Simultaneous electrochemical determination of uric acid and hypoxanthine at a TiO₂/graphene quantum dot-modified electrode

• Vu Ngoc Hoang,
• Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa,
• Nguyen Quang Man,
• Le Vu Truong Son,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Vo Thang Nguyen,
• Le Thi Hong Phong,
• Ly Hoang Diem,
• Kieu Chan Ly,
• Ho Sy Thang and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 719–732, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.60

• with 0.1 M HCl and distilled water until a supernatant with neutral pH was obtained. The solid was dried at 80 °C for 2 h. This product was then mixed with 30 mL of H2O2 (35%, d = 1.11 g·cm3) at 90 °C under magnetic stirring for 1 h to obtain a clear yellow solution of peroxo titanium complexes. The

• are seen at 144, 395, 516, and 639 cm−1, respectively [28]. In the Raman spectrum of GQDs, the peak at 1353 cm−1 can be attributed to the D band, which can be assigned to the vibrations of carbon atoms because of the presence of structural defects. The peak at 1576 cm−1 can be assigned to the G band

• due to the vibrations of sp2-hybridized carbon atoms in graphene. The ratio of ID/IG is characteristic for the disorder of the graphene structure [29]. The characteristic vibrations for anatase are also observed in the Raman spectrum of the TiO2/GQDs sample. However, the D and G bands of GQDs shift to

Reduced subthreshold swing in a vertical tunnel FET using a low-work-function live metal strip and a low-k material at the drain

• Kalai Selvi Kanagarajan and
• Dhanalakshmi Krishnan Sadhasivan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 713–718, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.59

• capacitor is given by where q, ε0, A, and d are the charge on the plates, the vacuum permittivity, the area of the plates, and the distance between the plates, respectively. The electric field is influenced by voltage, charge, and capacitance. The gradient of voltage that characterizes the electric field

• between the plates is given by where dV, dX, V, and d stand for differential voltage, differential length, voltage, and distance between plates, respectively. Instead of SiO2, a high-k dielectric material (HfO2) is used to improve the capacitance by increasing the charge q. The increase in charge results

Enhancing higher-order modal response in multifrequency atomic force microscopy with a coupled cantilever system

• Wendong Sun,
• Jianqiang Qian,
• Yingzi Li,
• Yanan Chen,
• Zhipeng Dou,
• Rui Lin,
• Peng Cheng,
• Xiaodong Gao,
• Quan Yuan and
• Yifan Hu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 694–703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.57

• zero point, the lengths of the left and right sides are l and L, respectively. The cantilever has a width of w, a thickness of d, and a constrained length of b for clamping the probe. In order to simplify the model solution, we did not consider the external point force at the tip of the cantilever

• , respectively. dn and bn satisfy the following expressions: Assuming l = L and using the macroscale cantilever parameters studied in this paper, that is, E = 166 GPa, m = 0.04 kg/m, L = 2.75 cm, w = 1 cm, d = 1.8 mm, and c = 0.01 kg/ms, the Bode plot can be obtained as shown in Figure 2. The result shows that

• surface schematic diagram of the macroscale bridge/cantilever coupled system model. The total length is 6 cm, with width w of 1 cm and thickness d of 0.18 cm. The location and size of constraints (blue) and excitations (purple) are labeled. The first two orders of modal frequency response of a traditional

Gold nanomakura: nanoarchitectonics and their photothermal response in association with carrageenan hydrogels

• Nabojit Das,
• Vikas,
• Akash Kumar,
• Sanjeev Soni and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 678–693, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.56

• indicated the incorporation of colloidal AuNMs, whereas colourless beads showed no incorporation of nanoparticles. The stability of the AuNMs in k-CG hydrogels was assessed through optical spectrophotometry as shown in Figure 3b–d. Time-dependent absorption spectra were recorded to ascertain any changes

• , stimulating thermal response. The photothermal response of AuNMs was investigated for different state viz., colloidal and solid states (powder/hydrogel beads). Figure 8a, c, and d showed photothermal conversion of AuNMs in terms of temperature rise at colloidal and solid states, respectively. In the colloidal

