Preparation of Pickering emulsions through interfacial adsorption by soft cyclodextrin nanogels

• Shintaro Kawano,
• Toshiyuki Kida,
• Mitsuru Akashi,
• Hirofumi Sato,
• Motohiro Shizuma and
• Daisuke Ono

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2355–2364, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.257

• particle size of the primary CD nanogel and the appearance of a new peak at a larger diameter (120 nm) may be due to the self-assembly of the primary CD nanogels at 0.1 wt % concentration in water. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurement was carried out in order to observe the self-assembled

• nanogel structures. Prior to the observation, the CD nanogel was immediately frozen, using liquid nitrogen, and freeze-dried. The diameters of the spherical particles range from 50 to 100 nm (Figure 3B), confirming the formation of self-assembled CD nanogels in water. The transmission electron microscopy

• solutions, which were ultrafiltered through a 0.8 μm membrane to remove dust. Electron microscopy Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies were performed using a field emission gun scanning electron microscope (JSM-6700F, JEOL Ltd., Japan) with a beam current of 10 μA at a typical operating voltage of 15

Urethane tetrathiafulvalene derivatives: synthesis, self-assembly and electrochemical properties

• Xiang Sun,
• Guoqiao Lai,
• Zhifang Li,
• Yuwen Ma,
• Xiao Yuan,
• Yongjia Shen and
• Chengyun Wang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2343–2349, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.255

• Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310012, China 10.3762/bjoc.11.255 Abstract This paper reports the self-assembly of two new tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) derivatives that contain one or two urethane groups. The formation of nanoribbons was evidenced by scanning electron

• microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), which showed that the self-assembly ability of T1 was better than that of T2. The results revealed that more urethane groups in a molecule did not necessarily instigate self-assembly. UV–vis and FTIR spectra were measured to explore noncovalent interactions. The

Self-assemblies of γ-CDs with pentablock copolymers PMA-PPO-PEO-PPO-PMA and endcapping via atom transfer radical polymerization of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine

• Jing Lin,
• Tao Kong,
• Lin Ye,
• Ai-ying Zhang and
• Zeng-guo Feng

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2267–2277, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.247

• calorimeter with a scanning temperature range from 20–80 °C at a scanning rate of 10 °C/min. The transmission electron microscopy image was observed using a JEM 1200EX (JEOL) transmission electron microscope operating at 120 KV. Photographs of the formation of a PEP100M15CD hydrogel. WXRD patterns of γ-CD (A

Synthesis of photoresponsive cholesterol-based azobenzene organogels: dependence on different spacer lengths

• Yuchun Ren,
• Bin Wang and
• Xiuqing Zhang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1089–1095, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.122

• to gel phase transition under visible irradiation. The corresponding visual images are shown in Figure 3. Scanning electron microscopy studies To obtain a visual insight into the morphology of the aggregation mode, the typical structures of the xerogels prepared by the freeze-drying of the three gels

• spectroscopy (IR) was measured on a Nicolet 6700 spectrometer from 4000 to 500 cm−1 at room temperature. The samples were prepared as KBr pellets. The morphology of the gel samples were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, S5200, FEI Company) under an acceleration voltage of 30 kV. UV–vis absorption

Carboxylated dithiafulvenes and tetrathiafulvalene vinylogues: synthesis, electronic properties, and complexation with zinc ions

• Yunfei Wang and
• Yuming Zhao

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 957–965, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.107

• equipped with a copper X-ray source with a wavelength of 1.54 nm. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed on an FEI MLA 650 FEG microscope. BET surface area and pore size analyses were performed on a Micromeritics TriStar II Plus instrument. The degassing was done on a Flow Prep 060 instrument

Impact of multivalent charge presentation on peptide–nanoparticle aggregation

• Daniel Schöne,
• Boris Schade,
• Christoph Böttcher and
• Beate Koksch

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 792–803, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.89

• Daniel Schone Boris Schade Christoph Bottcher Beate Koksch Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry - Organic Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany Electron Microscopy, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstr. 36a, 14195 Berlin, Germany 10.3762/bjoc.11.89 Abstract

Potential of acylated peptides to target the influenza A virus

• Daniel Lauster,
• Damian Pawolski,
• Julian Storm,
• Kai Ludwig,
• Rudolf Volkmer,
• Henry Memczak,
• Andreas Herrmann and
• Sumati Bhatia

