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Doebner-type pyrazolopyridine carboxylic acids in an Ugi four-component reaction

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1Division of Chemistry of Functional Materials, State Scientific Institution “Institute for Single Crystals” of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Nauky Ave., 60, 61072, Kharkiv, Ukraine
2Faculty of Chemistry, V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Svobody sq., 4, 61077, Kharkiv, Ukraine
3Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
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This article is part of the thematic issue "Multicomponent reactions III".
Guest Editor: T. J. J. Müller
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1281–1288. https://doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.15.126
Received 03 Mar 2019, Accepted 17 May 2019, Published 12 Jun 2019
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Abstract

Substituted 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-4- and 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-6-carboxamides have been synthetized through a Doebner–Ugi multicomponent reaction sequence in a convergent and versatile manner using diversity generation strategies: combination of two multicomponent reactions and conditions-based divergence strategy. The target products contain as pharmacophores pyrazolopyridine and peptidomimetic moieties with four points of diversity introduced from readily available starting materials including scaffold diversity. A small focused compound library of 23 Ugi products was created and screened for antibacterial activity.

Keywords: antibacterial activity; Doebner reaction; pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine carboxylic acids; Ugi reaction

Introduction

Modern medicinal chemistry is faced with the task of quick and effective screening a variety of organic molecules in order to identify new active pharmaceutical ingredients among them. Therefore, in turn, organic chemistry has to solve an equally important task of the rapid generating focused libraries of drug-like compounds characterized by several important features, e.g., molecular complexity and diversity at different levels, high variability and easy accessibility from relatively simple reagents. These challenges can be overcome by using multicomponent reactions (MCRs) but also other strategies can be applied in addition to MCRs for generating diversity, e.g., build/couple/pair- (BCP), single reactant replacement- (SRR), modular reaction sequences- (MRS), conditions-based divergence- (CBD) and combination of multicomponent reactions (MCR2) strategies (for more details and examples see [1-3] and Scheme 1). A synergetic application of several diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS) instruments allows an effective decoration of the privileged scaffolds for creating collections of unique, highly potent bioactive compounds [4,5].

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Scheme 1: An overview of heterocyclic acids used in the Ugi reaction.

The pyrazolopyridine scaffold can be regarded as a privileged motif as it exhibits various biological actions: antiproliferative [6-9], antimicrobial [10,11], anxiolytic [12], analgesic [13], hypnotic [13], antiviral [13], anti-HIV [13] activities, etc. Soural et al. [14] explored different data and showed the relevance of compounds composed of two or more heterocyclic rings for drug discovery. The target products containing a heterocyclic core bound to a peptide-like chain also showed a broad spectrum of biological activity: β-secretase (BACE1) inhibitory activity [15]; inducing apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells [16]; antimalarial activity against a chloroquine (CQ) non-resistant Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain [17]; antagonists of p53-Mdm2 interaction [18]; antiproliferative activity in the human solid tumor cell lines A549 (lung), HBL-100 (breast), HeLa (cervix), SW1573 (lung), T-47D (breast), and WiDr(colon) [19]; cyclophilin A inhibitory activity for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infections [20], etc.

Among the variety of heterocyclic acids used in Ugi-4CR [15-19,21-42] only a few of them in addition to bearing a simple pharmacophore core (group I, Scheme 1) are also characterized by the complexity and diversity of the skeleton itself gained through multi-step transformations (group II) [18,19,34-36] or allow for generating additional diversity through post-cyclization reactions (group III) [18,35-42]. Meanwhile the complexity of the acid skeleton can be achieved by MCR. Several publications illustrated this principle: synthesis of heterocyclic acids [26,43] or enols [44] in a first multicomponent step, followed by subjecting them to a subsequent Ugi process, thus, applying the MCR2 approach (group IV, Scheme 1).

Actually, there was no example for the combined application of Doebner and Ugi-type MCRs although the former condensation easily affords the azoloazine pharmacophore that is able to participate as an acid component in the latter reaction. It should be noted, that Cowen et al. [6] reported N-substituted-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-4-carboxamides being SMYD2 inhibitors (an oncogenic methyltransferase that represses the functional activity of the tumor suppressor proteins p53 and RB); the similar structures can be obtained using the methodology of sequential Doebner- and Ugi-type MCRs.

In the present work we combined several diversity-oriented synthetic (DOS) approaches. First, by using CBD and MCR strategies in a Doebner-type reaction we synthesized pyrazolopyridine carboxylic acids which were subsequently applied in the Ugi reaction, thus, combining two multicomponent procedures.

Results and Discussion

As mentioned above, the diversification of the privileged scaffold using different DOS strategies allowed to significantly increase the diversity of the final products. In our study pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine scaffold was chosen as a privileged one and based on this, we combined two MCRs: the previously well-studied three-component Doebner-type condensation of aminopyrazoles, aldehydes and pyruvic acid [45,46] with the isocyanide-based four-component Ugi reaction.

