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Search for "thermodynamics" in Full Text gives 83 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry.
Influence of intramolecular hydrogen bonds on the binding potential of methylated β-cyclodextrin derivatives
- Gerhard Wenz
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1890–1895, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.218
- . Structural drawing of β-CD [43], according to structural data (CSD-ID BUVSEQ03) from Zabel et al. [38], generated by VMD 1.8.4 showing the intramolecular hydrogen bonds between OH-3 and O-2. Thermodynamics of the inclusion of 4-tert-butyl-benzoate in β-cyclodextrin 1 and its methyl derivatives 2–6
- . Thermodynamics of the inclusion of adamantane-1-carboxylate in β-cyclodextrin 1 and its methyl derivatives 2–6. List of the methylated β-CD derivatives used in this contribution. Acknowledgements The author thanks Andreas Steffen for drawing the structure of β-CD (Figure 3), and Annegret Engelke for performing
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Structures of the methylated β-CD derivatives investigated.
Figure 2: Temperature dependence of −TΔS°, ΔH° and ΔG° for the inclusion of 1-adamantane carboxylate in hepta...
Figure 3: Structural drawing of β-CD [43], according to structural data (CSD-ID BUVSEQ03) from Zabel et al. [38], gen...
Synthesis and evaluation of new guanidine-thiourea organocatalyst for the nitro-Michael reaction: Theoretical studies on mechanism and enantioselectivity
- Tatyana E. Shubina,
- Matthias Freund,
- Sebastian Schenker,
- Timothy Clark and
- Svetlana B. Tsogoeva
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1485–1498, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.168
- and H-transfer. The thermodynamics of both routes are comparable at all levels. Once ternary complex Init10 is formed, there are few C–C bond-forming pathways. Based on the extensive conformational search, we were able to find eleven competing transition states (Figure 3 and Figure 4), six of which
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Synthesis of guanidine-thiourea organocatalyst 7.
Scheme 2: Henry reaction of 3-phenylpropionaldehyde (8) with nitromethane (9).
Scheme 3: Michael addition of (12) and (14) to trans-β-nitrostyrene (11).
Figure 1: Optimized geometries of four conformers of catalyst 7. Energies are in kcal·mol−1, B3PW91/6–31G(d) ...
Scheme 4: Energy profile for the first step of the reaction between catalyst 7 and malonate 14. Energies are ...
Figure 2: Complexes (CatN1–CatN5) between catalyst 7 and nitrostyrene 11. Energies are in kcal·mol−1, B3PW91/...
Scheme 5: Two possible routes for ternary complex formation. Energies are in kcal·mol−1, B3PW91/6–31G(d) (fir...
Figure 3: Geometries of transition states for R and S products. Relative energies (with respect to Init10) ar...
Figure 4: Geometries of transition states for R and S products. Relative energies (with respect to Init10) ar...
Figure 5: B3PW91/6–31G(d) (first entry), DFT-PCM (second entry), MP2/6–31G(d)//B3PW91/6–31G(d) (third entry) ...
Figure 6: Geometries of transition states for R and S products with 7-TABD catalyst. Relative energies (to In...
On the mechanism of action of gated molecular baskets: The synchronicity of the revolving motion of gates and in/out trafficking of guests
- Keith Hermann,
- Stephen Rieth,
- Hashem A. Taha,
- Bao-Yu Wang,
- Christopher M. Hadad and
- Jovica D. Badjić
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 90–99, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.9
- thermodynamics of CH3CCl3 (2) entering and leaving the gated molecular basket 1. We found that the encapsulation is first-order in basket 1 and guest 2, while the decomplexation is zeroth-order in the guest. Importantly, the interchange mechanism in which a molecule of CH3CCl3 directly displaces the entrapped
- trap CH3CCl3 (2) as a guest, and we hereby elaborate on the equilibrium thermodynamics of the recognition event (Figure 2). The incremental addition of 2 to a CD2Cl2 solution of 1 (0.67 mM, 298.0 K) caused considerable 1H NMR chemical shifts of the resonances corresponding to the presence of the basket
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Chemical structure of gated molecular basket 1 and 1,1,1-trichloroethane (2). Electrostatic potenti...