• hydrogel beads (HB) without AuNMs and with incorporated AuNMs; (b), (c), and (d) show stable absorption spectra of CTAB-AuNM, MTAB-AuNM, and DTAB-AuNM in k-CG hydrogels at different time intervals. TEM micrographs along with histograms showing morphology and size (length) of (a) CTAB-AuNM, (b) MTAB-AuNM

Functional fibrillar interfaces: Biological hair as inspiration across scales

• Guillermo J. Amador,
• Brett Klaassen van Oorschot,
• Caiying Liao,
• Jianing Wu and
• Da Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.55

• body, varying in size and structure. Figure 1B–D show examples of various hairs found in mammals, insects, and micro-algae, respectively. Depending on their location and configuration, hairs serve a multitude of functions that can contribute to an organism’s homeostasis. The diversity of their function

• have presumably persisted because of their thermal insulation properties. In mammals, the thickness and packing density of hair arrays was found to coincide with the geometrical parameters that minimize convective heat loss, with the hair diameter d scaling as [5][24]. In aquatic mammals, hair

• Loc (beaver). (B) The eye of a sheep. Scale bar represents 10 mm. (C) The eye of a fruit fly and (i) close-up of its ommatidia. Scale bars represent 200 µm and (i) 20 µm, respectively. (D) Green microalgae and (i) close-up of its flagellum with mastigonemes. Scale bars represent 10 µm and (i) 1 µm

Laser synthesis of nanoparticles in organic solvents – products, reactions, and perspectives

• Theo Fromme,
• Sven Reichenberger,
• Katharine M. Tibbetts and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 638–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.54

Exfoliation of titanium nitride using a non-thermal plasma process

• Priscila Jussiane Zambiazi,
• Dolores Ribeiro Ricci Lazar,
• Larissa Otubo,
• Rodrigo Fernando Brambilla de Souza,
• Almir Oliveira Neto and
• Cecilia Chaves Guedes-Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 631–637, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.53

• . Remarkably, the cubic crystal structure of TiN was effectively retained, while the (200) crystal plane d-spacing increased from 2.08 to 3.09 Å, accompanied by a reduction in crystallite size and alterations in Raman vibrational modes. Collectively, these findings provide compelling evidence for the

• detailed view of the materials structure, revealing that it retained some crystallinity, typical of 2D nanofilms. This retention of crystalline structure was further confirmed by fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis. Notably, the d-spacing of the (200) crystal plane increased from 2.08 to 3.09 Å (as

• -thermal plasma exfoliation process starting from micrometer-sized TiN powder. The resulting product exhibited a plate-like thin film morphology with an enlarged d-spacing of the (200) crystallographic planes and a relaxation of the Raman vibrational modes. While the cubic structure and chemical

Comparative analysis of the ultrastructure and adhesive secretion pathways of different smooth attachment pads of the stick insect Medauroidea extradentata (Phasmatodea)

• Julian Thomas,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Thies H. Büscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 612–630, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.52

• layer (sf) (Figure 5A,B,D). The layer composed of thick rods is the primary rod layer (pr) and the layer with the finer rods is the branching rod layer (br) (Figure 5D). Cason and toluidine blue staining resulted in a lighter red and blue coloration, respectively, for the cuticle of the primary rod

• , possibly attributed to residual adhesive secretions within the cuticle layers, or to underlying epidermal cells (Figure 5C). The finer fibers of the branching rod layer ultimately terminate in the superficial layer (Figure 5A,B,D). The thin superficial layer is the outermost layer of the euplantulae

AFM-IR investigation of thin PECVD SiO_x films on a polypropylene substrate in the surface-sensitive mode

• Hendrik Müller,
• Hartmut Stadler,
• Teresa de los Arcos,
• Adrian Keller and
• Guido Grundmeier

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 603–611, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.51

• detection. The chosen detection frequency should equal a mechanical contact resonance of the tip–sample contact for a sufficiently large signal level. NAP-XPS survey (a) and high-resolution core level spectra of oxygen O 1s (b), carbon C 1s, (c) and silicon Si 2p (d) of the polypropylene foil covered with

