Electron transport through nanoscale multilayer graphene and hexagonal boron nitride junctions

• Aleksandar Staykov and
• Takaya Fujisaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2132–2143, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.147

• transmission probability. Thus, the defects increase the current through the nanoscale junctions. Modeling of graphite and h-BN. (a) Unit cell of graphite, (b) DOS of graphite, (c) band structure of graphite, (d) unit cell of h-BN, (e) DOS of h-BN, (f) band structure of h-BN, and (g) schematic of the Brillouin

• zone. Modeling of graphite and h-BN with Stone–Wales defect. (a) Unit cell of defective graphite, (b) DOS of defective graphite, (c) band structure of defective graphite, (d) unit cell of defective h-BN, (e) DOS of defective h-BN, (f) band structure of defective h-BN, and (g) schematic of the Brillouin

• zone. Modeling of N-doped graphite. (a) Unit cell of N-doped graphite, (b) band structure of N-doped graphite, (c) schematic of the Brillouin zone, and (d) DOS of N-doped graphite. Geometry of Pt/graphene/Pt junctions with (a) one layer, (b) two layers, (c) three layers, (d) four layers; (e) five

Rapid synthesis of highly monodisperse AgSbS₂ nanocrystals: unveiling multifaceted activities in cancer therapy, antibacterial strategies, and antioxidant defense

• Funda Ulusu,
• Adem Sarilmaz,
• Yakup Ulusu,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Mahmut Kus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2105–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.145

• findings were consistent across various imaging modalities. Analyzing the HRTEM image in Figure 2c revealed a lattice d-spacing of 3.214 Å, corresponding precisely to the (111) crystallographic planes. The SAED patterns in Figure 2d exhibited distinct, discontinuous diffraction rings with sharp points

• specificity. Integration with emerging nanomedicine approaches such as theranostics, controlled drug delivery, and precision oncology could further advance the translational potential of AgSbS2 NCs. Synthesis procedure (a), XRD pattern (b), crystal geometry (c), and FTIR spectrum (d) of the synthesized NCs

• . Both crystal structure images were created by using the VESTA software [33]. The TEM (a), HRTEM (b), SEM (c) images and SAED (d) patterns of AgSbS2 NCs. Zones of inhibition produced by AgSbS2 NCs against tested bacterial strains. Cytotoxic effects of AgSbS2 NCs on different cell lines (a), IC50 values

Calibration of piezo actuators and systems by dynamic interferometry

• Knarik Khachatryan and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2086–2091, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.143

• corresponding results compiled in Figure 1c,d qualitatively yield a perfect reproduction of the previous measurement, while there is a difference in quantitative results slightly beyond the statistical error of individual measurements. Based on the last measurements that we consider to be the most reliable ones

• cantilever oscillation amplitude of (a, b) A = 111 nm and (c, d) 126 nm. (a, c) Displacement measurements for tube extension ( < 0, ΔL > 0). (b, d) Displacement measurements for tube contraction ( > 0, ΔL < 0). Cantilever excitation amplitude calibration performed for fiber tube piezo extension or

Multifrequency AFM integrating PeakForce tapping and higher eigenmodes for heterogeneous surface characterization

• Yanping Wei,
• Jiafeng Shen,
• Yirong Yao,
• Xuke Li,
• Ming Li and
• Peiling Ke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2077–2085, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.142

• (Figure 2B–D). With the free vibration amplitude of the eigenmode being low, this inherent damping mechanism ensures that superimposed vibrations do not significantly perturb the peak force magnitude during tip–sample interaction. Second, the dedicated signal processing scheme detailed in Section

• thicker nanosheet regions used for the reported histograms, and Ashman’s D values were computed for both Young’s modulus and phase signals using the method described in [25] (Table 3). D > 2 indicates clear separation of distributions. Modulus maps reveal probe-dependence; the soft probe fails to provide

• reliable separation, while the stiff probe successfully discriminates (D ≈ 2.7). However, phase imaging with both probes enables effective differentiation between these regions, demonstrating that the eigenmode contrast is less dependent on probe stiffness compared to quantitative mechanics maps. To assess

Molecular and mechanical insights into gecko seta adhesion: multiscale simulations combining molecular dynamics and the finite element method

• Yash Jain,
• Saeed Norouzi,
• Tobias Materzok,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Florian Müller-Plathe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2055–2076, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.141