Figure 2: (Left): 1H NMR spectra (400 MHZ, CD2Cl2) of 1 (0.67 mM) obtained upon incremental addition of 1,1,1...
Figure 3: Chemically equivalent CH3 protons (black) in 1,1,1-trichloroethane (2) alter their magnetic environ...
Figure 4: Nonlinear least-squares fitting (SigmaPlot) of magnetization rate constants k*in (2-D EXSY, 250.0 ±...
Figure 5: (A): Nonlinear least-squares fitting of 1H NMR signal intensities (Iin/out) of [CH3CCl3]in/out as f...
Figure 6: (A) Four different trajectories were used for examining the departure of CH3CCl3 guest from basket 1...
Figure 7: (A) The interconversion of conformational enantiomers 1A and 1B, having anticlockwise and clockwise...
Figure 8: The departure of CH3CCl3 from 1A–CH3CCl3 gives rise to the less stable 1–CD2Cl2, which upon entrapm...
Figure 9: (A): Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters [13,14] characterizing the departure of isosteric guests 3–7 fro...
(How) does 1,3,5-triethylbenzene scaffolding work? Analyzing the abilities of 1,3,5-triethylbenzene- and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene-based scaffolds to preorganize the binding elements of supramolecular hosts and to improve binding of targets
- Xing Wang and
- Fraser Hof
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1–10, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.1
- rotational barriers Although kinetics has no bearing on binding thermodynamics, we sought also to understand computationally the dynamics of these different hosts. Molecular-dynamics simulations carried out at 300 K showed little or no dynamic exchange of conformations. Simulations carried out at the
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: a) The global minimum-energy conformation for hexaethylbenzene reveals the basis for steric gearing...
Figure 2: Structures of hosts discussed in this manuscript. R = H, Me, or Et.
Figure 3: Generalized structural fragments used for mining the Cambridge Structure Database. R = Me and Et, X...
Figure 4: a) Structures used to calculate energy profiles at the starting geometry. b) An example of an energ...
Highly efficient cyclosarin degradation mediated by a β-cyclodextrin derivative containing an oxime-derived substituent
- Michael Zengerle,
- Florian Brandhuber,
- Christian Schneider,
- Franz Worek,
- Georg Reiter and
- Stefan Kubik
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 1543–1554, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.182
- magnitude higher. More detailed information about the kinetics and thermodynamics of the reaction could be obtained by following the dependency of the rate of reaction on the GF concentration (Michaelis–Menten kinetics). These measurements are, however, demanding in light of the complexity of the currently
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Schematic representation of the general structural design of the investigated cyclodextrin derivati...
Scheme 1: Structure of cyclosarin (GF).
Scheme 2: Cyclodextrin derivatives tested as potential GF scavengers.
Scheme 3: General strategies used for the preparation of the investigated cyclodextrin derivatives.
Scheme 4: Reaction conditions used for the preparation of cyclodextrin derivatives 1a–e from tosylate 3.
Scheme 5: Synthesis of 3-(aminomethyl)benzaldehyde oxime (5). Reagents and conditions: i. NaBH4, EtOH, 1 h, 2...
Scheme 6: Synthesis of 3-((hydroxyimino)methyl)-1-(prop-2-ynyl)pyridinium bromide (6). Reagents and condition...
Scheme 7: Syntheses of 6-ethynyl-formylpyridine oximes (7a–c). Reagents and conditions: i. CuI, (PPh3)2PdCl2,...
Scheme 8: Reaction conditions used for the preparation of cyclodextrin derivatives 2a–d from azide 4.
Figure 2: Diagram summarizing the observed Δk1 values for cyclodextrins 1a–e and 2a–d. For comparison, the re...