• O 1s (b), carbon C 1s, (c) and silicon Si 2p (d) of the polypropylene foil covered with 5 nm SiOx measured in a 1.5 mbar N2 atmosphere for environmental charge compensation. Black dots represent measured data, while the blue lines are fits to the data that incorporate different components as

Stiffness calibration of qPlus sensors at low temperature through thermal noise measurements

• Laurent Nony,
• Sylvain Clair,
• Daniel Uehli,
• Aitziber Herrero,
• Jean-Marc Themlin,
• Andrea Campos,
• Franck Para,
• Alessandro Pioda and
• Christian Loppacher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 580–602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.50

• upon integration of Sz(f) − (f) (black vs blue curve in Figure 4c) up to B/2 = 30 Hz. Conversely, underestimates the background noise in the area around f1 such that the integration of the quantity Sz(f) − yields a largely underestimated stiffness value (orange curves in Figure 4c,d). In summary

Radiofrequency enhances drug release from responsive nanoflowers for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy

• Yanyan Wen,
• Ningning Song,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Weiwei Wu,
• Qixiong Lin,
• Minjie Cui,
• Rongrong Li,
• Qiufeng Yu,
• Sixue Wu,
• Yongkang Liang,
• Wei Tian and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 569–579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.49

• of the CUR-Fe@MnO2 NFs were 57% and 70%, respectively. The drug release curves showed similar trends under different environmental conditions (Figure 4c,d). At pH 7.4, only 9% of CUR was released from the CUR-Fe@MnO2 NFs, indicating that CUR release is lower under physiological conditions. However

• was significantly enhanced by RF hyperthermia. To further test the cytotoxicity of the NFs group, we performed live and dead staining (Figure 6c,d). Dead cells were stained red and living cells were stained green. The results showed that the amount of red increased in the NFs+RF group, further

• to CC BY 4.0. Characterization of the nanomaterials. a–c) TEM images of the Fe3O4 NCs, CUR-Fe NPs, and CUR-Fe@MnO2 NFs (scale bar: 200 nm). d,e) Zeta potentials and hydrodynamic diameters of the Fe3O4 NCs, CUR-Fe NPs, and CUR-Fe@MnO2 NFs (the polydispersity index values were 0.184, 0.260, 0.269

Directed growth of quinacridone chains on the vicinal Ag(35 1 1) surface

• Niklas Humberg,
• Lukas Grönwoldt and
• Moritz Sokolowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 556–568, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.48

• chains exhibit four distinct azimuthal orientations, which are identical to the ones that we observed previously on the nominally flat Ag(100) surface [23] and will be named A–D in the following. Models of the four chain directions A–D relative to the direction of the step edges of the Ag(35 1 1) surface

• are illustrated in Figure 1. Because of the interactions at the step edges, only the chains A and C, as well as the chains B and D are energetically equivalent because of a remaining mirror plane perpendicular to the steps (see Figure 1). This is in contrast to the ideal (100) surface, where all four

• orientations are equivalent because of the additional rotational symmetry. An STM image of the QA chains on Ag(35 1 1) is displayed in Figure 2a. It shows domains of parallel chains belonging to one of the azimuthal orientations A and D. This is an example of a common observation we made: In most areas of the

On the additive artificial intelligence-based discovery of nanoparticle neurodegenerative disease drug delivery systems

• Shan He,
• Julen Segura Abarrategi,
• Harbil Bediaga,
• Sonia Arrasate and
• Humberto González-Díaz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 535–555, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.47

• decimals. Furthermore, in order to acquire the optimum N2D3S, we prioritize some properties and deprioritize others. In this context, we introduced a “desirability” parameter to tackle this problem The desirability value was established as d(cd0) = 1 or d(cn0) = 1 when the value of vij(cd0) or vnj(cn0

• ) needs to be maximized, otherwise d(cd0) = −1 or d(cn0) = −1. The different NDD and NP properties/characteristics possess a large number of designations or labels cd0 and cn0, respectively, and increase the unreability of the data, making it more laborious to build a regression model. For example, in

