Aero-ZnS prepared by physical vapor transport on three-dimensional networks of sacrificial ZnO microtetrapods

• Veaceslav Ursaki,
• Tudor Braniste,
• Victor Zalamai,
• Emil Rusu,
• Vladimir Ciobanu,
• Vadim Morari,
• Daniel Podgornii,
• Pier Carlo Ricci,
• Rainer Adelung and
• Ion Tiginyanu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 490–499, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.44

• region at 3.62 eV is related to a free-to-bound electron transition from a shallow donor to the valence band of ZnS [35]. The other two bands around 2.4 and 2.9–3.0 eV in the deep level defect region are the most common PL bands observed in various ZnS samples and have been associated with DA pair

• 0.6 eV below the conduction band and an acceptor impurity band situated around 0.9 eV above the valence band. Under resonant excitation by the 325 nm laser line, electron–hole pairs are created by intrinsic excitation, and the PL band at 2.9–3.0 eV is a result of free-to-bound transitions of electrons

• materials revealed by XRD and PL spectral analyses (Figure 7) may be beneficial from the point of view of preparing various nanocomposites in a controlled manner, providing opportunities for bandgap engineering. This approach is interesting for the alignment of the conduction and valence bands of the

Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under visible light by cobalt ferrite nanoparticles/graphene quantum dots

• Vo Chau Ngoc Anh,
• Le Thi Thanh Nhi,
• Le Thi Kim Dung,
• Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa,
• Nguyen Truong Son,
• Nguyen Thi Thao Uyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Uyen Thu,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Le Trung Hieu,
• Tran Ngoc Tuyen and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 475–489, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.43

• %). The rate constant of MB degradation decreases to 0.0015 min−1 from 0.0123 min−1. This result indicates that the •OH degradation pathway plays a critical role in the MB photocatalytic degradation. Iodide ions (I−) are strong scavengers that react with valence band holes () [35]. Bromate ions

• photocorrosion and exhibits excellent reusability for the degradation process. The mechanism of MB degradation over the CF/GQDs catalyst is illustrated in Scheme 2. Under visible light irradiation, photogenerated holes (h+) are created in the valence bands via the transfer of photogenerated electrons (e−) from

• the valence band to the conduction band (Equation 1). Hence, photoinduced electron transfer possibly takes place from CF to GQDs, which are excellent acceptors [39] (Equation 2). This retards the recombination of electrons and holes in the nanocomposites [40]. The photoinduced holes are, therefore

Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

• Nguyen Nhat Nam,
• Nguyen Khoi Song Tran,
• Tan Tai Nguyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Trai,
• Nguyen Phuong Thuy,
• Hoang Dang Khoa Do,
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran and
• Kieu The Loan Trinh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 396–415, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.36

• activity. Cerium-based nanomaterials exhibit CAT activity through the ability to decompose H2O2 into O2 and H2O. Cerium oxide consists of mixed valence stages of Ce3+ (reduced) and Ce4+ (fully oxidized), which allows for the generation of redox cycles for exhibiting CAT activity in the presence of H2O2

Investigating structural and electronic properties of neutral zinc clusters: a G₀W₀ and G₀W₀Г₀⁽¹⁾ benchmark

• Sunila Bakhsh,
• Muhammad Khalid,
• Sameen Aslam,
• Muhammad Sohail,
• Muhammad Aamir Iqbal,
• Mujtaba Ikram and
• Kareem Morsy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 310–316, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.28

• reported these peaks in theory for clusters of n =4, 7, 9, 10, and 14. It can also be seen in Figure 2, that there are two shoulders or peaks, one at n = 4 and the other at n = 10. As zinc has two valence electrons, these peaks correspond to the formation of magic number clusters. Eight and 20 valence

Exploring the relationships between physiochemical properties of nanoparticles and cell damage to combat cancer growth using simple periodic table-based descriptors

• Joyita Roy and
• Kunal Roy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 297–309, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.27

• “valence electron potential” (−eV) determines the elements’ reactivity and is based on the charge of the valence electrons and the ionic radius: Here, k is a proportionality factor expressing the energy of the valence electrons in electronvolts. n is the valence, and r is the ionic radius. This descriptor

• negatively contributes to the zeta potential suggesting that with the increase of the valence electron potential of the metal, there will be a decrease in zeta potential value. This has been observed in Mn2O3 NPs, which have a valence electron potential value of 220eV and a zeta potential of −15.9 mV. Co3O3

• NPs show the opposite result; the decrease in the valence electron potential value (38eV) shows an increase in zeta potential value (22.6 mV). MeOx NPs with large ionic radius tend to have low valence electron potential, as it is inversely proportional to the ionic radius of the NPs. NPs with lower

CdSe/ZnS quantum dots as a booster in the active layer of distributed ternary organic photovoltaics

