Nanogenerators and flexible electronics
Nanogenerators are an emerging technology that uses nanomaterials to harvest mechanical and thermal energy for generating electricity from ambient sources. The working principles of nanogenerators are based on triboelectric, piezoelectric, and thermoelectric effects of nanomaterials. Such novel energy conversion approaches are of critical importance for self-powered sensing, environmental monitoring, internet of things, energy harvesting, wearable devices, and flexible electronics.
Flexible electronics have attracted tremendous attention in recent years owing to their merits of bendability, elasticity, lightweight, easy fabrication, low cost and so on. Such advanced technology has been applied to developing flexible displays, electronic textiles, electronic skin, human–machine interfaces, and wearable devices. Flexible electronics could greatly boost the development of next-generation, intelligent, human friendly electronics.
This thematic issue aims to cover various strategies and ideas for future developments of nanogenerators and flexible electronics. The submitted works to this thematic issue may include, but are not limited to the following topics:
- Triboelectric and piezoelectric nanogenerators
- Self-powered sensors and systems
- Fabrication of flexible polymer nanomaterials
- Electronic skin
- Human–machine interfaces
- Flexible and stretchable sensors
- Wearable devices
- Flexible energy conversion and storage devices
- Full Research Paper
- Published 11 Sep 2020
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Figure 1: The manufacturing process of the TVB-TENG structure.
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Figure 2: The working mechanism of the TVB-TENG structure.
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Figure 3: (a) The output voltage (matched load of 100 MΩ) and (b) short-circuit current (matched load of 100 ...
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Figure 4: The output voltage sensor feedback at different humidity levels: 40% (a), 50% (b), 60% (c), 70% (d)...
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Figure 5: (a) The output voltage of the TVB-TENG as a function of RH (40–90%). (b) A representative photograp...
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Figure 6: (a) Reversibility of a TVB-TENG-based humidity sensor. (b) The change in luminosity of thirty LEDs ...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 20 Oct 2020
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Figure 1: A flexible undulated electrode-based triboelectric nanogenerator. (a) Schematic diagram of the fabr...
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Figure 2: The working mechanism of the fabricated u-TENG in response to a stepping force. (a) The PTFE film a...
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Figure 3: Electrical measurement results of the u-TENG. Open-circuit voltage (a) and short-circuit current (b...
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Figure 4: The ability of the u-TENG to harvesting energy from human walking. The electric output profile of a...
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Figure 5: Self-powered u-TENG-based location-tracking system. (a) Circuit diagram of the fabricated u-TENG-ba...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 27 Oct 2020
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Figure 1: (a) Structure diagram of p-Si/n-ZnO NWs PDs. (b) Cross-sectional SEM image of the as-grown Si/ZnO N...
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Figure 2: Working mechanism of PENGs. under zero bias, a depletion zone and corresponding built-in electric f...
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Figure 3: Impact of the incident optical power density and periodic frequency on the short-circuit current. I...
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Figure 4: Dynamic response characteristics I–t characteristics of PDs under zero bias and different incident ...
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Figure 5: (a) Structure diagram of an ultra-thin (45 μm) p-Si/n-ZnO heterojunction device. (b) Optical image ...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 02 Nov 2020
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Figure 1: (a) Schematic diagram of a self-powered PES based on GR-doped PVDF. (b) Schematic diagram of an eff...
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Figure 2: (a) Preparation of the self-powered GR-doped PVDF PES. (b) SEM images of PVDF fibers with different...
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Figure 3: (a) Schematic diagram of the PES under external pressure. (b) Output voltage as a function of the a...
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Figure 4: (a) Output signal when a sign language “Y” is shown. (b) Output signal when a sign language “Hello”...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 10 Dec 2020
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Figure 1: (a) Schematic diagram of the epitaxial structure. (b) STEM image taken of the AlGaN/AlN/GaN heteroj...
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Figure 2: (a) Schematic diagrams after ICP dry etching, (b) during EC wet etching, (c) and of a single nanowi...
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Figure 3: (a) Experimental setup showing the stress application on the AlGaN/AlN/GaN heterojunction NW-based ...
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Figure 4: (a) I–t characteristic curve at a bias voltage of 0.2 V under tensile strain. (b) I–t characteristi...
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Figure 5: Structure diagram showing the charge distribution of the AlGaN/AlN/GaN heterojunction NW under comp...
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- Review
- Published 01 Feb 2021
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Figure 1: P-TENGs and their applications.
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Figure 2: (a) Four working modes of TENGs [87]. Copyright © 2018 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. Adap...
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Figure 3: The proposed electron-cloud potential-well model for electron transfer, which is the dominant mecha...
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Figure 4: Treatment methods for paper and P-TENGs. Schematic illustration of a simplified MCG composite obtai...