• context of a specific case, biological activity parameters cd0 with d(cd0) = 1 are Bmax (fmol/mg), the total number of receptors expressed in the same units, activity (%), and Cp (nM). Whereas parameters with d(cd0) = −1 are, for example, EC50 (nM), IC50 (nM), and Imax (%). To address this problem, we

Electron-induced deposition using Fe(CO)₄MA and Fe(CO)₅ – effect of MA ligand and process conditions

• Hannah Boeckers,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Petra Martinović,
• Amy V. Walker,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• Petra Swiderek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 500–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.45

• ligands. This involves electron donation from the olefin π bond to an empty d (or p) orbital of the metal. A filled d orbital backdonates its electrons into the empty π* orbital of the olefin. As neutral 2-electron donor species, olefins are expected to be labile ligands and, thus, to dissociate readily

• runs with precursor (Figure 6c,d) show higher CKLL and OKLL intensities than the experiments without precursor (Figure 6a,b). In contrast, both signals as well as the FeLMM signal have hardly increased after the third and fourth TDS run. The data, thus, show a trend toward saturation. This also holds

• ]. This difference already suggested that the Ta substrate does not initiate the thermal growth of a multilayer deposit from Fe(CO)5. The trend toward saturation seen in Figure 6c,d provides clear evidence that this is in fact the case. Dissociation products of both Fe(CO)5 and Fe(CO)4MA that are formed

Aero-ZnS prepared by physical vapor transport on three-dimensional networks of sacrificial ZnO microtetrapods

• Veaceslav Ursaki,
• Tudor Braniste,
• Victor Zalamai,
• Emil Rusu,
• Vladimir Ciobanu,
• Vadim Morari,
• Daniel Podgornii,
• Pier Carlo Ricci,
• Rainer Adelung and
• Ion Tiginyanu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 490–499, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.44

• , Chisinau, Republic of Moldova Institute of Electronic Engineering and Nanotechnology „D. Ghitu”, Technical University of Moldova, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova Institute of Applied Physics, State University of Moldova, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Italy

• technological procedure carried out for (a) 4 h and (b) 8 h. (c, d) SEM images taken at low magnification. (a, c) XRD patterns of a ZnS aeromaterial sample produced in the 4 h procedure. (b, d) XRD pattern of a ZnS aeromaterial sample produced in the 8 h procedure. (a, b) are with linear intensity axes, while

• (c, d) are with logarithmic axes. Results of the WPPF weight fraction analysis performed for the sample produced in the 8 h technological procedure. PL spectra of samples prepared in (a) the 4 h procedure and (b) the 8 h procedure measured in the deep level defect region at different temperatures

Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under visible light by cobalt ferrite nanoparticles/graphene quantum dots

• Vo Chau Ngoc Anh,
• Le Thi Thanh Nhi,
• Le Thi Kim Dung,
• Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa,
• Nguyen Truong Son,
• Nguyen Thi Thao Uyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Uyen Thu,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Le Trung Hieu,
• Tran Ngoc Tuyen and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 475–489, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.43

• are centred at 2θ of 23°, 30.9°, and 39.6°, corresponding to d-spacing values of 0.52, 0.45, and 0.21 nm, respectively. A larger d-spacing value manifests that GQDs contain oxygen functional groups. This could be assigned to the size of GQDs. The broad nature of the diffraction peaks is attributed to

• vibrations at 1200–2000 cm−1 with two characteristic peaks of graphitic carbon (G band) and disordered carbon (D band), appearing at 1590 and 1298 cm−1, respectively. The ID/IG ratio is 1.03, which is higher than that of graphene oxide (GO), which is 0.93. The strong band in the Raman spectra at 690 cm−1 is

• ) and ultraviolet light (254 nm, right); (b) photoluminescence excitation (PL) and photoluminescence emission spectra (PLE) of the GQDs; (c) XRD pattern of GQDs; (d) PL spectra of supernatants from prepared CF/GQD suspensions. (a) FTIR spectra of CF/GQDs and CoFe2O4; (b, c) Raman spectra; (d) TG/dTG