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 589–595, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.65

• Daniel Lauster Damian Pawolski Julian Storm Kai Ludwig Rudolf Volkmer Henry Memczak Andreas Herrmann Sumati Bhatia Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology, Invalidenstr. 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany Freie Universität Berlin, Research Center of Electron Microscopy, Fabeckstr. 36a, 14195

• indicates the formation of rather large structures different from a simple sphere-like micelle. To verify and characterize the assembly of our peptides into higher-order structures, we studied exemplarily the organization of C18-PeBGF by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy

• , indicating not only binding to viruses but also aggregation of viruses caused by the inhibitors (Figure 3). Jones et al. suggested that the inhibitory mechanism of action of EB is based on its viral aggregation potential, which has been supported by density gradient and electron microscopy analysis [15

Formulation development, stability and anticancer efficacy of core-shell cyclodextrin nanocapsules for oral chemotherapy with camptothecin

• Hale Ünal,
• Naile Öztürk and
• Erem Bilensoy

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 204–212, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.22

• permeability. The CD nanocapsules were imaged by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The concentration of CPT entrapped in nanocapsules was determined by reversed phase HPLC. The in vitro release study of CPT was performed with a dialysis bag method under sink conditions mimicking the gastric and intestinal pH

Thermal and oxidative stability of the Ocimum basilicum L. essential oil/β-cyclodextrin supramolecular system

• Daniel I. Hădărugă,
• Nicoleta G. Hădărugă,
• Corina I. Costescu,
• Ioan David and
• Alexandra T. Gruia

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2809–2820, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.298

• complexation process, was 74.2%. This relatively high recovery yield for the β-CD complex can be explained by the lower water (as well as ethanol/water) solubility. The quality of the essential oil/β-CD complex formation was sustained by the morphology of the complex crystals, evaluated by scanning electron

• microscopy, SEM (Inspect S, voltage of 25 kV, magnification of 3000–12000×, focus of 10–14.1 mm; see Supporting Information File 1). Rhombohedral prisms with dimensions up to ten micrometers for O. basilicum L. essential oil/β-CD complex were obtained. The relative concentration of the main compounds of the

Detonation nanodiamonds biofunctionalization and immobilization to titanium alloy surfaces as first steps towards medical application

• Juliana P. L. Gonçalves,
• Afnan Q. Shaikh,
• Manuela Reitzig,
• Daria A. Kovalenko,
• Jan Michael,
• René Beutner,
• Gianaurelio Cuniberti,
• Dieter Scharnweber and
• Jörg Opitz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2765–2773, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.293

• modified titanium alloys surfaces by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The process described shows an adsorption and immobilization of modified nanodiamonds on titanium; where aminosilanized nanodiamonds coupled with O-phosphorylethanolamine show a homogeneous interaction with the titanium

• -PEA. Immobilization of DND Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the surface morphology of titanium samples coated with previously functionalized nanodiamonds. DND before and after functionalization were used to evaluate the improvement on the interaction of DND with the titanium

• functionalization with O-PEA (image h), compared to the unmodified DND (image b). STEM (scanning transmission electron microscopy) investigation of a FIB (focused ion beam) cut reveals a well-defined layer system as shown in Figure 5, for the immobilized aminosilanized DND 6 adsorbed to air formed oxide layer of

Linear-g-hyperbranched and cyclodextrin-based amphiphilic block copolymer as a multifunctional nanocarrier

• Yamei Zhao,
• Wei Tian,
• Guang Yang and
• Xiaodong Fan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2696–2703, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.284

• –hydrophilic interactions between the inner core and the outer shell. The micelles were prepared by directly adding water to a DMF solution of P3 until the required amount of water for micelle formation was reached. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements were

Encapsulation of biocides by cyclodextrins: toward synergistic effects against pathogens

• Véronique Nardello-Rataj and
• Loïc Leclercq

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2603–2622, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.273

• demonstrating the interaction between the hydroxyl groups of the β-CD and the nanoparticles’ surface was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. Transmission electron microscopy images showed pseudo-spherical nanoparticles (Ø ≈ 28.0 nm). The authors characterized the β-CD layer surrounding the nanoparticles by a novel

• complementary analytical electron microscopy based on electron spectroscopy imaging in the transmission microscope. The existence of a uniform and interacting β-CD layer covering the nanoparticles (i.e., the presence of carbon and oxygen atoms was detected in the surface) was unambiguously proved. Finally, the