• Gabriela Lewińska,
• Piotr Jeleń,
• Zofia Kucia,
• Maciej Sitarz,
• Łukasz Walczak,
• Bartłomiej Szafraniak,
• Jerzy Sanetra and
• Konstanty W. Marszalek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 144–156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.14

• . Increased molecular order and increasing crystallinity of the system were positively correlated with changes in device performance [51]. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy We obtained survey spectra for the materials under consideration (Figure 9a,b). Figure 9c illustrates the obtained valence spectrum

• , QD520, QD580, QD600, and QD640, respectively. According to Hummon et al. [52] the CdSe valence-band edge was determined to be −6.8 eV, from thin-film UPS and photoluminescence measurements. The CdSe conduction-band edge was determined by the photonic band gap (2.0–4.8 eV). The valence- and conduction

• diagram of a potential solar cell with aluminum and indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes is presented in Figure 10. The HOMO was determined using the UPS spectrum of the valence bands for all samples. The lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) was determined by subtracting the energy gap from the HOMO

Assessing phytotoxicity and tolerance levels of ZnO nanoparticles on Raphanus sativus: implications for widespread adoptions

• Pathirannahalage Sahan Samuditha,
• Nadeesh Madusanka Adassooriya and
• Nazeera Salim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 115–125, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.11

• absorption peak below 400 nm due to the nanometric size effect of the synthesized ZnO and characteristic hexagonal ZnO NPs [32]. A broad band at 362 nm in the UV–vis spectrum was reported, indicating the formation of ZnO NPs, and it could be due to an electron transfer from the valence to the conduction band

A combined gas-phase dissociative ionization, dissociative electron attachment and deposition study on the potential FEBID precursor [Au(CH₃)₂Cl]₂

• Elif Bilgilisoy,
• Ali Kamali,
• Thomas Xaver Gentner,
• Gerd Ballmann,
• Sjoerd Harder,
• Hans-Peter Steinrück,
• Hubertus Marbach and
• Oddur Ingólfsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1178–1199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.98

• confidence limit. We also calculated the threshold values at the DLPNO-CCSD(T) level using the smaller split valence polarization (SVP) basis set, and these values are given in Supporting Information File 1, Table S2. At that level, the agreement with the experimental ionization energy and the AE for the

Density functional theory study of Au-fcc/Ge and Au-hcp/Ge interfaces

• Olga Sikora,
• Małgorzata Sternik,
• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Franciszek Krok,
• Przemysław Piekarz and
• Andrzej M. Oleś

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1093–1105, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.90

• energy was used. The electronic wave functions were expanded as linear combinations of plane waves, truncated to include only plane waves with kinetic energies below a cutoff energy Ecut = 350 eV. The valence states were optimized with the Ge(s2p2) and Au(s1d10) electron configurations. Bulk materials

Properties of tin oxide films grown by atomic layer deposition from tin tetraiodide and ozone

• Kristjan Kalam,
• Peeter Ritslaid,
• Tanel Käämbre,
• Aile Tamm and
• Kaupo Kukli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1085–1092, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.89

• peak at the binding energy typical of surface OH (Figure 10b). This might be related to the chemisorption and decomposition of environmental humidity, enhanced on more crystallised film surfaces. Such a surface OH contribution has been described earlier [33][34]. Complementarily, the valence-band

• photoelectron spectra (Figure 10c) closely resemble those reported for SnO2 [28] with a dominant peak just below 5 eV and further distinct features at around 7.5 and 11 eV. This is in rather stark contrast to the SnO valence band, where mainly the occupied Sn 5s states give rise to a significant peak at ca. 2.5

• thickness of 110 nm as function of the wavelength. XPS results of (a) Sn 3d, (b) O 1s, and (c) valence-band region of the SnO2 films deposited at 300 and 500 °C. XAS results depicting O 1s (a) and Sn 3d (b) spectra of the SnO2 films deposited at 300 and 500 °C. Supporting Information Supporting Information

A visible-light photodetector based on heterojunctions between CuO nanoparticles and ZnO nanorods

• Doan Nhat Giang,
• Nhat Minh Nguyen,
• Duc Anh Ngo,
• Thanh Trang Tran,
• Le Thai Duy,
• Cong Khanh Tran,
• Thi Thanh Van Tran,
• Phan Phuong Ha La and
• Vinh Quang Dang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1018–1027, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.84

• valence bands of CuO are at a more negative potential than those of ZnO to form type-II region bonds between CuO and ZnO, avoiding recombination and accelerating the separation of photogenerated electron–hole pairs [37]. To explore and confirm the effects of combining CuO and ZnO, we developed a

Nanoarchitectonics of photothermal materials to enhance the sensitivity of lateral flow assays

