Defects and defect-mediated engineering of two-dimensional materials: challenges and open questions

• Arkady V. Krasheninnikov,
• Matthias Batzill,
• Anouar-Akacha Delenda,
• Marija Drndić,
• Chris Ewels,
• Katharina J. Franke,
• Mahdi Ghorbani-Asl,
• Alexander Holleitner,
• Ado Jorio,
• Ute Kaiser,
• Daria Kieczka,
• Hannu-Pekka Komsa,
• Jani Kotakoski,
• Manuel Längle,
• David Lamprecht,
• Yun Liu,
• Steven G. Louie,
• Janina Maultzsch,
• Thomas Michely,
• Katherine Milton,
• Anna Niggas,
• Hanako Okuno,
• Joshua A. Robinson,
• Marika Schleberger,
• Bruno Schuler,
• Alexander Shluger,
• Kazu Suenaga,
• Kristian S. Thygesen,
• Richard A. Wilhelm,
• E. Harriet Åhlgren and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 454–488, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.31

Polycatecholamine nanocoatings on stainless steel: the effect on attachment of human fibroblasts and platelets

• Paulina Trzaskowska,
• Ewa Rybak,
• Maciej Trzaskowski,
• Kamil Kopeć,
• Jakub Krzemiński,
• Rafał Podgórski,
• Hatice Genc,
• Mehtap Civelek and
• Iwona Cicha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 365–380, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.25

• Excellence Initiative: Research University (IDUB) programme (agreement no. 1820/332/Z01/POB4/2021), by Warsaw University of Technology within the Excellence Initiative: Research University (IDUB) programme (agreement no. CPR-IDUB/42/Z01/2024) and, in part, by the German Research Foundation (DFG, grant number

Beam shaping techniques for pulsed laser ablation in liquids: Unlocking tunable control of nanoparticle synthesis in liquids

• Sergio Molina-Prados,
• Nadezhda M. Bulgakova,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov,
• Jesus Lancis,
• Gladys Mínguez Vega and
• Carlos Doñate-Buendia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 309–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.22

Structure-dependent thermochromism of PAZO thin films: theory and experiment

• Georgi Mateev,
• Dean Dimov,
• Nataliya Berberova-Buhova,
• Nikoleta Kircheva,
• Todor Dudev,
• Ludmila Nikolova,
• Elena Stoykova,
• Keehoon Hong,
• Dimana Nazarova,
• Silvia Angelova and
• Lian Nedelchev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 186–199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.12

• (2d,p) simulated spectra of PAZO side chain monomer and dimer a–d; Gaussian broadening is applied: band width on 1/2 height: 0.15 eV. (adapted from [20] (© 2024 G. Mateev et al., published by EDP Sciences, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, https

From shield to spear: Charge-reversible nanocarriers in overcoming cancer therapy barriers

• Madhuri Yeduvaka,
• Pooja Mittal,
• Ameer Boyalakuntla,
• Usman Bee Shaik,
• Himanshu Sharma,
• Thakur Gurjeet Singh,
• Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula and
• Lakshmi Vineela Nalla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 159–175, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.10

• through macropinocytosis. This strategy effectively activated the STING pathway within the cytosol, leading to a strong adaptive immune response [90]. Charge-reversible nanocarriers are also advancing the field of gene-based immunotherapy. In a 2024 study, Wang et al. developed MSN@MT nanocarriers

Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer

• Raissa Rodrigues Camelo,
• Vivianne Cortez Sombra Vandesmet,
• Octavio Vital Baccallini,
• José de Brito Vieira Neto,
• Thais da Silva Moreira,
• Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal,
• Claudia Pessoa,
• Daniel Giuliano Cerri,
• Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley,
• Josimar O. Eloy,
• Ivanildo José da Silva Júnior and
• Raquel Petrilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7

• cetuximab and obtained 14.06% conjugation efficiency with a high percentage of cellular internalization in prostate cancer cells overexpressing EGFR. Souza et al. (2024) [52] also conjugated cetuximab to liposomes based on SPC, cholesterol, and DSPE–PEG–PEG with 40.9% conjugation efficiency. Regarding

Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review

• Giuseppe Cesare Lama,
• Marino Lavorgna,
• Letizia Verdolotti,
• Federica Recupido,
• Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6

• (Figure 2a), and to superhydrophobic coatings (from 2010 to 2024, Figure 2b), both showing an outstanding increase over time for both topics. In 1964, the modern principles of conservation of cultural heritage were conceived on the occasion of the “2nd International Congress of Architects and Technicians

Subdigital integumentary microstructure in Cyrtodactylus (Squamata: Gekkota): do those lineages with incipiently expressed toepads exclusively exhibit adhesive setae?