• Yash Jain Saeed Norouzi Tobias Materzok Stanislav N. Gorb Florian Muller-Plathe Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Str. 8, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany Zoological Institute Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Kiel

• University, Am Botanischen Garten 1–9, D-24118 Kiel, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.16.141 Abstract Gecko adhesion, enabled by micro- and nanoscale structures known as setae and spatulae, has prompted extensive research. We present a concurrent multiscale computational model of a seta that integrates molecular

Stereodiscrimination of guests in chiral organosilica aerogels studied by ESR spectroscopy

• Sebastian Polarz,
• Yasar Krysiak,
• Martin Wessig and
• Florian Kuhlmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2034–2054, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.140

• first as this, according to [42][44], alters the difference in the interaction profiles. Isopropanol (ε = 18.3, μ = 1.66 D) has a lower dielectric constant ε and lower dipole moment μ than ethanol (ε = 24.2, μ = 1.69 D). Because of the carboxyl group in 3CP (see Figure 3), together with the dipole

• centers are influenced by dipolar coupling if these paramagnetic centers are close to each other (<10 nm). In the case of nitroxide spin probes, the theory developed by Ionita et al. [70] allows one to estimate the distance Ds–s between the two spins from the ratio d1/d in the ESR spectra (Figure 13a

• 0.64 g tetramethyl orthosilicate (4.23 mmol) and 0.082 g (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (0.46 mmol) and stir at 4 °C for further 20 min. The solution is now transferred (if desired) to a container of any shape and allowed to harden at room temperature. It is overcoated with triethylamine for 2 d, and

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• distribution of β-caryophyllene nanoemulsion measured by DLS: (A) intensity distribution and (B) volume distribution. SEM images of nanofibers obtained from the composition: (A) PLA 20%(w/w) and HA 1%(w/w); (B) PLA 20%(w/w), HA 1%(w/w), and NE 5%(w/w); (C) PLA 20%(w/w), HA 1%(w/w), and NE 2%(w/w); and (D

• picture (B), the magnification is different (8000×). SEM images and histograms with diameter frequencies of nanofibers obtained from the composition: HA 1%(w/w), NE 2%(w/w), and PLA 20%(w/w) electrospun at (A) 12 cm and 19 kV, (B) 12 cm and 17 kV, (C) 12 cm and 15 kV, and (D) 15 cm and 17 kV. The scale

• ), and DSC thermograms: (C) first heating and (D) second heating. X-ray diffractograms of bulk HA (black), bulk PLA (rose), PLA nanofiber (red), nanofiber composed of HA 1%(w/w) and PLA 20%(w/w) (blue), and nanofiber composed of HA 1%(w/w), NE 2%(w/w), and PLA 20%(w/w) (green). Water contact angles of

The cement of the tube-dwelling polychaete Sabellaria alveolata: a complex composite adhesive material

• Emilie Duthoo,
• Aurélie Lambert,
• Pierre Becker,
• Carla Pugliese,
• Jean-Marc Baele,
• Arnaud Delfairière,
• Matthew J. Harrington and
• Patrick Flammang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1998–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.138

• cm in length (Figure 1A,C) and up to 4 mm in diameter (Figure 1B,D). These tubes are made up of sand grains and shell fragments arranged obliquely to the tube’s long axis in a funnel-like pattern, giving their upper part a flared appearance (Figure 1A,B). Internally, the tube is lined by a layer of

• , heterogeneous granules contain conspicuous inclusions of various shapes within a matrix that is less electron-dense and resembles the contents of homogeneous granules (Figure 4B,D). These inclusions, which vary in size from 100–1500 nm, appear as spherical to elliptical and are made up of electron-dense

• applications in various fields. Structure of the tubes of Sabellaria alveolata. Picture of a reef fragment (Champeaux, Bay of Mont Saint-Michel) (A), with detailed views of the natural tubes (B, C). SEM image of an epoxy-embedded tube in cross section showing the arrangement of mineral particles (D

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

• -tipped ZnS nanorod heterostructures (Figure 3b–d). The authors also used a binary target, millisecond laser pulses for ablation, and dodecyl mercaptan as the surrounding liquid [25]. Furthermore, the chemical processes occurring during the interaction of plasma with liquid have been found to produce

• to induce their anisotropic growth and assembly. Therefore, variations in parameters such as liquid composition (as, for example, in Figure 4b–d) and laser focusing conditions (Figure 4e) can create favourable conditions for the formation and growth of anisotropic nanoparticles. Another approach is