• Elangovan Sarathkumar,
• Rajasekharan S. Anjana and
• Ramapurath S. Jayasree

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 988–1003, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.82

• nanoparticles: The optical, physical, and chemical properties of plasmonic nanoparticles highly depend on the number of valence electrons. When the oscillating frequency of the electron cloud matches the frequency of the electromagnetic irradiation, LSPR occurs [35]. The excited plasmonic photothermal agent

• nanomaterials. When excited by photons with an energy greater than or equal to the bandgap of the materials, electron–hole pairs are generated. The electrons excited to the conduction band will leave holes in the valence band. The relaxation of these electrons can occur radiatively in the form of photons and

Fragmentation of metal(II) bis(acetylacetonate) complexes induced by slow electrons

• Janina Kopyra and
• Hassan Abdoul-Carime

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 980–987, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.81

• trapped into a usually unfilled molecular valence orbital (i.e., shape resonance) [20]. Such a process usually arises typically at electron energies below 4 eV. The molecular orbitals into which the excess electron may be trapped are reported in [15][16][17][18][19] for the investigated organometallic

• for large molecules, such as phthalocyanine or tetraphenylporphyrin (up to 7–8 eV), because of the long lifetime of the TNIs [22]. Also, the electron can be trapped by long-range forces to form a “multipole”-bound anion. This bound state may then couple to some dissociative valence states, leading to

Prediction of cytotoxicity of heavy metals adsorbed on nano-TiO₂ with periodic table descriptors using machine learning approaches

• Joyita Roy,
• Souvik Pore and
• Kunal Roy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 939–950, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.77

• metals is also time- and dose-dependent. Among many other factors, the valence state plays an important role in toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics. Many studies have shown that an increased concentration of heavy metals is correlated with the severity of hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity [37]. Lead causes

Ultralow-energy amorphization of contaminated silicon samples investigated by molecular dynamics

• Grégoire R. N. Defoort-Levkov,
• Alan Bahm and
• Patrick Philipp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 834–849, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.68

• in this study. In contrast, the simplicity of the Morse potential allowed us to represent the interactions between the argons atoms with full valence band and the sample atoms. As described in [26], a set of DFT calculations were performed using VASP to compute the Morse potential for argon–silicon

Carboxylic acids and light interact to affect nanoceria stability and dissolution in acidic aqueous environments

• Matthew L. Hancock,
• Eric A. Grulke and
• Robert A. Yokel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 762–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.63

• on the right was exposed to light. The sample in the citric acid column exposed to light for four weeks showed a color change from yellow to clear, possibly indicating a valence state change from Ce4+ to Ce3+. The citric acid sample exposed to light appears to be completely colorless after four weeks

• representative of particle dissolution, due to the valence state change from Ce4+ to Ce3+ during dissolution. The particles in citric acid exposed to light were completely dissolved after four weeks as indicated by DLS and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), shown in Table 1 and Table 2, respectively. In

• Table 2 of Grulke et al. [34], changes in the valence state at the edge and core of the nanoparticles were shown over twelve weeks of dissolution. The Ce3+ concentration increased as the particle size decreased, but only slightly. Figure 7 of Yokel et al. [33] shows little to no change within four weeks

Cross-sectional Kelvin probe force microscopy on III–V epitaxial multilayer stacks: challenges and perspectives

• Mattia da Lisca,
• José Alvarez,
• James P. Connolly,
• Nicolas Vaissiere,
• Karim Mekhazni,
• Jean Decobert and
• Jean-Paul Kleider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 725–737, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.59

• is set at mid-gap, whereas it is moved towards the valence (conduction) band if the ratio of acceptor to donor DOS is larger (smaller) than 1 [24]. Results KPFM cross-sectional investigation under dark conditions The cross section of the sample was first investigated by KPFM under dark conditions

• and increase in potential, respectively). The mismatch of the conduction and valence bands between these materials then leads to the peculiar band energy diagram. Insets have been added to Figure 3a and Figure 3b to zoom in this region. Additionally, KP modelling [13] was used to simulate the VCPD

• reported in Figure 6. In this specific case, the charge neutrality level of surface defects is set at mid-gap. Thus, increasing the surface defect densities will produce a pinning of the Fermi level at the neutrality level of the surface states and the energy of valence and conduction bands will appear

Metal-organic framework-based nanomaterials as opto-electrochemical sensors for the detection of antibiotics and hormones: A review

• Akeem Adeyemi Oladipo,
• Saba Derakhshan Oskouei and
• Mustafa Gazi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 631–673, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.52

Titania nanoparticles for photocatalytic degradation of ethanol under simulated solar light

• Evghenii Goncearenco,
• Iuliana P. Morjan,
• Claudiu Teodor Fleaca,
• Florian Dumitrache,
• Elena Dutu,
• Monica Scarisoreanu,
• Valentin Serban Teodorescu,
• Alexandra Sandulescu,
• Crina Anastasescu and
• Ioan Balint