• Philipp Ginal,
• Yannick Ecker,
• Timothy Higham,
• L. Lee Grismer,
• Benjamin Wipfler,
• Dennis Rödder,
• Anthony Russell and
• Jendrian Riedel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 38–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.4

Reduced graphene oxide paper electrode for lithium-ion cells – towards optimized thermal reduction

• Agata Pawłowska,
• Magdalena Baran,
• Stefan Marynowicz,
• Aleksandra Izabela Banasiak,
• Adrian Racki,
• Adrian Chlanda,
• Tymoteusz Ciuk,
• Marta Wolczko and
• Andrzej Budziak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 24–37, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.3

• between 2020 and 2024 in the ScienceDirect database only [1]. Market forecasts predict the growth of the overall rGO market at a compound annual growth rate of 36.5% between 2024 and 2031 [2]. This material owes its popularity in particular to such properties as sufficient electrical conductivity and

• and Photonics, based on statutory grant (2024 and 2025).

Competitive helical bands and highly efficient diode effect in F/S/TI/S/F hybrid structures

• Tairzhan Karabassov,
• Irina V. Bobkova,
• Pavel M. Marychev,
• Vasiliy S. Stolyarov,
• Vyacheslav M. Silkin and
• Andrey S. Vasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 15–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.2

• of Russian Federation No. 075-15-2024-632. T. K acknowledge the support from the Foundation for the Advancement of Theoretical Physics and Mathematics “BASIS” via the project number 25-1-4-21-1. T. K. and P. M. acknowledge the support of the HSE University Basic Research Program that was used to

Terahertz-range on-chip local oscillator based on Josephson junction arrays for superconducting quantum-limited receivers

• Fedor V. Khan,
• Lyudmila V. Filippenko,
• Andrey B. Ermakov,
• Mikhail Yu. Fominsky and
• Valery P. Koshelets

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2296–2305, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.158

• Federation (agreement no. 075-15-2024-538).

Chiral plasmonic nanostructures fabricated with circularly polarized light

• Tian Qiao and
• Ming Lee Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2245–2264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.154

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

Hartree–Fock interaction in superconducting condensate fractals

• Edward G. Nikonov,
• Yajiang Chen,
• Mauro M. Doria and
• Arkady A. Shanenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2177–2182, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.150

• below a critical temperature of Tc ∼ 0.05 K [12]. More recently, in 2024 and 2025, much higher critical temperatures of Tc ∼ 1 K and Tc ∼ 5.47 K were reported in van der Waals-layered dodecagonal quasicrystals Ta1.6Te [13] and in a monoclinic approximant to the decagonal quasicrystal Al13Os4[14

Missing links in nanomaterials research impacting productivity and perceptions

• Santosh K. Tiwari and
• Nannan Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2168–2176, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.149

• recent years. As of 2024, global funding in AI including private equity, venture capital, and governmental initiatives has surpassed $1.5 trillion [25]. This comparison often serves to highlight the perceived disparity in returns between generative AI and nanotechnology. Nonetheless, such a juxtaposition

• . The event brought together leading scientists and key stakeholders from the Indian government to deliberate on the impact and potential of carbon nanomaterials. The idea was further refined during the organization of the New Materials in Carbon Capture and Environmental Remediation (NMCCER 2024

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• administration via dressings made of biocompatible polymers containing lipid nanosystems [41][42][43]. Numerous researchers have successfully encapsulated nanoemulsions into nanofibers for diverse applications, including studies by Kaur et al. (2024) showing superior wound healing with bakuchiol nanoemulsion

Quantum circuits with SINIS structures

• Mikhail Tarasov,
• Mikhail Fominskii,
• Aleksandra Gunbina,
• Artem Krasilnikov,
• Maria Mansfeld,
• Dmitrii Kukushkin,
• Andrei Maruhno,
• Valeria Ievleva,
• Mikhail Strelkov,
• Daniil Zhogov,
• Konstantin Arutyunov,
• Vyacheslav Vdovin,
• Vladislav Stolyarov and
• Valerian Edelman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1931–1941, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.134

• resistance of series SINIS array and (b) I–V curve without (blue) and with (red) microwave radiation at 95 GHz. Funding Work is supported by grant from Ministry of science and higher education of Russian Federation No:075-15-2024-482.

Targeting the vector of arboviruses Aedes aegypti with nanoemulsions based on essential oils: a review with focus on larvicidal and repellent properties

• Laryssa Ferreira do Nascimento Silva,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Mariana Alice Gonzaga Gabú,
• Maria Cecilia Queiroga dos Santos,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Mylena Lemos dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa and
• Fabio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1894–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.132

• . Against the Ae. aegypti vector, Duarte et al. (2024) developed NEs loaded with two monoterpenes, cymene and myrcene, and evaluated their larvicidal potential against L3 larvae [36]. The NEs showed significant lethality to Ae. aegypti larvae, with insecticidal activity equal to or greater than that of free