As we have shown before [47,48] the application of the CBD strategy to multicomponent Doebner-type condensations involving aminoazoles allowed the synthesis of several chemotypes of structurally complex products from a limited number of relatively simple starting materials just by varying the reaction conditions (temperature, solvent–catalyst system, activation method, forced realization of one of the cascades of multicomponent treatment). We decided to use this strategy and to synthetize heteroaromatic carboxylic acids 4 and 7 starting from the same reactants but using a multicomponent and a sequential protocol. We chose these heterocyclic acids to be subjected to the further Ugi transformation based on their higher stability compared to other azoloazine carboxylic acids (e.g., tetrahydro- [49,50] and dihydroazoloazines that may undergo oxidation during the Ugi 4CR) and as they do not contain additional functional groups that may influence the subsequent Ugi reaction (e.g., hydroxy group in tetrahydro- [46,51], dihydro- [51] or aromatic derivatives [51]).

Two different reaction pathways were applied based on known synthetic procedures (Scheme 2): the three-component reaction between pyruvic acid (1), aromatic aldehydes 2a,b and 5-amino-3-methylpyrazole (3) (HOAc, Δ, 30 min) [45] and a two-component condensation of the preliminary synthetized 4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-oxobut-3-enoic acid (5b) [52,53] with 5-amino-3-methyl-N-phenylpyrazole (6) (HOAc, Δ, 5 h). As a result, two different types of pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridines containing the carboxylic group either at C4 position (compounds 4a,b) or at the C6 position (compound 7b) were synthetized (Scheme 2). We modified the earlier described methodology for the synthesis of pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-6-carboxylic acid (7b) [45]: the solvent was changed from DMF to HOAc and the reaction time was increased from 30 min to 5 hours. Despite of the longer reaction time the whole procedure became more efficient due to the easier work-up stage as well as due to avoiding the formation of impurities of the dihydropyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridines.

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Scheme 2: Synthesis of pyrazolopyridine carboxylic acids 4 [45] and 7 [45] in Doebner-type reaction.

Thus, starting from the same set of reactants two different types of heterocyclic acids 4 and 7 containing two diversity points were obtained. Afterwards compounds 4a,b were introduced into the Ugi four-component reaction to create 3 additional points of diversity. However, due to the low solubility of the pyrazolopyridine acids 4a,b under the literature standard reaction conditions for the Ugi transformation (stirring in methanol at rt and similar procedures) the reaction did not take place. Under these conditions, the pyrazolopyridine carboxylic acids 4a,b did not dissolve and remained unreacted even after prolonged stirring and heating. Consequently, the solvent was changed to DMF that allowed us to isolate the Ugi products 11 after long stirring (48–72 h) at rt. It must be noted, that in many cases the pyrazolopyridine acids 4a,b did not fully dissolve in DMF at rt that resulted in considerably decreased yields.

In an attempt to increase the yield of the products the reaction was repeated at different temperatures ranging from rt to 80 °C and it was found that heating at 70 °C afforded the best results. At this temperature not only the yields increased but also the reaction time could be reduced to 48 hours. When applying a solvent mixture of DMF and MeOH the yields further increased, with the best results obtained using a ratio of 1:2. We presume that methanol provides the optimal acidity to the reaction medium needed for successful protonation of the intermediate azomethine, formed between the aromatic aldehyde 8 and aniline 9, to the corresponding iminium cation and its further transformation involving carboxylic acid 4 and isocyanide 10.

As a result, we developed an efficient procedure for the synthesis of compounds 11a–q through reaction of aromatic aldehydes 8a–d, amines 9a–f, tert-butylisocyanide (10) and heteroaromatic carboxylic acids 4a,b in a 2:1 mixture of methanol and DMF at 70 °C. Following this procedure, a small library of seventeen Ugi products was obtained (Table 1).

Table 1: Synthesis of compounds 11 and 12 by combination of Doebner and Ugi-type MCRs.

[Graphic 1]
  Starting materials Products
Entry Acid R1 8 R2 9 R3 11,12 yield, %
1 4a H 8a H 9a H 11a 39
2 4a H 8a H 9b 4-CH3 11b 40
3 4a H 8a H 9c 4-Br 11c 30
4 4a H 8a H 9d 2-CH3O 11d 28
5 4a H 8a H 9e 3-CH3O 11e 30
6 4a H 8a H 9f 4-CH3O 11f 42
7 4b CH3O 8a H 9a H 11g 43
8 4b CH3O 8a H 9b 4-CH3 11h 53
9 4b CH3O 8a H 9c 4-Br 11i 37
10 4b CH3O 8a H 9d 2-CH3O 11j 37
11 4b CH3O 8a H 9e 3-CH3O 11k 35
12 4b CH3O 8a H 9f 4-CH3O 11l 42
13 4b CH3O 8b Cl 9a H 11m 44
14 4b CH3O 8b Cl 9b 4-CH3 11n 49
15 4b CH3O 8b Cl 9c 4-Br 11o 34
16 4b CH3O 8b Cl 9f 4-CH3O 11p 37
17 4b CH3O 8c NO2 9a H 11q 20
18 7b CH3O 8a H 9a H 12a 50
19 7b CH3O 8a H 9b 4-CH3 12b 51
20 7b CH3O 8b Cl 9a H 12c 34
21 7b CH3O 8b Cl 9b 4-CH3 12d 36
22 7b CH3O 8d CH3O 9a H 12e 46
23 7b CH3O 8d CH3O 9b 4-CH3 12f 25

Next, we applied pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-6-carboxylic acid 7b with another positional location of the substituents in comparison with compounds 4 in the Ugi reaction with the same reagents 8, 9 and 10 using the optimized procedure (Table 1). This expanded the library of Ugi products by adding compounds 12a–f.

