Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

• Sevin Adiguzel,
• Nilay Cicek,
• Zehra Cobandede,
• Feray B. Misirlioglu,
• Hulya Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

• ]. Osteocytes, the longest-lived bone cells, arise from osteoblast differentiation and regulate bone maintenance [7]. Osteoblasts, found on bone surfaces, drive bone formation through two key steps: matrix deposition and mineralization. During matrix deposition, collagen and noncollagenous proteins are secreted

• % CO2. Afterward, the absorbance was measured at 570–600 nm to determine cell viability via a Tecan microplate reader. The linear regression method calculated the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values. Reactive oxygen species detection assay The ROS detection was carried out using the 2’,7

• the silver nitrate solution used in the staining procedure [41]. HOb cells were seeded in 24-well plates at 6 × 103 cells/well and incubated for 24 h. After 24 h, cells were treated with NMs with increasing concentration values (1, 5, and 10 µg/mL). After 1, 4, and 7 days of treatment of cells with

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• exhibit diverse responses to external stimuli is on the rise [6][7][8][9][10]. The field of materials chemistry is undergoing a transition from a focus on hard, robust materials to a greater emphasis on softer, more mouldable substances. This shift is actually reasonable as observed in the evolution of

• colleagues have reported the rapid and reversible microactuation of liquid crystals based on the surface catalysis of H₂ and O₂ at room temperature on a late transition metal alloy film (Figure 7) [242]. The reaction of gaseous hydrogen and oxygen, catalyzed by a Pd/Au surface, is employed to rapidly and

Multifunctional properties of bio-poly(butylene succinate) reinforced with multiwalled carbon nanotubes

• Volodymyr Krasinskyi,
• Krzysztof Bajer,
• Ludmila Dulebova,
• Nickolas Polychronopoulos,
• Oksana Krasinska and
• Daniel Kaczor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1014–1024, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.76

• in microbial environments is primarily attributed to its high degree of crystallinity [6][7][8]. A well-established approach to improving polymer properties involves the incorporation of nanofillers, particularly carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Even at low concentrations, CNTs can significantly affect the

• from the DTG curve (the first derivative of the TG curve). Figure 3 and Table 1 demonstrate that the masterbatch PBS/CNT_10 exhibits a heat resistance that is 7–8 °C higher than that of pure PBS. The PBS/CNT_0.5 sample shows nearly identical heat resistance (346 °C) to pure PBS, around 345 °C

• wettability of films based on the nanocomposite is 7 mN·m−1 higher than that of the original PBS (52 versus 45 mN·m−1). This indicates that PBS/CNT_0.5 films will not require additional activation before applying paints, adhesives, or coatings. The addition of CNTs also affects the density of PBS

A calix[4]arene-based supramolecular nanoassembly targeting cancer cells and triggering the release of nitric oxide with green light

• Cristina Parisi,
• Loredana Ferreri,
• Tassia J. Martins,
• Francesca Laneri,
• Samantha Sollima,
• Antonina Azzolina,
• Antonella Cusimano,
• Nicola D’Antona,
• Grazia M. L. Consoli and
• Salvatore Sortino

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1003–1013, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.75

• immunogenicity and paving the way for a variety of applications in the biomedical field [1][6][7][8][9]. Due to their amphiphilic character, calix[n]arene derivatives can self-assemble in water medium, leading to nanoaggregates exhibiting much better hosting performances than the single monomers [10]. Aggregates

• macrocycle scaffold and the 4-amino-7-nitrobenzofurazan (ABF) fluorophore at the lower rim (Scheme 1). The role of these two components in both cases is twofold. The cationic choline groups have been introduced as specific targeting ligands for cancer cells overexpressing the choline transporters [53][54

• keeping them inclined to bind specific choline transporter-positive cells overexpressed in tumoral cells [53][65]. To verify if the choline motifs confer to 1 the capability to penetrate selectively choline-positive cells, cellular uptake experiments were performed on tumoral MCF-7 cells and non-malignant

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

• exchanging energy and material with the excited loci. LSPC commonly encompasses laser ablation in liquid (LAL), which allows for producing NPs from a surface of virtually any solid [6][7][8][9], laser fragmentation in liquid (LFL) to further reduce dimensions of particles down to few-atom clusters [10][11

Shape, membrane morphology, and morphodynamic response of metabolically active human mitochondria revealed by scanning ion conductance microscopy

• Eric Lieberwirth,
• Anja Schaeper,
• Regina Lange,
• Ingo Barke,
• Simone Baltrusch and
• Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 951–967, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.73

