of proteins and nucleic acids, such as thiol (–SH), amino (–NH), and carboxyl (–COOH) groups, and therefore, might affect the enzymatic activities and several protein structures. Although the metal ions released are not the main source of damage caused by NPs, it is

Ultrasensitive detection of cadmium ions using a microcantilever-based piezoresistive sensor for groundwater

• Dinesh Rotake,
• Anand Darji and
• Nitin Kale

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1242–1253, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.108

• structure with thickness, FESEM image, PCB, and the experimental platform is shown in Figure 1. For using the microcantilever device for selectively detecting Cd(II) a surface modification is required. The surface modification of the sensor is basically a selective thiol coating on top of a gold surface

• . Results of the SAM detecting cadmium ions The proposed microfluidic platform provides real-time monitoring of Cd(II) in groundwater. We performed the experiment using the coating of cysteamine thiol with cross-linked ᴅʟ-glyceraldehyde (Cys-DL-GC). We have already discussed that the methods based on Au/Ag

• solution of cysteamine ([Cys] = 10 mM/10 mL) was prepared. The piezoresistive devices were gently dipped into a petri-dish containing cysteamine thiol for at least 12–24 hours. Longer times yield a better packing density of the SAM. In addition, a 2% (0.2 g/10 mL) solution of ᴅʟ-glyceraldehyde (DL-GC) in

Photothermally active nanoparticles as a promising tool for eliminating bacteria and biofilms

• Mykola Borzenkov,
• Piersandro Pallavicini,
• Angelo Taglietti,
• Laura D’Alfonso,
• Maddalena Collini and
• Giuseppe Chirico

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1134–1146, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.98

• thiol monolayers, aiming to impart a different wettability to the surfaces [63]. It was verified that the photothermal features and the consequent hyperthermia-derived antibacterial effects were not affected by the thiol layers, which enable the eradication of at least 99.99% of the bacterial strains

Applications of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in drug and therapeutic delivery, and biotechnological advancements

• Maria Suciu,
• Corina M. Ionescu,
• Alexandra Ciorita,
• Septimiu C. Tripon,
• Dragos Nica,
• Hani Al-Salami and
• Lucian Barbu-Tudoran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1092–1109, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.94

• positive charge of the amine groups. The uptake was determined to be proportional to the number of amine groups [84]. If the amine groups were exchanged with carboxyl or thiol groups, the activity was reduced and cells did not internalize as many nanoparticles [86]. In vivo tests also showed that PVA