• acetylcholinesterase (Figure 3). In this context, Romano et al. (2024) investigated the use of a nanoemulsion formulated with an essential oil extracted from the leaves of Murraya koenigii to evaluate its efficacy as a larvicide against the Ae. aegypti mosquito [108]. This plant, known as curry in India, is widely

• decrease in cellular proliferation was evidenced. De Sousa dos Santos et al. (2024) investigated the larvicidal effects of a nanoemulsion containing essential oil from Ocimum basilicum [76]. This species is known as basil or alfavaca and it is native to tropical regions of Africa and Asia [110]. It

Phytol-loaded soybean oil nanoemulsion as a promising alternative against Leishmania amazonensis

• Victória Louise Pinto Freire,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Johny W. de Freitas Oliveira,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Marcelo de Souza-Silva,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva Junior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.126

• surface curvature and increased solute concentration at the droplet interface in the aqueous phase. Such structural features can promote a higher drug flux and localized delivery in the skin layers [34][35][36]. Chiu et al. (2024) reported a significant increase in curcumin skin permeability when carried

• that observed for free resveratrol. Similarly, a study conducted by Nahanji et al. (2024) [54] achieved comparable success using fluconazole-loaded NEs against L. major, demonstrating a 3-fold and 9-fold reduction in IC50 for the promastigote and amastigote forms, respectively, compared to that of free

• fluconazole. More recently, Cunha et al. (2024) [55] developed NEs containing amphotericin B and paromomycin, and upon evaluating their efficacy against L. amazonensis amastigotes, observed that nanoemulsification did not enhance the activity of amphotericin B. In contrast, paromomycin-loaded NEs outperformed

Advances of aptamers in esophageal cancer diagnosis, treatment and drug delivery

• Yang Fei,
• Hui Xu,
• Chunwei Zhang,
• Jingjing Wang and
• Yong Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1734–1750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.121

• different treatment strategies. 4 Aptamers as targeted esophageal cancer therapeutics As of 2024, aptamer-based therapeutics remain limited in clinical use, typically represented by the DNA aptamer Pegaptanib and the RNA aptamer Avacincaptad pegol. In December 2004, Pegaptanib [63], the first aptamer as

Beyond the bilayer: multilayered hygroscopic actuation in pine cone scales

• Kim Ulrich,
• Max David Mylo,
• Tom Masselter,
• Fabian Scheckenbach,
• Sophia Fischerbauer,
• Martin Nopens,
• Silja Flenner,
• Imke Greving,
• Linnea Hesse and
• Thomas Speck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1695–1710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.119

• FEA in Ansys (ver. 2024 R2, Ansys, Inc., Canonsburg, PA, USA). Expansion was modeled using thermal stress analysis (a combination of the steady-state thermal and static structural solvers). The thermal expansion coefficients of the three tissues involved (sclereid layer, sclerenchyma fibers, and brown

Ambient pressure XPS at MAX IV

• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Ulrike Küst,
• Alexander Klyushin,
• Rosemary Jones,
• Jan Knudsen,
• Robert Temperton,
• Andrey Shavorskiy and
• Esko Kokkonen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1677–1694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.118

• reproduced from [45] (“Solar light driven atomic and electronic transformations in a plasmonic Ni@NiO/NiCO3 photocatalyst revealed by ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy“, © 2024 M. K. Ghosalya et al., published by The Royal Society of Chemistry, distributed under the terms of the Creative

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• was applied to both surveys, with patents collected from 2016 to 2024. Given that both databases are well established and widely recognized in the field of intellectual property, and to avoid significant data duplication, we considered their inclusion sufficient for the scope of this review. In view

• , covering the period from 2016 to 2024. In the first year, one document was published, a figure that remained consistent until 2021, when there was a decline, with no documents published that year. This decline can be attributed to the global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, which began in 2020 and

• recovery is evident in 2022 and 2023, with five patents published each year, suggesting a resumption of research efforts and innovation following the pandemic-induced slowdown. In 2024, the number of patents dropped again to one, although it is important to consider that data for this year may be

Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• in the number of publications related to MP removal from 2015 to 2025. Notably, the number of studies surged from just 80 in 2016 to a peak of 3616 in 2024. A similar trend, though less pronounced, is observed for NP removal, which also showed a steady growth, rising from 48 publications in 2015 to

• 1039 in 2024. This indicates a growing recognition of NPs as emerging contaminants, though they still receive less attention than MPs. In contrast, Figure 1b provides insights from Springer Nature, categorizing the type of publications related to both MP and NP removal between 2015 and 2025. Research

Few-photon microwave fields for superconducting transmon-based qudit control

• Irina A. Solovykh,
• Andrey V. Pashchenko,
• Natalya A. Maleeva,
• Nikolay V. Klenov,
• Olga V. Tikhonova and
• Igor I. Soloviev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1580–1591, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.112

• basic element for quantum networking is supported by Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (agreement No. 075-15-2024-538).