Multiswitchable photoacid–hydroxyflavylium–polyelectrolyte nano-assemblies

• Alexander Zika and
• Franziska Gröhn

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 166–185, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.17

• particles, and information on the molecular structure was gained by UV–vis spectroscopy. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) provided information on the thermodynamics and interaction forces in the supramolecular assembly formation. Keywords: electrostatic self-assembly; hydroxyflavylium

• . Thermodynamic analysis of the assembly process For understanding the differences of the assemblies, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) was performed to elucidate the thermodynamics and to gain insight into the building block interactions in the assembly process. Basically, ITC measures the association heat

• above already have revealed that the thermodynamics depended on the loading ratio. To elucidate how it influences the size of the particles, DLS was measured at the different binding steps. Figure 10 shows the DLS results in dependence on the loading ratio below l = 1.0. The structures with a loading

Computational tools for drawing, building and displaying carbohydrates: a visual guide

• Kanhaya Lal,
• Rafael Bermeo and
• Serge Perez

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2448–2468, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.199

• an essential part of the research process, data visualisation allows not only to communicate experimental results but also is a crucial step in the integration of multiple data derived resources, such as thermodynamics and kinetic analysis, glycan arrays, mutagenesis, etc. Data visualisation remains

A proposed sustainability index for synthesis plans based on input provenance and output fate: application to academic and industrial synthesis plans for vanillin as a case study

• John Andraos

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2346–2362, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.196

• metrics in chemistry journals revealed a few publications that addressed the problem of quantifying and measuring what sustainability is [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Most of the discussions revolved around extended thermodynamics analysis, energy consumption, and energy resource considerations from

Naphthalene diimide bis-guanidinio-carbonyl-pyrrole as a pH-switchable threading DNA intercalator

• Poulami Jana,
• Filip Šupljika,
• Carsten Schmuck and
• Ivo Piantanida

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2201–2211, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.185

• nevertheless obvious by systematic deviation from isoelliptic point and changes of ICD bands in opposite direction (Figures 2–4, and Figures S16–S20 in Supporting Information File 1). Hence, to characterise in more detail the thermodynamics of such multifaceted binding we performed isothermal titration

Polarity effects in 4-fluoro- and 4-(trifluoromethyl)prolines

• Vladimir Kubyshkin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1837–1852, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.151

• probing of the molecular sites with relatively small dipoles of the solvent. This is why here it seems more reasonable to adhere to simple schematic descriptions such as the one shown in Figure 7. Amide-bond rotation: thermodynamics Isomerization of the amide (peptide) bond is an important issue in

Host–guest interactions between p-sulfonatocalix[4]arene and p-sulfonatothiacalix[4]arene and group IA, IIA and f-block metal cations: a DFT/SMD study

• Valya K. Nikolova,
• Cristina V. Kirkova,
• Silvia E. Angelova and
• Todor M. Dudev

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1321–1330, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.131

• medicine. The binding affinities and thermodynamics of p-sulfonato-calix[4]arene upon complexation with different inorganic and organic cations in water have been investigated experimentally by Bonal et al. [30] and Morel et al. [31]. The experiments indicated 1:1 stoichiometry of the inclusion complexes

• /thermodynamics of the binding event, complementarity of molecular shapes, etc., is useful for designing receptor molecules. Results and Discussion M062X/6-31G(d,p) optimized structures of the host systems in cone conformation are presented in Figure 1 in two projections: side view and view from the rim trimmed

Back to the future: Why we need enzymology to build a synthetic metabolism of the future

• Tobias J. Erb

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 551–557, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.49

• from first principles based on simple physico-chemical considerations, such as kinetics and thermodynamics. For the design, a starting compound and a target molecule are defined and a short, thermodynamically feasible and energetically efficient route connecting the two molecules is identified. While

Study on the regioselectivity of the N-ethylation reaction of N-benzyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide

• Pedro N. Batalha,
• Luana da S. M. Forezi,
• Maria Clara R. Freitas,
• Nathalia M. de C. Tolentino,
• Ednilsom Orestes,
• José Walkimar de M. Carneiro,
• Fernanda da C. S. Boechat and
• Maria Cecília B. V. de Souza

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 388–400, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.35

• results indicate that the regioselectivity observed must occur due to the thermodynamics on the deprotonation step, leading exclusively to the oxoquinoline conjugate base as the reactive nucleophile. Conclusion In conclusion, we studied the regioselectivity of the N-ethylation reaction of N-benzyl-4-oxo

Pathoblockers or antivirulence drugs as a new option for the treatment of bacterial infections