Supercritical carbon dioxide: a solvent like no other

• Jocelyn Peach and
• Julian Eastoe

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1878–1895, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.196

• and HAuCl4 were solubilised within the IL domains, which were shown to be spherical micelles by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The group also observed an increase in Ptrans with increased w value, as expected (w = 0.1–0.8) [54]. Chandran et al. have mapped the formation of reverse IL micelles

Improving the reactivity of phenylacetylene macrocycles toward topochemical polymerization by side chains modification

• Simon Rondeau-Gagné,
• Jules Roméo Néabo,
• Maxime Daigle,
• Katy Cantin and
• Jean-François Morin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1613–1619, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.167

• the xerogel state to form polydiacetylenes (PDAs), leading to a significant enhancement of the polymerization yields. The organogels and the PDAs were characterized using Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Keywords: carbon nanomaterials; organogels

• heating the gel from 223 to 298 K, an endotherm was observed in both cases, which is closely related to the melting point of free cyclohexane [39]. To explore the morphology of the structures created during the gel formation, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed on PAM2 only since PAM3 did not

• to PAM3. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of PAM2 xerogel in cyclohexane (10 mg/mL). Scales are a) 1 μm and b) 0.5 μm. UV–vis spectrum of PAM2 before (black) and after (red) polymerization (PDA). Background-corrected Raman spectra of PAM2 (red) and the blue material obtained after UV

Glycosystems in nanotechnology: Gold glyconanoparticles as carrier for anti-HIV prodrugs

• Fabrizio Chiodo,
• Marco Marradi,
• Javier Calvo,
• Eloisa Yuste and
• Soledad Penadés

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1339–1346, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.136

• GNPs water-dispersion that was also used for the cellular experiments. The GNPs dimension was evaluated by electron microscopy (Supporting Information File 1) showing an average gold diameter of ~3 nm. The GNPs contain around 10% of ABC or 3TC were analysed by HPLC and mass spectrometry (see next

• ; d, doublet; t, triplet; q, quartet; m, multiplet. For transmission electron microscopy (TEM) examinations, a single drop (10 µL) of an aqueous solution (ca. 0.1 mg/mL in milli-Q water) of drugs-GNPs was placed onto an ultrathin carbon film (<3 nm thickness) supported by a lacey carbon film on a 400

Polyglycerol-functionalized nanodiamond as a platform for gene delivery: Derivatization, characterization, and hybridization with DNA

• Li Zhao,
• Yuki Nakae,
• Hongmei Qin,
• Tadamasa Ito,
• Takahide Kimura,
• Hideto Kojima,
• Lawrence Chan and
• Naoki Komatsu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 707–713, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.64

• determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) using a Nanotrac UPA-UT151 system (Microtrac, Inc.). 1H NMR spectra (270 MHz) were recorded on a JEOL Model JNM-EX270 spectrometer. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) was performed on a JEOL JSM-7500F field emission scanning electron microscope at 25

• kV accelerating voltage for the TEM model. All samples for electron microscopy were prepared by evaporating one drop (~50 µL) of samples on ultrathin carbon-coated copper grids. Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) were carried out by a Q-50 analyzer (TA instruments) with a heating rate of 20 °C/min

Charge-transfer interaction mediated organogels from 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid appended pyrene

• Jun Hu,
• Jindan Wu,
• Qian Wang and
• Yong Ju

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2877–2885, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.324

• in the formation of CT gels is demonstrated through the formation of gels in a variety of solvents. Thermal stability, stoichiometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical micrographs, and circular dichroism (CD) are performed on these CT gels to investigate their thermal and assembly

• acceptor in these CT gels. Microscopic study Generally, it is believed that the gelation system is the result of a gelator network formed during the cooling or shaking process [52]. The morphology of the xerogels obtained from CT gels was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in order to

• -component CT interaction induced an organogel formation based on 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid–pyrene conjugate 3 and 2,4,7-trinitrofluorenone (TNF, 4). Their thermal and assembly properties were studied by thermal stability, stoichiometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical micrographs, and circular

Self-assembly of 2,3-dihydroxycholestane steroids into supramolecular organogels as a soft template for the in-situ generation of silicate nanomaterials