Fabrication of nanocrystal forms of ᴅ-cycloserine and their application for transdermal and enteric drug delivery systems

• Hsuan-Ang Tsai,
• Tsai-Miao Shih,
• Theodore Tsai,
• Jhe-Wei Hu,
• Yi-An Lai,
• Jui-Fu Hsiao and
• Guochuan Emil Tsai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 465–474, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.42

• vortexing and sonication. Next, 30 mg of DCS nanocrystals was added to 1.00 mL of the emulsion by stirring. When the DCS nanocrystals were well suspended, the final formulation was added to the donor part of the Franz diffusion cell system. Patch formulation D: 5 mg of mannitol and 10 mg of povidone were

• E exhibited a small amount of DCS penetration when a low concentration of the commercial DCS powder was loaded. Interestingly, by simply increasing the concentration of DCS powder and adding mannitol as an enhancer (Formulation D), the release of DCS significantly increased from 0.16 ± 0.20 mg to

• ) showed a 19-fold improvement in penetration, with a similar releasing rate (T1/2), as compared to the commercial DCS powder (Formulation D). Besides, a cake formation of the commercial DCS powder formulation was obvious on the transdermal membrane after six days of experimentation, whereas no cake

Superconducting spin valve effect in Co/Pb/Co heterostructures with insulating interlayers

• Andrey A. Kamashev,
• Nadir N. Garif’yanov,
• Aidar A. Validov,
• Vladislav Kataev,
• Alexander S. Osin,
• Yakov V. Fominov and
• Ilgiz A. Garifullin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 457–464, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.41

• . 20, D-01069 Dresden, Germany L. D. Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics RAS, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, HSE University, 101000 Moscow, Russia 10.3762/bjnano.15.41 Abstract We report the superconducting properties of Co/Pb/Co heterostructures with thin

Sidewall angle tuning in focused electron beam-induced processing

• Sangeetha Hari,
• Willem F. van Dorp,
• Johannes J. L. Mulders,
• Piet H. F. Trompenaars,
• Pieter Kruit and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 447–456, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.40

• Gaussian function Gd(x) where the subscript d indicates the deposit, x is the horizontal coordinate, x0 is the location of the primary beam, Sd is the etching strength, and σd is the standard deviation of the function. On a sloped sidewall the etching is enhanced by the factor 1/cos α(x), as before. The

• profiles for continued etching from below for 3 (a), 10 (b), 20 (c), and 45 (d) consecutive exposures, demonstrating the increase in under-etching with dose. The beam was positioned at x0 = 2000, and the other parameters were σd = 100, Sd = 100, σs = 180, Ss = 40, and w = 20. The top part of the deposit is

Heat-induced morphological changes in silver nanowires deposited on a patterned silicon substrate

• Elyad Damerchi,
• Sven Oras,
• Edgars Butanovs,
• Allar Liivlaid,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Boris Polyakov,
• Annamarija Trausa,
• Veronika Zadin,
• Andreas Kyritsakis,
• Loïc Vidal,
• Karine Mougin,
• Siim Pikker and
• Sergei Vlassov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 435–446, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.39

• fragmentation of NWs during the heat treatment. Molecular dynamics model of the NW: (a) initial conditions, (b) results of the compression cycle, (c) results of the tensile deformation; (d) amorphization of the central part of the NW as a result of heat-treatment cycles: TEM image (left) and MD simulation frame

Unveiling the nature of atomic defects in graphene on a metal surface

• Karl Rothe,
• Nicolas Néel and
• Jörg Kröger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 416–425, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.37

• Karl Rothe Nicolas Neel Jorg Kroger Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Ilmenau, D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.15.37 Abstract Low-energy argon ion bombardment of graphene on Ir(111) induces atomic-scale defects at the surface. Using a scanning tunneling microscope, the two

• following. Atomic force microscopy and spectroscopy findings Figure 2 compares constant-height AFM topographs of the defects (Figure 2a,c) with simultaneously recorded current maps of the same defects (Figure 2b,d). The tip–surface distance for the AFM and current maps was defined by the tip excursions