• in acetone–water solution to induce further re-shaping into cubic nanostructures (Figure 7b–d). The formation of the nanocubes occurred upon ageing of the colloid during several days, and the authors emphasize the importance of the laser fragmentation step in this process. If the laser fluence is too

Mechanical property measurements enabled by short-term Fourier-transform of atomic force microscopy thermal deflection analysis

• Thomas Mathias,
• Roland Bennewitz and
• Philip Egberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1952–1962, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.136

• elastic modulus greater than 10 GPa, with soft cantilevers such as those used in this experiment will not provide accurate results [30]. This finding is emphasized by the non-convergent fits observed in Figure 5c,d. However, the convergent fits in Figure 5a,b suggest that the CR-AFM models are valid, yet

• , model (ii) in blue, and model (iii) in red. (a) Force-versus-displacement curve using the high-sample rate acquisition system. (b) Fourier transform of the out-of-contact portion of (a). (c) Fit (red line) of the first resonant mode peak (black squares) with Equation 1. (d) Fourier transform of the out

• glass colloid probe on a HOPG sample (red circles), and (d) a diamond-coated silicon on silicon sample (blue circles). A red dashed line in each figure shows a fit to the experimental data using Equation 7. (a, b) Scanning electron microscopy images of the borosilicate glass colloid glued onto the

Evaluating metal-organic precursors for focused ion beam-induced deposition through solid-layer decomposition analysis

• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Franciszek Krok and
• Iwona B. Szymańska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1942–1951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.135

• : BSE image and corresponding elemental net count maps of C K, O K, F K, Si K, and Ag L lines. Results of machine learning NMF decomposition of the collected SEM EDX hyperspectral data b)–d). NMF loadings showing spatial distribution of the NMF decomposition components b) substrate, c) structures

• together with NMF factors corresponding to the decomposed EDX signal d). It is seen that the EDX silicon substrate signal is succesfully separated from the signal of the metal-rich structures (Si K peak). This allows for the chemical composition quantification via EDX ZAF method. Investigation of chemical

• of gallium in comparison to metal. Ratio of (c) metal and (d) gallium atom % to ion fluence Fh. Precursors 2 and 4 decompose most easily during FIB experiments producing the highest amount of metal per ion fluence Fh. Precursor 1 absorbs the most gallium in terms of amount of gallium per fluence

Quantum circuits with SINIS structures

• Mikhail Tarasov,
• Mikhail Fominskii,
• Aleksandra Gunbina,
• Artem Krasilnikov,
• Maria Mansfeld,
• Dmitrii Kukushkin,
• Andrei Maruhno,
• Valeria Ievleva,
• Mikhail Strelkov,
• Daniil Zhogov,
• Konstantin Arutyunov,
• Vyacheslav Vdovin,
• Vladislav Stolyarov and
• Valerian Edelman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1931–1941, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.134

• of 260 mK. Photos of various tunnel structures fabricated using different technologies. (a) SINIS detector made by using Dolan technology, (b) single tunnel NIS junction and (c) circular antenna with SINIS detector made by Manhattan technology, (d) single SQUID and (e) single NIS junction made by

PEGylated lipids in lipid nanoparticle delivery dynamics and therapeutic innovation

• Peiyang Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1914–1930, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.133

• Flory radius (RPEG) of PEG and the interchain distance (D). According to polymer scaling theory, when D exceeds twice RF (D > 2RPEG), chains exist as isolated mushrooms with minimal overlap, enabling protein penetration to the nanoparticle surface. Experimental validation using quartz crystal

• microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) reveals that reducing D below RPEG (D < RPEG) forces chain extension through lateral compression, forming brush conformations where the excluded volume effect dominates [14]. For PEG2k (RPEG2k ≈ 8.2 nm), achieving this brush regime requires interchain distances

• below 4.1 nm. Importantly, neutron reflectometry studies showed that the thickness of the hydration layer increases with the RPEG/D ratio, a geometric parameter now recognized as critical for predicting the in vivo fate of nanoparticles [15]. Pharmacokinetics data in the study further demonstrated that

Targeting the vector of arboviruses Aedes aegypti with nanoemulsions based on essential oils: a review with focus on larvicidal and repellent properties

• Laryssa Ferreira do Nascimento Silva,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Mariana Alice Gonzaga Gabú,
• Maria Cecilia Queiroga dos Santos,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Mylena Lemos dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa and
• Fabio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1894–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.132