• Matthew B. Calvert,
• Varsha R. Jumde and
• Alexander Titz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2607–2617, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.239

• these compounds showed superior thermodynamics and kinetics of binding to LecB compared to mannose, resulting in a prolonged receptor residence time of several minutes [48]. In a complementary approach, glycomimetic C-glycoside 17 was obtained, aiming at improved metabolic stability and selectivity [49

Cobalt-catalyzed C–H cyanations: Insights into the reaction mechanism and the role of London dispersion

• Eric Detmar,
• Valentin Müller,
• Daniel Zell,
• Lutz Ackermann and
• Martin Breugst

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1537–1545, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.130

• [−15.9 (B3LYP-D3BJ), −17.0 (B3LYP), and −15.9 (M06-L) kcal mol−1] indicating that dispersion is less important for the overall thermodynamics of this reaction. In contrast, a strong effect of the functional was observed for the complete energy profile. While the dispersion-corrected functional M06-L (see

Polarization spectroscopy methods in the determination of interactions of small molecules with nucleic acids – tutorial

• Tamara Šmidlehner,
• Ivo Piantanida and
• Gennaro Pescitelli

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 84–105, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.5

β-Cyclodextrin- and adamantyl-substituted poly(acrylate) self-assembling aqueous networks designed for controlled complexation and release of small molecules

• Liang Yan,
• Duc-Truc Pham,
• Philip Clements,
• Stephen F. Lincoln,
• Jie Wang,
• Xuhong Guo and
• Christopher J. Easton

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1879–1892, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.183

• ]. Generally, the retention and the release of the drug is controlled by the thermodynamics of drug complexation and in some systems the drug release is stimulated by either pH variation [28][30][34] or light irradiation [38][45]. The drug types include small molecular species, exemplified by diflunisal

Grip on complexity in chemical reaction networks

• Albert S. Y. Wong and
• Wilhelm T. S. Huck

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1486–1497, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.147

• reaction scheme and rate equations could be approximated based on the predictability in the thermodynamics of DNA binding. In presence of an excess of the source ssDNA (denoted by G for “Grass”), traveling waves of a predator–prey molecular network (similar to the spatio-temporal patterns in the BZ

Towards open-ended evolution in self-replicating molecular systems

• Herman Duim and
• Sijbren Otto

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1189–1203, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.118

• defying the second law of thermodynamics, as the system as a whole still evolves towards increasing entropy. With replicator complexification having been made feasible, it then only depends on evolutionary possibilities and benefits whether complexification also actually occurs. In order for the

From chemical metabolism to life: the origin of the genetic coding process

• Antoine Danchin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1119–1135, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.111

• is not a fight against the second principle of thermodynamics), using the global distribution of water molecules as a driving force to order lipids into cell-like structures (of a considerable variety, even in bacteria [12]). Membranes also contain proteins as essential components. It took very long

• water by an entropy increase, if a selection process retains the macromolecules in a specific compartment. Surface metabolism at the origin of life is perhaps the simplest way to harness this ubiquitous property of thermodynamics. Samuel Granick, very early on, remarked the important role of transition

Continuous-flow processes for the catalytic partial hydrogenation reaction of alkynes

• Carmen Moreno-Marrodan,
• Francesca Liguori and
• Pierluigi Barbaro

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 734–754, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.73

• [34][35], thermodynamics [36][37], structure–activity relationships [38][39] have been extensively described elsewhere, therefore they are out of the scope of this review. Herein the focus is on the various catalytic reactor systems and technological solutions reported in the literature for this

How and why kinetics, thermodynamics, and chemistry induce the logic of biological evolution

• Addy Pross and
• Robert Pascal

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 665–674, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.66

• logical bridge connecting the general rules governing change in the universe with Darwin's theory of evolution. Indeed, analysis of the thermodynamics of the processes considered to underlie life’s emergence might assist in closing the conceptual gap that continues to separate the physical and life

• from equilibrium It has recently been claimed that thermodynamics could drive the self-organisation of life through an increase of energy dissipation rates [22][23], or, alternatively, in a continuing focus on the energy facet, that the evolutionary process takes place such that the total energy flux

• will be discussed, that thermodynamic approach is opposed by more recent theoretical considerations, as expressed by Ross et al. [37] and our own analyses, described subsequently. More detailed views on the role of thermodynamics in biology have been critical of the position that natural selection

Dynamics and interactions of ibuprofen in cyclodextrin nanosponges by solid-state NMR spectroscopy

• Monica Ferro,
• Franca Castiglione,
• Nadia Pastori,
• Carlo Punta,
• Lucio Melone,
• Walter Panzeri,
• Barbara Rossi,
• Francesco Trotta and
• Andrea Mele