• [6][7][8][9]. These processes are integral to maintaining cellular homeostasis [10], and disruptions in mitochondrial function are implicated in numerous diseases, including Parkinson’s disease [11][12][13], cardiovascular diseases [14][15][16], Alzheimer’s disease [12][17][18], obesity [19], and

Tendency in tip polarity changes in non-contact atomic force microscopy imaging on a fluorite surface

• Bob Kyeyune,
• Philipp Rahe and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 944–950, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.72

• Bob Kyeyune Philipp Rahe Michael Reichling Institut für Physik, Universität Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 7, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.16.72 Abstract We investigate the impact of tip changes on atomic-scale non-contact atomic force microscopy (NC-AFM) contrast formation when imaging a

• insulator materials in real space with unprecedented spatial resolution [2][3][4][5][6]. Besides high-resolution imaging of molecular structures [7], NC-AFM has demonstrated its ability to identify sublattices of atomic surfaces [8][9][10]. In these studies, the knowledge of the tip’s atomic structure plays

• . The sample was prepared in situ by first degassing a p-type Si (B-doped) sample (Institute of Electronic Materials Technology, Warsaw, Poland) for several hours after introduction into the vacuum. Second, the Si(111)-(7 × 7) termination was formed by flash annealing cycles. Third, CaF2 material (99.9

Synthesis of biowaste-derived carbon-dot-mediated silver nanoparticles and the evaluation of electrochemical properties for supercapacitor electrodes

• Navya Kumari Tenkayala,
• Chandan Kumar Maity,
• Md Moniruzzaman and
• Subramani Devaraju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 933–943, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.71

• very high, it is often followed by poor stability and an inferior specific energy density. This is due to the poor conducting nature, slow redox kinetics, as well as structural collapse which occurs throughout the redox progression [7]. EDLCs are able to provide desired stability, superior power

• densities. Due to its superior rate capability at a high current density of 7 A/g, this electrode even had a decent SC of 350 F/g. Only around 35% of the initial SC is lost by the PG-CDs-AgNPs at a high current density. With respect to time, the electrolyte ions stimulated the electrode material, which was

Structural and magnetic properties of microwave-synthesized reduced graphene oxide/VO₂/Fe₂O₃ nanocomposite

• Sumanta Sahoo,
• Ankur Sood and
• Sung Soo Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 921–932, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.70

• , including their derivatives, are broadly explored for miscellaneous applications, such as energy storage/conversion, EMI shielding, biosensing, optoelectronics, robotics, flexible electronics, paint industries, textile industries, biomedical devices [5][6][7]. To be specific, the innovation of graphene

Focused ion beam-induced platinum deposition with a low-temperature cesium ion source

• Thomas Henning Loeber,
• Bert Laegel,
• Meltem Sezen,
• Feray Bakan Misirlioglu,
• Edgar J. D. Vredenbregt and
• Yang Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 910–920, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.69

• magnetic or superconductive structures can be created [1][2][3][4]. Also, specific mechanical structures on atomic force microscopy (AFM) cantilevers can be made [5][6]. In the literature, four mechanisms are used to explain the complex process of focused ion beam-induced deposition (FIBID) [5][7]; the

• nozzle kept about 100 μm above the sample surface. The chamber pressure of the Cs+ and the Ga+ FIB was about 5 × 10−7 mbar before deposition and 8 × 10−6 mbar during deposition. For Pt deposition, a beam step size of −150% of the beam diameter was used with an upper limit of 200 nm for the Cs FIBID to

• , current, and ion dose (8.5 kV 7 pA Rb+ delivers C/O/Pt/Rb = 25:20:49:5, and 8.0 kV 8.5 pA Ga+ delivers C/O/Pt/Ga = 22:14:37:27) presented in [11], Cs+ FIBID-Pt thus is found to have lower O, Pt, and Cs content and higher C content. This C content could be partially affected by the FEBID-C protective layer

Characterization of ion track-etched conical nanopores in thermal and PECVD SiO₂ using small angle X-ray scattering

• Shankar Dutt,
• Rudradeep Chakraborty,
• Christian Notthoff,
• Pablo Mota-Santiago,
• Christina Trautmann and
• Patrick Kluth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 899–909, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.68

• attracted significant attention in the past decade because of their broad applicability in a variety of areas including biosensing, micro/ultrafiltration, desalination, ion and molecular separation, dialysis, battery technologies, blue energy generation, and nanofluidics [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11