• ) increased cutaneous permeability of various molecules; (d) reduced emulsifier concentrations compared to that of macro- and microemulsions; (e) protection of molecules from adverse environmental conditions such as pH-induced hydrolysis and oxidation; and (f) versatile applications allowing administration in

• Xylopia ochrantha, a plant native to the restinga ecosystem of Brazil [111]. The oil has a composition rich in sesquiterpenes, the main ones being germacrene D (17.8%), bicyclogermacrene (17.4%), and δ-elemene (13.9%). The extraction was performed by hydrodistillation, and the nanoemulsion was prepared

Programmable soliton dynamics in all-Josephson-junction logic cells and networks

• Vsevolod I. Ruzhickiy,
• Anastasia A. Maksimovskaya,
• Sergey V. Bakurskiy,
• Andrey E. Schegolev,
• Maxim V. Tereshonok,
• Mikhail Yu. Kupriyanov,
• Nikolay V. Klenov and
• Igor I. Soloviev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1883–1893, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.131

• has many stable states. Spatial distributions of the Josephson phase (blue curves) and current (red curves) in (a, c) Open mode, Lk/LJ = 0.1 (a) and Lk/LJ = 4 (c); (b) Close mode, Lk/LJ = 2; and (d) T-mode, Lk/LJ = 6. Solid lines show initial profiles, and dashed lines represent distributions after

• ) after left-propagating soliton passage; (c, d) sequential right-propagating soliton interactions; (e) final left-propagating soliton recurrence. (a) Schematic of an all-Josephson-junction transmission line (all-JJTL) network with three inputs (In 1, In 2, In 3), three outputs (Out 1, Out 2, Out 3), and

Low-temperature AFM with a microwave cavity optomechanical transducer

• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• August K. Roos,
• Erik Holmgren,
• Riccardo Borgani,
• Mats O. Tholén and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1873–1882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.130

• resonance. When approaching the sample surface, we observe a shift (<2%) of the microwave resonance frequency to lower frequency and a slight increase of the internal losses, as shown in Figure 3a–d. This redshift suggests that proximity to the surface introduces a lossy capacitive load to the microwave

• LC resonator realized from a single layer of Nb–Ti–N and a Pt–C tip deposited at the cantilever apex. (d) Experimental setup. The scanner box is suspended from the 10 mK stage with soft springs. Folded copper braids provide thermalization and additional mechanical damping. The digital synthesizer and

• coefficient S11 measured during coarse approach. Proximity to the surface causes (c) a non-negligible shift in the microwave resonance frequency and (d) an increase in the total loss rate. (e) Effect of force gradient on the mechanical susceptibility of the cantilever close to the surface. (f) Mechanical

Self-assembly and adhesive properties of Pollicipes pollicipes barnacle cement protein cp19k: influence of pH and ionic strength

• Shrutika Sawant,
• Anne Marie Power and
• J. Gerard Wall

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1863–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.129

• quartz crystal microbalance-dissipation (QCM-D)-based studies of the adhesive properties of rPolcp19k-his monomers and fibres formed under different physicochemical conditions, as well as after a similar pH switch, are planned. Conclusion This study identifies a low pH and high salt concentration

Current status of using adsorbent nanomaterials for removing microplastics from water supply systems: a mini review

• Nguyen Thi Nhan and
• Tran Le Luu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1837–1850, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.127

• adsorbents such as the bimetallic organic framework (ZnCo-ZIF) and sponge, MS@ZnCo-ZIF@HDTMS was successfully fabricated and demonstrated an ability to remove over 98% of MPs through electrostatic forces and hydrogen bonding [70]. By fabricating bidirectionally ordered GO–nanocellulose aerogels (D-DPGG), Liu

• synthesized Co-MOFs for removing MPs. SEM images of (a) CeO2, (b) CeO2 3D flower-spheres, (c, d) ZIF-67 before and after calcination at 500 °C, (e, f) ZIF-67-90@CeO2, and (g, h) Co–N/C-90@CeO2 composites. TEM images of (i) CeO2 3D flower-spheres, (j) Co–N/C-90@CeO2 composite. (k) Enlarged TEM image of Co–N/C