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 182–194, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.21

• detail two models: the classical I–S model and the I–I*–S model. The classical I–S model This theoretical model, initially developed by Mehring [15], is based on the classical spin thermodynamics. The system is described as consisting of a lattice with a huge heat capacity and two subsystems, the

Effects of solvent additive on “s-shaped” curves in solution-processed small molecule solar cells

• John A. Love,
• Shu-Hua Chou,
• Ye Huang,
• Guilllermo C. Bazan and
• Thuc-Quyen Nguyen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2543–2555, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.249

• extraction, it significantly reduces the magnitude of the effects, removing the dramatic s-shape of the curve. Thin film X-ray diffraction Changes in device performance upon addition of solvent additives are typically ascribed to improvements in the BHJ nanostructure by affecting the thermodynamics and

Organic chemistry meets polymers, nanoscience, therapeutics and diagnostics

• Vincent M. Rotello

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1638–1646, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.161

• –protein interactions using the tabula rasa-based particles mimicked the thermodynamics of protein–protein interactions quite well [49]. Once we were able to have proteins and nanoparticles work in harmony [50] we started working on designing systems with emergent behavior, i.e., where the particle–protein

Catalytic Chan–Lam coupling using a ‘tube-in-tube’ reactor to deliver molecular oxygen as an oxidant

• Carl J. Mallia,
• Paul M. Burton,
• Alexander M. R. Smith,
• Gary C. Walter and
• Ian R. Baxendale

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1598–1607, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.156

• favourable thermodynamics with an increase in the electropositive nature of boron, which in turn increases the rate of the transmetallation step. Changing the group at the 4-position of the phenylboronic acid gave good yields for both electron-rich (19, 79% yield) and electron-poor (33, 76% yield

From steroids to aqueous supramolecular chemistry: an autobiographical career review

• Bruce C. Gibb

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 684–701, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.69

• facet of these collaborations is the SAMPL exercise in which we and other supramolecular chemists a priori determine the thermodynamics of complexation for a series of processes, and keep the results under wraps whilst computational groups around the world attempt to predict the data [52]. This

• competition gives the computationalists a unique opportunity to try and hone their skills, which in return provides feedback to those interested in the a priori prediction of the thermodynamics of binding. For example, being able to predict ahead of time which ligands binds best to a protein binding-site has

• Emergency Management Administration (FEMA). Our first results that came out from this period demonstrated that the thermodynamics of guest binding to octa-acid were extremely perturbed by the presence of different salts [55]. As expected, the Hofmeister effect was indeed in operation: salting-out sodium

Creating molecular macrocycles for anion recognition

• Amar H. Flood

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 611–627, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.60

• counter cations, their binding constants were not constant! In our case, when we changed concentrations, the binding constants for the 1:1 triazolophane–chloride complexes were not constant. We ended up taming our menagerie of ion pairing and complexation equilibria in a tour de force thermodynamics study

Versatile deprotonated NHC: C,N-bridged dinuclear iridium and rhodium complexes

• Albert Poater

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 117–124, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.13

• 3H-H and 3H-T (where H-H = head-to-head and H-T = head-to-tail). By DFT calculations here we contribute in the understanding of the thermodynamics of the subsequent C,N-bridged dinuclear iridium and rhodium complexes [59], and the facility for the interconversion between these latter dimeric species

• the H-H coordination was not locate for 5, and further thermodynamics do not support the H-H coordination for 5, with an energy endergonicity of 6.7 kcal/mol with respect the previous corresponding complex 4. Oxidative addition of MeI to 5 affords complex 6, in an exergonic release of 16.5 kcal/mol

• NHC here have been studied in detail by DFT calculations. This is a contribution in the understanding of the thermodynamics of the subsequent C,N-bridged dinuclear iridium and rhodium complexes defined by Braunstein et al. [59] and the facility for the interconversion between these latter dimeric

Supramolecular polymer assembly in aqueous solution arising from cyclodextrin host–guest complexation

• Jie Wang,
• Zhiqiang Qiu,
• Yiming Wang,
• Li Li,
• Xuhong Guo,
• Duc-Truc Pham,
• Stephen F. Lincoln and
• Robert K. Prud’homme

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 50–72, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.7

• the thermodynamics of the process [66]. As a result, the guest often exhibits a substantial change in its UV–vis, fluorescence and 1H NMR spectra upon complexation, and there is usually a significant enthalpy change. Consequently, UV–vis [67], fluorescence [68] and 1H NMR [69] spectroscopy and