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Figure 5: (a) A general scheme for fabricating an electrode on paper substrates [102]. Copyright © 2010 WILEY‐VCH ...
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Figure 6: Geometry design of a P-TENG (1) origami: (a) Folded standard (top) and modified (bottom) unit cells...
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Figure 7: Geometry design of P-TENGs. (2) Kirigami. (a) The profile of the kirigami reflector [133]. Copyright © 2...
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Figure 8: 3D self-powered sensors based on P-TENGs. (a) The sensing mechanism of the self-powered GO paper-ba...
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Figure 9: Human–machine interactions based on a 3D P-TENG. Schematic showing a logic flowchart of the Yoshimu...
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Figure 10: Applications of 2D P-TENGs in a self-powered electrochemical system. (a) Schematic illustration of ...
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Figure 11: Sound wave energy harvesting by an ultrathin P-TENG. Adapted with permission from [103], Copyright © 201...
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Figure 12: Harvesting water wave energy with a hybrid generator [163] Copyright © 2019 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. ...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 11 Feb 2021
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Figure 1: (a) Schematic of the three-step process to obtain conformal graphene coatings on a variety of texti...
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Figure 2: Overview of the system prototype showing the detailed hardware-level schematic of the portable, bat...
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Figure 3: The first testing scenario shows the plot of induced EOG signals with inserted interpretations for ...
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Figure 4: Diagram showing the two possible cursor movement directions to go from letter “A” to “K” in a stand...
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Figure 5: Overview of the second technology demonstrator for the wearable graphene textile-based assistive de...
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Figure 6: Snapshots of the robot car at different instances and plot of the recorded EOG trace during steerin...
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Supp. Info
- Review
- Published 08 Apr 2021
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Figure 1: Wernicke’s-Lichtheim model (redrawn from [12], Figure 2). A: The Wernicke’s area. M: The Broca’s area. a: The p...
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Figure 2: iEEG detects brain activity by implanting electrodes on the cortical surface. (a) Strips and grids ...
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Figure 3: iEEG recording of patients with medically intractable epilepsy. (a) Electrodes were implanted in th...
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Figure 4: ERP analysis suggests semantic priming centralises in the left temporal cortex, whereas perceptual ...
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Figure 5: Features of the iWEBS array. (a) Implantation in free-moving mice. (b) Layer components. (c) Struct...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 03 May 2021
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Figure 1: (a) The structural design of the single-electrode mode TENG. (b) SEM and (c) EDS measurements of th...
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Figure 2: (a) Schematic of the working principle of the S-TENG. (b-I) Open-circuit voltage and (b-II) short-c...
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Figure 3: Open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current of the S-TENG (a, b) as functions of the contact are...
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Figure 4: (a) Voltage of different capacitors (2.2, 4.7, 10, and 33 μF) as function of the charging time with...
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Figure 5: Optical image of the power supplied by padding the S-TENG with the hand for (a) a calculator and (b...
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Figure 6: (a) The position of the S-TENGs on the fingers. (b) Current output of the thumb touching the other ...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 28 May 2021
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Figure 1: Charge flow in a triboelectric nanogenerator.
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Figure 2: Two-dimensional model of a contact separation TENG.
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Figure 3: Simulation diagram for (a) ds = 1 mm and (b) ds = 0.1 mm. (c) Potential difference between the oute...
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Figure 4: Two-dimensional TENG model with (a) isosceles triangle and (b) right-angled triangle TENG model.
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Figure 5: Comparison of shapes. (a) Potential distribution diagram of a rectangular TENG. (b) Potential distr...
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Figure 6: (a) TENG with a gas jet between two triboelectric materials. (b) TENG potential distribution diagra...
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Figure 7: (a) The potential of the TENG varies with distance ds for different sizes of the gas injection area...
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Figure 8: (a) The potential of TENG with different injected gases at (a) ds = 0.1 mm, (b) ds = 0.5 mm, and (c...
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Figure 9: (a) Schematic diagram of an isosceles triangle TENG with injected gases. (b) Simulation of the TENG...
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- Review
- Published 08 Jul 2021
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Figure 1: The development of nanogenerator-based self-powered sensors in the collection of human physiologica...
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Figure 2: NG-based self-powered wearable sensor and electronic skin for data collection. (a) A schematic diag...
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Figure 3: Self-powered implantable sensors in vivo. (a) Structure of heart data sensor based on an iTENG, imp...
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Figure 4: Structure and performance of self-powered body fluid sensors. (a) The system composition of the imp...
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Figure 5: Self-powered hydrological and gas sensor for environmental data collection. (a) The appearance stru...
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Figure 6: NG-based self-powered traffic sensor. (a) PENG attached to a tire with adhesive tape [5]. Figure 6a,b was repro...
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