• adsorbing PS. (d) Schematic diagram of adsorption mechanisms. Figure 4 was reprinted from [73], Chem. Eng. J., Vol. 475, by Xu, J.; Guo, Y.; Tang, C.; Qian, Y.; Guo, C.; Wang, Z.; Li, L., “Hardwood vessel-inspired chitosan-based sponge with superior compressibility, superfast adsorption and remarkable

Phytol-loaded soybean oil nanoemulsion as a promising alternative against Leishmania amazonensis

• Victória Louise Pinto Freire,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Johny W. de Freitas Oliveira,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Marcelo de Souza-Silva,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva Junior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.126

• performed. The results revealed nanodroplets with spherical and oval shapes and a homogeneous size distribution, with diameters up to 250 nm, consistent with the dynamic light scattering (DLS) data (Figure 1c,d). Colloidal and physicochemical stability The colloidal and physicochemical stability of the NEs

• considered statistically significant for p < 0.05. Schematic illustration of PHYT-NE preparation: (a) size distribution of nanodroplets (b) and morphological aspects of blank-NE (c) and PHYT-NE (d). Figure 1a) is adapted from Servier Medical Art (https://smart.servier.com/), licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https

Further insights into the thermodynamics of linear carbon chains for temperatures ranging from 13 to 300 K

• Alexandre Rocha Paschoal,
• Thiago Alves de Moura,
• Juan S. Rodríguez-Hernández,
• Carlos William de Araujo Paschoal,
• Yoong Ahm Kim,
• Morinobu Endo and
• Paulo T. Araujo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1818–1825, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.125

• ) evolution with T; (b) the energy per N, u(T), presents a quadratic, universal, and unified behavior with T; (c) α(T) shows a linear universal behavior with T; (d) the heat capacity per N, cV(T), presents a linear, universal and unified behavior with T; (e) A T2 universal dependence is observed for the

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• Raman spectra of graphene oxide usually show three distinct peaks, a D peak, which lies at a wavenumber of 1344 cm−1, a G peak at a wavenumber of 1591 cm−1, and a 2D band which beginning at a wavenumber of 2356 cm−1 [6]. The Raman spectrum in Figure 7 has been normalized to the G peak. According to

• Figure 7a, irradiation of GO with 20 keV Ag ions leads to significant changes in the structure and vibrational states of GO. One can see a significant decrease in the D peak; this decrease is the same for arbitrary ion fluences, and the ID/IG ratio reaches values of 0.94. The D peak in the Raman spectrum

• of GO characterizes the degree of defects and structural disturbances in the carbon lattice. Similar results were obtained when GO was irradiated with 1.5 MeV Ag ions, with a significant decrease in the D peak. In this case, the decrease is most pronounced for the 3.75 × 1014 cm−2 ion fluence, with

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

Advances of aptamers in esophageal cancer diagnosis, treatment and drug delivery

• Yang Fei,
• Hui Xu,
• Chunwei Zhang,
• Jingjing Wang and
• Yong Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1734–1750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.121

• directly coupled to a chemotherapeutic drug (intercalation). (c) Aptamers and chemotherapeutic drug co-encapsulated in nanoparticles. (d) PEGylated aptamers improve drug stability. Aptamers for esophageal cancer detection. Aptamers in the targeted therapy of esophageal cancer. Aptamer drug delivery systems

Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease

• Niédja Fittipaldi Vasconcelos,
• Almerinda Agrelli,
• Rayane Cristine Santos da Silva,
• Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques,
• Isabel Renata de Souza Arruda,
• Priscilla Stela Santana de Oliveira,
• Mércia Liane de Oliveira and
• Giovanna Machado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120

Beyond the bilayer: multilayered hygroscopic actuation in pine cone scales

• Kim Ulrich,
• Max David Mylo,
• Tom Masselter,
• Fabian Scheckenbach,
• Sophia Fischerbauer,
• Martin Nopens,
• Silja Flenner,
• Imke Greving,
• Linnea Hesse and
• Thomas Speck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1695–1710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.119

• axis of the scale, where the tissue samples were prepared from. (B) The respective scale cross section at the sampling location. (C) Close-up of the exact sampling locations within the tissues. (D) Microscopic images of the upper end of the respective tissue sample pillars. Characterization of the

• more apical (right) based on the original position along the central cone axis. (C) Single frame of the first scale row during the automated point tracking for calculating the bending angle. Geometries used for finite element analysis. (A) Bilayer. (B) Trilayer. (C) Trilayer with uniform fibers. (D