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 616–630, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.51

• , which are localized in the vicinity of the conduction and the valence bands. There are two ways to obtain such knowledge, that is, from optical and luminescence measurements. The former gives us information about electron transitions from the lower to the higher energy levels and the latter about the

• [62][63]. Indirect transitions are more common in both sample groups. The valence bands are the same in P25 and our TiO2 powders, indirect transitions have almost the same values for all measured samples, and the differences among the values could be due to calculus errors. In the case of direct

Evaluation of electrosynthesized reduced graphene oxide–Ni/Fe/Co-based (oxy)hydroxide catalysts towards the oxygen evolution reaction

• Karolina Cysewska,
• Marcin Łapiński,
• Marcin Zając,
• Jakub Karczewski,
• Piotr Jasiński and
• Sebastian Molin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 420–433, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.34

• calculations were determined based on the survey spectra collected in a wide range of binding energies, while valence state calculations were based on the high-resolution spectra. The C 1s peak (285.0 eV) was used to correct the results. Analysis of XPS spectra was performed with the Casa-XPS software using a

Plasmonic nanotechnology for photothermal applications – an evaluation

• A. R. Indhu,
• L. Keerthana and
• Gnanaprakash Dharmalingam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 380–419, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.33

• phenomenon of surface plasmon resonance results from the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and typically high-valence materials, leading to oscillations of the free electrons in it. The decay of these collective oscillations into heat is the plasmonic photothermal (PPT) effect. The absorption

Bismuth-based nanostructured photocatalysts for the remediation of antibiotics and organic dyes

• Akeem Adeyemi Oladipo and
• Faisal Suleiman Mustafa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 291–321, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.26

• a nutshell, when exposed to light of the desired wavelength (enough energy), an electron (e−) in the photocatalyst's valence band absorbs photon energy and is excited to the conduction band on a femtosecond scale. This results in the formation of a hole (h+) in the valence band and a charge carrier

• reaction, along with other species such as oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, and persulfate. This excited electron reduces an acceptor, and the acceptor's hole oxidises donor molecules. What happens to the excited electron and hole depends on the relative positions of conduction band and valence band of the

• , nanometre-sized photocatalysts based on bismuth have recently been investigated and evaluated, because the majority of bismuth-based photocatalysts have a bandgap below 3.0 eV, making them usable in visible light. Additionally, their electrical structure produces a valence band with hybrid O 2p and Bi 6s

High–low Kelvin probe force spectroscopy for measuring the interface state density

• Ryo Izumi,
• Masato Miyazaki,
• Yan Jun Li and
• Yasuhiro Sugawara

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 175–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.18

• and the sample, the bulk Fermi level does not change on the semiconductor side, whereas the interface states move up and down with the conduction and valence bands. This causes capture of carriers (electrons and/or holes) from the bulk side by the interface states and, conversely, emission of carriers

Two-step single-reactor synthesis of oleic acid- or undecylenic acid-stabilized magnetic nanoparticles by thermal decomposition

• Mykhailo Nahorniak,
• Pamela Pasetto,
• Jean-Marc Greneche,
• Volodymyr Samaryk,
• Sandy Auguste,
• Anthony Rousseau,
• Nataliya Nosova and
• Serhii Varvarenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 11–22, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.2

• isomeric shift resulting from the monopolar electric interaction is very sensitive to the valence states of Fe. Taking into account the characteristic measurement time of 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, estimated at 10−8 s at the Larmor frequency, the ultrafine structure of magnetite at 300 K (and above the

• ) three magnetic components attributed to blocked Fe3+ moieties, blocked Fe2+ moieties, and Fe ions with intermediate valence state between Fe3+ and Fe2+, as commonly observed in typical magnetite below the Verwey transition; (ii) a quadrupolar component assigned to Fe2+ moieties, probably due to some

• technique is highly sensitive to the valence state of Fe species and thus enables the identification of magnetite and maghemite and the estimation of their respective proportions. Measurements were performed in a transmission geometry with a 925 MBq γ-source of 57Co/Rh mounted using a conventional constant

Photoelectrochemical water oxidation over TiO₂ nanotubes modified with MoS₂ and g-C₃N₄

• Phuong Hoang Nguyen,
• Thi Minh Cao,
• Tho Truong Nguyen,
• Hien Duy Tong and
• Viet Van Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1541–1550, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.127

• migrate from the valence band (VB) of TNAs to the VB of MoS2 or g-C3N4. Therefore, the recombination of the photo-generated e−–h+ pairs is reduced. In this contribution, the PEC water splitting reactions take place in a neutral media, which is well known to occur via two processes, including the oxidation