• subsequently etched in 3% HF. For comparative analysis, we selected samples with similar nanopore radii: Thermal SiO2 (etched for 12 min) yielded pores of average radius 141.3 nm, while PECVD SiO2 (etched for 7 min) produced pores of average radius 154.2 nm. The PECVD samples exhibited nanopores of high

Heat-induced transformation of nickel-coated polycrystalline diamond film studied in situ by XPS and NEXAFS

• Olga V. Sedelnikova,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva,
• Dmitriy V. Gorodetskiy,
• Yuri N. Palyanov,
• Elena V. Shlyakhova,
• Eugene A. Maksimovskiy,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva and
• Aleksandr V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 887–898, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.67

• producing hybrid materials which combine these two forms of carbon [1][2][3]. In particular, such graphene-on-diamond heterostructures have been shown to be attractive for power electronics [4][5], microelectronic devices [6][7], and detectors [7][8]. At room temperature and atmospheric pressure, carbon in

Ar⁺ implantation-induced tailoring of RF-sputtered ZnO films: structural, morphological, and optical properties

• Manu Bura,
• Divya Gupta,
• Arun Kumar and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 872–886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.66

• displays [5], solar cells [6], and light-emitting diodes [7]. There are numerous methods for synthesizing ZnO films, including pulsed laser deposition, spray pyrolysis, radio frequency (RF) sputtering, and sol–gel techniques. Here RF sputtering is preferred over other methods because it provides high

• surface morphology of pristine and 30 keV Ar+ ion-implanted ZnO films is studied using AFM. Figure 7 represents 2D and 3D AFM images at the scale 2 µm × 2 µm of the pristine film (Figure 7a) and films implanted at four different fluences, viz. 1 × 1015 (Figure 7b), 5 × 1015 (Figure 7c), 1 × 1016 (Figure

Insights into the electronic and atomic structures of cerium oxide-based ultrathin films and nanostructures using high-brilliance light sources

• Paola Luches and
• Federico Boscherini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 860–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.65

• , materials are often studied as model systems, such as well-controlled supported thin films or nanostructures with simplified complexity compared to real systems, allowing the results from advanced experimental methods to be directly compared with theoretical simulations [7][8]. Thanks to their remarkable

•  3a shows a sequence of μ-XPS valence band spectra acquired using a photon at the Ce3+-related Ce 4d→Ce 4f1 resonance (hν = 120.8 eV) on a Ce0.4Zr0.6O2−x film upon removal and reintroduction of oxygen (PO2 = 1 × 10−7 mbar) in the experimental chamber. When oxygen is removed (red spectrum in Figure 3b

• laser pulses at an energy lower than the cerium oxide bandgap. The four panels on the right of Figure 7 show the variation of the transient absorption as a function of the pump–probe delay time at selected FEL photon energies across the Ce N4,5 edge. The left panel of Figure 7 shows the steady-state Ce

Synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of sodium adsorption on vertically arranged MoS₂ layers coated with pyrolytic carbon

• Alexander V. Okotrub,
• Anastasiya D. Fedorenko,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Veronica S. Sulyaeva,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva and
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 847–859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.64

• reversible specific capacity [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. Moreover, it has been reported that the electrochemical reaction of MoS2 with sodium ions could be reversible in the presence of graphitic components [17]. Wang et al. showed that in an anode material in which graphitic layers were

• about 2 and 7 atom % after coating the film with PyC. Figure 4 compares the S/Mo, Na/Mo, and Na/C ratios in the samples determined from the XPS survey spectra measured at excitation photon energies of 470 and 830 eV. The former energy provides a probing depth of about 1 nm and therefore allows for the

• components attributed to sodiated 1T′-MoS2 increases with sodium deposition time because more sulfur is bound to sodium. The areas of the 1T′-MoS2 doublet are similar in the Mo 3d spectra of MoS2 and PyC-MoS2 after sodium deposition for 10 min and constitute 7–8% of the total spectrum area (Figure 5). After

Facile one-step radio frequency magnetron sputtering of Ni/NiO on stainless steel for an efficient electrode for hydrogen evolution reaction

• Ha Huu Do,
• Khac Binh Nguyen,
• Phuong N. Nguyen and
• Hoai Phuong Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 837–846, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.63

• efficiency compared to gasoline, coal, and natural gas. Currently, hydrogen produced by water electrolysis is well accepted as an ecologically clean, sustainable method compared to other techniques, such as coal gasification and steam methane reforming [5][6][7][8][9][10]. According to reported works, Pt