• Valeria C. Edelsztein,
• Andrea S. Mac Cormack,
• Matías Ciarlantini and
• Pablo H. Di Chenna

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.213

• diffraction measurements: Diffraction patterns were obtained by using a Siemens D5000 diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.54056 Å), the stepsize was 0.025° with a measurement time of 6 s per step. Scanning electron microscopy: SEM measurements were performed in a similar manner as described in [25

Molecular assembly of amino acid interlinked, topologically symmetric, π-complementary donor–acceptor–donor triads

• M. B. Avinash,
• K. V. Sandeepa and
• T. Govindaraju

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1565–1571, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.178

• strong aromatic stacking (see Supporting Information File 1). Remarkably 1, 2 and 3 form free floating aggregates within a couple of hours in aqueous DMSO and aqueous NMP (Figure 2). These free floating aggregates were subjected to morphological studies using field emission scanning electron microscopy

A³-Coupling catalyzed by robust Au nanoparticles covalently bonded to HS-functionalized cellulose nanocrystalline films

• Jian-Lin Huang,
• Derek G. Gray and
• Chao-Jun Li

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1388–1396, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.155

• and analysis procedure. Acknowledgements The work was supported by a team grant from Fonds de recherche sur la nature et les technologies Québec. We thank Dr. X. D. Liu, of the Facility for Electron Microscopy (FEMR) for TEM imaging.

Linkage of α-cyclodextrin-terminated poly(dimethylsiloxanes) by inclusion of quasi bifunctional ferrocene

• Helmut Ritter,
• Berit Knudsen and
• Valerij Durnev

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1278–1284, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.144

• of 1H NMR and IR spectroscopy and by mass spectrometry. Electron microscopy studies and dynamic light scattering measurements show a significant decrease of the derivative size after the complexation with ferrocene. In addition, further evidence for the successful complexation of the end groups was

Simple and rapid hydrogenation of p-nitrophenol with aqueous formic acid in catalytic flow reactors

• Rahat Javaid,
• Shin-ichiro Kawasaki,
• Akira Suzuki and
• Toshishige M. Suzuki

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1156–1163, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.129

• emission spectroscopy (ICP–AES, Model SPS 3100; SII Nano Technology Inc.). The morphology of the inner surface of the catalytic tubular reactors was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX, XL30S; Philips Co.). UV–vis absorption spectra were

C–C Bond formation catalyzed by natural gelatin and collagen proteins

• Dennis Kühbeck,
• Basab Bijayi Dhar,
• Eva-Maria Schön,
• Carlos Cativiela,
• Vicente Gotor-Fernández and
• David Díaz Díaz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1111–1118, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.123

• -emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images of the biocatalysts associated faster reactions with porous fibrilar morphologies and slower kinetics with thicker and close-grained surfaces (Figure 3). These results suggest that the morphology and/or physical state of the proteins play an important

The conjugation of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) to small peptides for generating multifunctional supramolecular nanofibers/hydrogels

• Jiayang Li,
• Yi Kuang,
• Junfeng Shi,
• Yuan Gao,
• Jie Zhou and
• Bing Xu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 908–917, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.104

• self-assembly in water. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) In addition to the macroscopic phase transition such as hydrogelation, another hallmark of molecular self-assembly in water is the formation of ordered nanostructures (e.g., nanofibers or nanoparticles). As revealed by the TEM images

A peptidic hydrogel that may behave as a “Trojan Horse”

• Nicola Castellucci,
• Giorgio Sartor,
• Natalia Calonghi,
• Carola Parolin,
• Giuseppe Falini and
• Claudia Tomasini

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 417–424, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.44

• , were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Hydrogel 1 is a strong and thermoreversible gel (Figure 1a) with its melting point at 45 °C. The XRD pattern from the hydrogel 1, collected at 100 K, is characterized by the presence of diffraction rings at low angle

• (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The OM images were collected by using an optical microscope (Leica) equipped with a CCD camera. SEM images of xerogels were collected after gluing the samples on a carbon tape and observed directly in a Phenom microscope (FEI) without any

• ) Scanning electron microscopy images of a xerogel 1 film fragment. In the inset a low magnification view of the xerogel film fragments is shown. (b) Powder XRD pattern of a powered sample of xerogel 1. Low–medium-angle XRD patterns obtained in geometries having the X-ray beam normal (c) and parallel (d) to