• substrate d bands. This scenario would explain the shift of the Dirac cone signature in dI/dV spectra from positive sample voltages for intact graphene to negative voltages atop the defect (Figure 1d). While intact graphene on Ir(111) is slightly p-doped and exhibits the Dirac cone at energies above EF [52

Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

• Nguyen Nhat Nam,
• Nguyen Khoi Song Tran,
• Tan Tai Nguyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Trai,
• Nguyen Phuong Thuy,
• Hoang Dang Khoa Do,
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran and
• Kieu The Loan Trinh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 396–415, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.36

Insect attachment on waxy plant surfaces: the effect of pad contamination by different waxes

• Elena V. Gorb and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 385–395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.35

• vulgaris (c), Brassica oleracea (d), Chelidonium majus (e), Chenopodium album (f), Iris germanica (g), Lactuca serriola (h), and Trifolium montanum (i). PL, wax platelets; RD, wax rodlets; TU, wax tubules. Arrows in (d) denote filament-like branches on top of the tubules. Scale bars: 2 μm (a, b, d, g, h

• (c), Brassica oleracea (d), Chelidonium majus (e), Chenopodium album (f), Iris germanica (g), Lactuca serriola (h), and Trifolium montanum (i). Scale bars: 20 μm. SEM micrographs of the ventral view of discoidal tips in exemplary mushroom-shaped setae of the first (basal) proximal tarsomere of

• Chrysolina fastuosa male beetles in clean (a) and contaminated conditions after the beetles have walked on various plant waxy surfaces: Acer negundo (b), Aloe vera (c), Aquilegia vulgaris (d), Brassica oleracea (e), Chelidonium majus (f), Chenopodium album (g), Iris germanica (h), Lactuca serriola (i), and

On the mechanism of piezoresistance in nanocrystalline graphite

• Sandeep Kumar,
• Simone Dehm and
• Ralph Krupke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 376–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.34

• the crystallite size based on the full width at half maximum (FWHM) and intensity ratios of D and G peaks. Similar to our previous work [19], we use the FWHM of D and G peaks here at zero strain to calculate the crystallite size. The G peak gives a crystallite size of 2–3 nm, and the D peak

• %. Figure 3c,d shows a comparison between the spectra taken at 0% and 0.36% strain. Further measurements with increased strain could not be taken due to the failure of the glass substrate. Interestingly, no prominent changes in peak positions, widths, or intensity could be detected, inferring that the

• tunneling distance, d. The model has been used to explain the piezoresistance for several composite materials [29][30]. Zhao et al. [24] used the model to explain the piezoresistance in nanographene films, although the material is comparable to ours and not a composite material in the original sense. NCG

Investigating ripple pattern formation and damage profiles in Si and Ge induced by 100 keV Ar⁺ ion beam: a comparative study

• Indra Sulania,
• Harpreet Sondhi,
• Tanuj Kumar,
• Sunil Ojha,
• G R Umapathy,
• Ambuj Mishra,
• Ambuj Tripathi,
• Richa Krishna,
• Devesh Kumar Avasthi and
• Yogendra Kumar Mishra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 367–375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.33

• Harper [31] based on morphological effects of IBS. The height h(x, y, t) of the sputtered surface can be described by a linear equation (Equation 1): where ν0 is the constant erosion velocity, ν is the effective surface tension, and D denotes the surface diffusion which is activated by different physical

•  1A (b–e) shows the surface topography of the irradiated samples at respective ion fluences of (b) 3 × 1017, (c) 5 × 1017, (d) 7 × 1017, and (e) 9 × 1017 ions/cm2. The surface roughness (Rq) is found to be increased with ion fluence from ≈1.0 nm to 1.6 nm due to ion-induced sputtering at a 60

• fluences of (b) 3 × 1017, (c) 5 × 1017, (d) 7 × 1017, and (e) 9 × 1017 ions/cm2. The Ge surface shows a slight change in the surface roughness to 0.6 nm when irradiated with an ion fluence of 3 × 1017 ions/cm2. At a fluence of 5 × 1017 ions/cm2, ripple patterns start appearing on the surface perpendicular