Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• entanglement and promoting fiber formation [58]. A summary of the applications of chitosan/PVA nanofibers is provided in Table 2. PVA is a synthetic polymer widely utilized in various industries because of its versatile properties. Its water solubility allows for a wide range of applications, while its carbon

• compared to pure PVA nanofibers, said to be due to hydrogen bond formation between chitosan and PVA. Olvera Bernal et al. [58] studied different concentrations of chitosan between 2.5% and 4% (w/w) in the chitosan/PVA membrane, while keeping the PVA concentration constant at 5% (w/w). The Young’s modulus

• not impossible. This was demonstrated by Olvera Bernal et al. [58] who employed differentially interferential contrasting to accentuate the color contrast for the fiber diameter measurements of electrospun chitosan/PVA. Imaging techniques based on the principles of electron beams such as scanning

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• CB of the material [58][59]. This action serves to reduce the bandgap, which in turn extends the absorption wavelength edge towards the region of visible light [60][61]. The idea of modifying semiconductor materials in the second generation involves the process of co-doping with both metal and

• . Other g-C3N4 heterojunction photocatalysts, such as CdS/g-C3N4 [106], CoO/g-C3N4 [107], and P-doped g-C3N4/Co3O4 [58], have also shown improved photocatalytic activity (see below in Table 4). The binary composite still has several shortcomings. Compared to the binary composite, adding a third

Preferential enrichment and extraction of laser-synthesized nanoparticles in organic phases

• Theo Fromme,
• Maximilian L. Spiekermann,
• Florian Lehmann,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Thomas Seidensticker and
• Sven Reichenberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 254–263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.20

• to the two simultaneously occurring and commonly accepted nanoparticle formation mechanisms happening during the plume phase of LAL (picosecond to longer nanosecond time scale) [57][58]. Recent spatiotemporal, large-scale molecular dynamic simulations show that the thermal history of nanoparticles

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• with malignant (recurrent) glioma. These findings are supported by several studies in which the controlled release of TMZ was provided by loading in nanoparticulated carriers, with subsequent improved brain uptake, increased potency, and lower systemic toxicity [54][55][56][57][58][59]. Controlled

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• , and polypyrrole) with a broad light absorption spectrum and efficient photothermal conversion capabilities (see below in Figure 2e) [58][59][60]. In addition to polymer-based photothermal nanomaterials, organic small molecule dyes that are often used for tissue staining can also be used as

• ) Carbon/polymer materials: These materials undergo photothermal conversion via molecular thermal vibration, displaying full-spectrum absorption [55][56][57][58][59][60][65][66]. This broad absorption range reduces the energy and diversity requirements for therapeutic light sources, enhancing the

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

• kinetic diameters of 3.8 and 3.6 Å, respectively [57]. Recently, Berdichevsky et al. [58] synthesized Zn3(NH2BDC)3(DABCO), a MOF with ultramicropores (3.47 Å pore aperture, 4.90 Å pore width), which was found to be capable of sieving CO2 from N2 and CH4 systems with a very large CO2 selectivity

• . Simulations revealed a CO2/N2 selectivity of 4800 on a post-combustion flue gas (15/85 mixture of CO2/N2) and a CO2/CH4 selectivity of 5 × 1028 on a 50/50 CO2/CH4 mixture, placing this MOF among the theoretically best CO2-selective molecular sieves reported to date [58]. Certain MOFs exhibit structural

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• target CD44 receptors on macrophages, improving drug delivery in inflammatory disease models and highlighting their potential in treating chronic inflammation and autoimmune conditions [58]. Beyond surface modifications, innovative strategies have used macrophages as “Trojan horse”-like carriers for drug

Theoretical study of the electronic and optical properties of a composite formed by the zeolite NaA and a magnetite cluster

• Joel Antúnez-García,
• Roberto Núñez-González,
• Vitalii Petranovskii,
• H’Linh Hmok,
• Armando Reyes-Serrato,
• Fabian N. Murrieta-Rico,
• Mufei Xiao and
• Jonathan Zamora

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 44–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.5

• composite under investigation (labeled as NaA-M) and served as the basis from which we computed its optical and electronic properties in this study. The electronic and optical properties of zeolite NaA, the magnetite cluster, and the NaA-M composite were computed using the Wien2k computer code [58]. This

Fabrication of hafnium-based nanoparticles and nanostructures using picosecond laser ablation

• Abhishek Das,
• Mangababu Akkanaboina,
• Jagannath Rathod,
• R. Sai Prasad Goud,
• Kanaka Ravi Kumar,
• Raghu C. Reddy,
• Ratheesh Ravendran,
• Katia Vutova,
• S. V. S. Nageswara Rao and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1639–1653, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.129