The purity and structures of the obtained heterocyclic products were established by means of NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. The final assignment of the structures 11 and 12 was made by X-ray analysis for the structure 11n (Figure 1).

[1860-5397-15-126-1]

Figure 1: Molecular structure of N-(2-(tert-butylamino)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-oxoethyl)-6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-methyl-N-p-tolyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-4-carboxamide (11n) according to X-ray diffraction data. Non-hydrogen atoms are presented as thermal ellipsoids with 50% probability.

Antibacterial activity

It is worth mentioning that the modification of the pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine scaffold through Ugi reaction allowed not only to introduce three additional diversity points but also to increase significantly the solubility of the products 11 and 12 compared to the starting acids 4 and 7. Compounds 11 are soluble in MeOH, EtOH, iPrOH, acetone, EtOAc, CH3CN, DCM, CHCl3 and compounds 12 are soluble in acetone, CH3CN, DCM, CHCl3 and partially soluble when heated in EtOAc, MeOH, EtOH, showing the advantages of this protocol for investigating the activity of pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine moiety in biological experiments. Particularly, the evaluation of the antibacterial activity of the small library of new compounds 11 and 12 was carried out.

We next screened some selected compounds for their antibacterial activity (Table 2, Supporting Information File 1) against the reference bacterial strains Bacillus subtilis (strain 1211), Staphylococcus aureus (strain 2231) (gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (strain 1257), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (strain 1111) (gram-negative).

Table 2: Antibacterial activity results.

Entry Compound MICa/MBCb, mg/L Strains of test cultures
Escherichia coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa Staphylococcus aureus Bacillus subtilis
1 11a MIC 250 –c 250 250
MBC – – – –
2 11b MIC 500 – 500 125
MBC – – – –
3 11f MIC – – – –
MBC – – – –
4 11g MIC 250 – – 250
MBC – – – –
5 11l MIC – – – –
MBC – – – –
6 11m MIC 500 – 250 250
MBC – – – –
7 nitroxoline MIC 15.6 62.5 31.25 1.9
MBC 15.6 62.5 31.25 1.9

aMIC – minimum inhibitory concentration; bMBC – minimum bactericidal concentration; cthe substance at concentration ≤ 500 mg/L does not inhibit culture growth.

Generally, the compounds were found to be less active than nitroxoline being the reference substance. The results obtained indicate that some substances inhibited the growth of the test microorganisms demonstrating weak antimicrobial effect (Table 2). The growth of gram-positive bacteria (strains of S. aureus and B. subtilis) was inhibited in a more effective way. Particularly, compound 11b inhibited the growth of B. subtilis at a concentration of 125 mg/L. A bacteriostatic activity against S. aureus was observed only at the higher concentrations of 250 and 500 mg/L. The same situation was found for the tested E. coli strain. The gram-negative bacterium P. aeruginosa showed resistance to all compounds tested in the given concentration range. The observed low level of antibacterial activity of the synthesized heterocycles is a good prerequisite for screening them for other types of activity, e.g., anticancer, antidiabetic, etc., because in these cases a negative influence on the microflora of the organism would be decreased [54].

Conclusion

In summary, two multicomponent reactions of Doebner and Ugi-type were combined in a convergent and versatile manner giving substituted 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-4- and 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-6-carboxamides. The use of a conditions-based divergence strategy allowed introducing the scaffold diversity and obtaining two types of structures with different orientation of substituents (containing a carboxylic group either at C4 or C6 position of the pyrazolopyridine core). The optimal methodology for the synthesis of target products was elaborated (mixture of methanol and DMF (2:1) and heating to 70 °C) and a small focused library of 23 Ugi products was created. The target compounds containing two pharmacophore pyrazolopyridine and peptidomimetic moieties were screened for their antibacterial activity and demonstrated weak antibacterial effect.

Supporting Information

Supporting Information File 1: Experimental and analytical data.
Format: PDF Size: 433.5 KB Download
Supporting Information File 2: NMR spectra.
Format: PDF Size: 3.5 MB Download

Acknowledgements

V. Chebanov was supported by a scholarship of KU Leuven (SF/14/006). M. Murlykina was supported by an Erasmus Mundus scholarship and by the Grant of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine for young scientists’ research laboratories and groups. The authors also thank the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine for financial support in the frame of the projects "Creation of modern bases for obtaining and analyzing substances and components of materials for pharmaceutical purposes" (0119U100727) and "Investigation of structural features of nitrogen containing heterocycles with potential biological activity" (0119U100716). We thank Dr. E. Muravyouva for measuring the part of LC–MS spectra.

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