Synthesis and magnetic transitions of rare-earth-free Fe–Mn–Ni–Si-based compositionally complex alloys at bulk and nanoscale

• Shabbir Tahir,
• Tatiana Smoliarova,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Michael Farle,
• Natalia Shkodich and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 823–836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.62

• modification, doping strategies, and material synthesis have been shown to effectively tune the phase transition characteristics, such as the temperature, coercivity (Hc), magnetization, and Curie or Néel temperatures [7][8][9]. For instance Zhou et al. [10] reported that adjusting the composition of NiMnGa to

• diameter of ∅ = 10 mm. The preparation procedure for the bulk Ge-based CCA is illustrated in Figure 1a. Preparation of bulk Al-based CCAs The bulk Al-based CCA was produced from elemental Mn (99.6%, <10 µm), Fe (99.5%, 6–10 µm), Ni (99.9%, 3–7 µm), Al (99.5%, 44 µm), and Si (99%, 44 µm) powders. The bulk

Supramolecular hydration structure of graphene-based hydrogels: density functional theory, green chemistry and interface application

• Hon Nhien Le,
• Duy Khanh Nguyen,
• Minh Triet Dang,
• Huyen Trinh Nguyen,
• Thi Bang Tam Dao,
• Trung Do Nguyen,
• Chi Nhan Ha Thuc and
• Van Hieu Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 806–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.61

• repulsive hydration forces when another surface perturbs the hydration layers [6][7][8]. Hydration shells and hydration forces keep the hydrated structures stable and functional in the natural concert of biological processes. In the aspect of artificial nanomaterials, it is proposed that hydration also

• experiments. Our method of nanosilica synthesis using potassium hydroxide and acetic acid was mentioned in a recent paper [21]. Raw material from rice husk ash waste was dispersed in a 7% potassium hydroxide solution. The suspension was agitated for 1 h at a temperature range of 80–90 °C. After careful

• of SG (Figure 10a) and GO-SG-ZH/PLA (Figure 10b) coatings after 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 30 days in aqueous solutions containing water, 3% acetic acid, 10% ethanol, and 50% ethanol. Both coatings were quite stable in pure water as the weight losses were insignificant even after 30 days. However, acidic and

Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• films. The conventional methods reported for the synthesis of pyrite NPs include chemical methods using stabilizing agents [4], high-energy mechanical ball milling [6][7], colloidal pyrite by wet solution/phased chemical approaches [8][9], and hot injection [10][11]. In this study, PLAL was employed to

• argon ions is provided in Figure 7. The Fe 2p spectra of pyrite NPs in all solvents (Figure 7a–e) show two major peaks of Fe 2p3/2 and Fe 2p1/2 at 709 and 722 eV, respectively, which denotes the Fe2+ chemical state [44] with a separation ΔE of 13.1 eV. The peak fitting of the Fe 2p3/2 peak reveals a

Changes of structural, magnetic and spectroscopic properties of microencapsulated iron sucrose nanoparticles in saline

• Sabina Lewińska,
• Pavlo Aleshkevych,
• Roman Minikayev,
• Anna Bajorek,
• Mateusz Dulski,
• Krystian Prusik,
• Tomasz Wojciechowski and
• Anna Ślawska-Waniewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 762–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.59

• drugs with different iron agents, such as ferumoxytol [5], iron isomaltoside [5], and iron sucrose [6][7][8]. Such behavior is expected, and not surprising, as in most cases iron agents are systems of noninteracting magnetic nanoparticles. However, more complex process such as two superimposed

• separated from each other and not magnetically interacting. There are many others literature examples of studies of chemical and physical properties on iron deficiency drugs and their usage in agents [2][7][8][11][12][13][14][15]. However, in this work the whole attention is focused on the iron deficiency

• agent called iron sucrose. The original iron sucrose available on the market is the intravenous Venofer® (Vifor, Switzerland), whose physical and chemical properties are thoroughly tested and described in the literature [5][6][7][8][9][13][14]. Generally, iron sucrose originating from Venofer® has a

Thickness dependent oxidation in CrCl₃: a scanning X-ray photoemission and Kelvin probe microscopies study

• Shafaq Kazim,
• Rahul Parmar,
• Maryam Azizinia,
• Matteo Amati,
• Muhammad Rauf,
• Andrea Di Cicco,
• Seyed Javid Rezvani,
• Dario Mastrippolito,
• Luca Ottaviano,
• Tomasz Klimczuk,
• Luca Gregoratti and
• Roberto Gunnella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 749–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.58