• the depressions of the LSFL with a direction perpendicular to the direction of the laser scan. Similar observations regarding the formation of LSFL and HSFL with orthogonal directionality and the plausible mechanisms behind their formation are discussed in an earlier work [58]. Figure 11 shows FESEM

Biomimetic nanocarriers: integrating natural functions for advanced therapeutic applications

• Hugo Felix Perini,
• Beatriz Sodré Matos,
• Carlo José Freire de Oliveira and
• Marcos Vinicius da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1619–1626, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.127

• membrane constructs [58]. Regarding materials for coating nanoparticles, a variety of hydrophilic polymers are available [30]. The most prevalent technique involves the use of polyethylene glycol (PEG). It provides biological protection against proteolysis and improved biocompatibility, metabolism, and

Natural nanofibers embedded in the seed mucilage envelope: composite hydrogels with specific adhesive and frictional properties

• Agnieszka Kreitschitz and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1603–1618, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.126

• wall architecture has been studied in many cases on the primary cell wall of parenchymatous, root tip, or epidermal cells [54][57][58][59]. Visualisation of the secondary cell wall was previously carried out for tracheary elements of xylem [60][61][62]. The microfibrils of the primary cell wall are

Liver-targeting iron oxide nanoparticles and their complexes with plant extracts for biocompatibility

• Shushanik A. Kazaryan,
• Seda A. Oganian,
• Gayane S. Vardanyan,
• Anatolie S. Sidorenko and
• Ashkhen A. Hovhannisyan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1593–1602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.125

• Fe3O4 NPs (20–30 nm) administered to rat livers at doses up to 75 µg/g did not result in statistically significant changes in ALT, AST, and ALP activities [58]. Among the most important processes occurring in the liver are lipid metabolism and lipoprotein synthesis, which characterize its functional

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles derived from algae and their larvicidal properties to control Aedes aegypti

• Matheus Alves Siqueira de Assunção,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Mara Elga Medeiros Braga,
• Severino Alves Junior,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa,
• Herminio José Cipriano de Sousa and
• Fábio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1566–1575, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.123

• . These compounds act by reducing Ag+ ions to Ag0 and stabilize nanoparticles by capping [58] (Figure 2). Larvicidal activity of AgNPs against Aedes aegypti Aedes aegypti, also known as the dengue mosquito, is a vector of important arboviruses, including Dengue, Zika, Chikungunya and Yellow Fever [6][59

The round-robin approach applied to nanoinformatics: consensus prediction of nanomaterials zeta potential

• Dimitra-Danai Varsou,
• Arkaprava Banerjee,
• Joyita Roy,
• Kunal Roy,
• Giannis Savvas,
• Haralambos Sarimveis,
• Ewelina Wyrzykowska,
• Mateusz Balicki,
• Tomasz Puzyn,
• Georgia Melagraki,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Antreas Afantitis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1536–1553, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.121

• proposed by Golbraikh and Tropsha [57][58] (Equations 7–11, including , Equation 6) on the test set. According to Golbraikh and Tropsha [57][59][60] a regression model is considered predictive if all of the conditions presented in Table 2 are satisfied. where N is the number of samples, yi and are the

Integrating high-performance computing, machine learning, data management workflows, and infrastructures for multiscale simulations and nanomaterials technologies

• Fabio Le Piane,
• Mario Vozza,
• Matteo Baldoni and
• Francesco Mercuri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1498–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.119

• fully digital data-centric approach Integration technologies try to tackle the issues outlined above by exploiting the efficiency of digital and data-centric approaches within a specific domain [48][58][59]. In this respect, integration merges tools and technologies within a customized framework and

Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

• Iqra Rahat,
• Pooja Yadav,
• Aditi Singhal,
• Mohammad Fareed,
• Jaganathan Raja Purushothaman,
• Mohammed Aslam,
• Raju Balaji,
• Sonali Patil-Shinde and
• Md. Rizwanullah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118

• hybrid nanocarriers, the biological barriers in therapeutic drug delivery can be easily overcome. These hybrid nanocarriers show prolonged half-life and stability in biological systems, thereby enhancing therapeutic efficacy [58][59]. Surface modification of PLHNPs Surface modification of PLHNPs involves

Effect of radiation-induced vacancy saturation on the first-order phase transformation in nanoparticles: insights from a model

• Aram Shirinyan and
• Yuriy Bilogorodskyy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1453–1472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.117