• the halides. This has been supported by self-consistent band structure calculations by Antoci and Mihich [7], which introduced spin degeneracy, demonstrating that CrCl3 and CrBr3 behave as metallic system because of the prominent role of the 3d states near Fermi level. In our previous publications [8

• emerges after the formation of the O–CrCl3 phase [8]. To confirm our analysis, we have continued the investigation of the Cr 2p3/2 and O 1s core level spectra in Figure 7 at different thicknesses on the ITO substrate as reported in Figure 2 with defocused beam and observed the appearance of the peak at

• that the formation of the Cr–O–Cl phase requires a sufficient volume of material, that is, that oxygen-driven phase formation is hindered if there are no specific diffusion processes in the sample. All three SPEM figures (Figure 5, Figure 6, and Figure 7) confirm that the lower-binding-energy component

Serum heat inactivation diminishes ApoE-mediated uptake of D-Lin-MC3-DMA lipid nanoparticles

• Demian van Straten,
• Luuk van de Schepop,
• Rowan Frunt,
• Pieter Vader and
• Raymond M. Schiffelers

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 740–748, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.57

• nanoparticle, reviewed by [6][7][8], as well as the protein source of the corona [9][10][11]. Ultimately, the protein corona can change the uptake [12][13][14], biodistribution [15][16][17][18], immunological responses [19][20] and toxicity [6][21][22] of nanoparticles and its characterization should thus play

Synthesis of a multicomponent cellulose-based adsorbent for tetracycline removal from aquaculture water

• Uyen Bao Tran,
• Ngoc Thanh Vo-Tran,
• Khai The Truong,
• Dat Anh Nguyen,
• Quang Nhat Tran,
• Huu-Quang Nguyen,
• Jaebeom Lee and
• Hai Son Truong-Lam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 728–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.56

• concentration of 60 mg·L–1 at pH 6–7, reaching equilibrium after 12 h. The surface characteristics and structural properties of PGC were determined using various material characterization techniques, including FTIR, SEM, EDX, and BET. Verification experiments under optimal conditions confirmed that the

• , low adsorption efficiency, water matrices, and secondary pollutant formation, limiting their overall efficiency. A promising method for tackling tetracycline antibiotics involves membrane technologies such as osmosis membrane technology [6][7]. However, this approach presents significant upfront

• influencing the maximum TC adsorption capacity of the synthetic material Effect of initial pH The effect of pH on the TC adsorption capacity of PGC is illustrated in Figure 4c. Specifically, the adsorption capacity increases significantly between pH 3 and 7, peaking at pH 7. Beyond this point, it decreases

Efficiency of single-pulse laser fragmentation of organic nutraceutical dispersions in a circular jet flow-through reactor

• Tina Friedenauer,
• Maximilian Spellauge,
• Alexander Sommereyns,
• Verena Labenski,
• Tuba Esatbeyoglu,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Heinz P. Huber and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 711–727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.55

• Tina Friedenauer Maximilian Spellauge Alexander Sommereyns Verena Labenski Tuba Esatbeyoglu Christoph Rehbock Heinz P. Huber Stephan Barcikowski Technical Chemistry I and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 7, Essen 45141, Germany

• colloids, for example, to increase their defect density in favor of electrocatalytic or optical properties without changing their size [6][7][8]. In addition, the acronym PUDEL has recently been used for pulsed laser diffusion enhancement in liquids, which refers to an increase in diffusion without

• , Supporting Information File 1. For curcumin, the influence of particle size on extinction, absorption, and scattering was calculated based on the Mie theory (using the program MiePlot [72]) for spherical particles in a range of 0.1 to 1000 µm at wavelengths of 532 and 1064 nm (Figure 7). For monodisperse

Nanostructured materials characterized by scanning photoelectron spectromicroscopy

• Matteo Amati,
• Alexey S. Shkvarin,
• Alexander I. Merentsov,
• Alexander N. Titov,
• María Taeño,
• David Maestre,
• Sarah R. McKibbin,
• Zygmunt Milosz,
• Ana Cremades,
• Rainer Timm and
• Luca Gregoratti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 700–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.54

• technologies associated with electronics, energy conversion and storage, and many other fields due to their unique physical properties which may open unforeseen doors for technical and performance advances [5][6][7][8]. The full chain of steps necessary for the implementation of nanostructured materials in