Ion-induced surface reactions and deposition from Pt(CO)₂Cl₂ and Pt(CO)₂Br₂

• Mohammed K. Abdel-Rahman,
• Patrick M. Eckhert,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Johnathon M. Johnson,
• Jo-Chi Yu,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• D. Howard Fairbrother

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1427–1439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.115

• deposits from Pt(CO)2Cl2 and Pt(CO)2Br2 resulted in deposits with Pt purities comparable to deposits made from MeCpPtMe3 [55][58]. Although the Pt content was similar, the deposits made from Pt(CO)2X2 suffered from a slower growth rate than those from MeCpPtMe3; this difference is attributed to the lower

• regions, Figure 5 presents the atomic concentration of CO, Cl, Br, and Pt in Pt(CO)2Cl2 and Pt(CO)2Br2 films during ion irradiation. The initial concentration was normalized to the precursors’ (C+O)/X/Pt atomic stoichiometry of 4:2:1, which corresponds to 58 atom % CO, 28 atom % X (Cl or Br), and 14 atom

• deposits formed under UHV conditions contained 58% Cl and 37% Pt with no detectable C or O signatures in EDX [55][57]. The AES and XPS data shown in Figure 6 as well as Figure S4 and Figure S5 (Supporting Information File 1) support the conclusions of the UHV studies, specifically that Pt(CO)2X2 can be

Lithium niobate on insulator: an emerging nanophotonic crystal for optimized light control

• Midhun Murali,
• Amit Banerjee and
• Tanmoy Basu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1415–1426, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.114

• effects, such as second-harmonic generation and four-wave mixing, are highly sensitive to the intensity of the electromagnetic field [1][57][58]. Moreover, mode confinement within the high-index regions of 1D photonic crystals plays a crucial role in the development of all-optical switches. These devices

Nanotechnological approaches for efficient N2B delivery: from small-molecule drugs to biopharmaceuticals

• Selin Akpinar Adscheid,
• Akif E. Türeli,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1400–1414, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.113

• by Li et al. showed that the trigeminal pathway could be the dominant pathway for the N2B delivery of intact polymeric NPs [57]. Furthermore, because of the highly vascularized nature of the respiratory region of the nose, drug transport can also follow a systemic pathway through this region [58

Various CVD-grown ZnO nanostructures for nanodevices and interdisciplinary applications

• The-Long Phan,
• Le Viet Cuong,
• Vu Dinh Lam and
• Ngoc Toan Dang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1390–1399, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.112

• sensitive in gas-sensing applications [58][59], and can be used to tune second harmonic polaritons coupling with nanocavity modes and generating polariton cavity modes [60]. The aforementioned results indicate the variety of ZnO nanostructures as well as complex physical mechanisms occurring during their

Hymenoptera and biomimetic surfaces: insights and innovations

• Vinicius Marques Lopez,
• Carlo Polidori and
• Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1333–1352, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.107

• of Hymenoptera, mandibles are known to include trace metals, mainly Zn and secondarily Mn, in the cuticle [57]; these features increase their hardness [58] (Figure 3A). Ants are by far the hymenopteran group where this trait was most extensively studied (21 species in total spanning five subfamilies

Nanoarchitectonics with cetrimonium bromide on metal nanoparticles for linker-free detection of toxic metal ions and catalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1312–1332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.106

Interaction of graphene oxide with tannic acid: computational modeling and toxicity mitigation in C. elegans

• Romana Petry,
• James M. de Almeida,
• Francine Côa,
• Felipe Crasto de Lima,
• Diego Stéfani T. Martinez and
• Adalberto Fazzio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1297–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.105

• translocation to other organs or oxidative stress. Similarly, Rive et al. [58] did not detect any detrimental effects in C. elegans exposed to amino-functionalized GO. Moreover, biomolecules interacting with the GO surface also have an effect on its toxicity, Côa et al. [14] observed that a bovine serum albumin

Realizing active targeting in cancer nanomedicine with ultrasmall nanoparticles

• André F. Lima,
• Giselle Z. Justo and
• Alioscka A. Sousa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1208–1226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.98

• proteins (Figure 2A) [52][53][54][55][56][57][58]. This occurs because of the small size and high surface curvature of usNPs, which restrict the binding interface for proteins. As a result, protein spreading and denaturation on the usNP surface are minimized, and fewer non-covalent interactions form

• functionalized to bind to target receptors without interference from nonspecific protein interactions. Figure 2A, 2C, and 2D were adapted from [58]. (“Biomolecular interactions of ultrasmall metallic nanoparticles and nanoclusters“, © 2021 Alioscka A. Sousa et al., published by the Royal Society of Chemistry