Figure 3: Time-dependent decrease of GF concentration in the presence of 1b (top row), 1c (middle row), and 2a...
Scheme 9: Schematic protocol for the qualitative assay.
Scheme 10: Schematic protocol of the quantitative assay.
The intriguing modeling of cis–trans selectivity in ruthenium-catalyzed olefin metathesis
- Naeimeh Bahri-Laleh,
- Raffaele Credendino and
- Luigi Cavallo
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 40–45, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.7
- kcal·mol−1, since the gas-phase rotational/translational entropy of coordination from classical statistical thermodynamics is generally considered to overestimate the coordination entropy in solution. The –TΔS contribution of 10 kcal·mol−1 is the experimental coordination entropy of C2H4 to a Pd-complex
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Possible products resulting from the CM of terminal olefins.
Scheme 2: Representation of the reactions investigated.
Figure 1: Reaction profile for the formation of cis- and trans-2-butene.
Stereoselectivity of supported alkene metathesis catalysts: a goal and a tool to characterize active sites
- Christophe Copéret
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 13–21, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.3
- ][17][18]; one of the most important and difficult targets is the control of the configuration of the double bond, the E- and Z-selectivity. Most often, high selectivity is only obtained for specific substrates, where thermodynamics favour one isomer, often that with an E-configured double bond
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Alkene metathesis mechanism.
Scheme 2: Metathesis possibilities.
Scheme 3: Metathesis with Re-based alumina supported catalysts.
Figure 1: (E/Z) ratio as a function of conversion. a) MeReO3 supported on alumina and b) MeReO3 supported on ...
Scheme 4: Alkene selectivity of metathesis reactions.
Scheme 5: Hybrid organic–inorganic catalyst containing a Ru–NHC unit.
Molecular recognition of organic ammonium ions in solution using synthetic receptors
- Andreas Späth and
- Burkhard König
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, No. 32, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.32
- encapsulation [116] (Figure 7). On inclusion in the cavity of the cryptand, the guest is shielded by three or more polyether bridges. As a result of this encapsulation, cryptands form more stable complexes than coronands (Ka = 106 for NH4+ in methanol at 25 °C). In addition, solution thermodynamics of amino
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Biologically important amines and quaternary ammonium salts: histamine (1), dopamine (2) and acetyl...
Figure 2: Crown ether 18-crown-6.
Figure 3: Conformations of 18-crown-6 (4) in solvents of different polarity.
Figure 4: Binding topologies of the ammonium ion depending on the crown ring size.
Figure 5: A “pseudorotaxane” structure consisting of 24-crown-8 and a secondary ammonium ion (5); R = Ph.
Figure 6: Typical examples of azacrown ethers, cryptands and related aza macrocycles.
Figure 7: Binding of ammonium to azacrown ethers and cryptands [111-113].
Figure 8: A 19-crown-6-ether with decalino blocking groups (11) and a thiazole-dibenzo-18-crown-6-ether (12).
Figure 9: 1,3-Bis(6-oxopyridazin-1-yl)propane derivatives 13 and 14 by Campayo et al.
Figure 10: Fluorescent azacrown-PET-sensors based on coumarin.
Figure 11: Two different pyridino-cryptands (17 and 18) compared to a pyridino-crown (19); chiral ammonium ion...
Figure 12: Pyridino-18-crown-6 ligand (21), a similar acridino-18-crown-6 ligand (22) and a structurally relat...
Figure 13: Ciral pyridine-azacrown ether receptors 24.
Figure 14: Chiral 15-crown-5 receptors 26 and an analogue 18-crown-6 ligand 27 derived from amino alcohols.
Figure 15: C2-symmetric chiral 18-crown-6 amino alcohol derivatives 28 and related macrocycles.
Figure 16: Macrocycles with diamide-diester groups (30).
Figure 17: C2-symmetric chiral aza-18-crown-6 ethers (31) with phenethylamine residues.
Figure 18: Chiral C-pivot p-methoxy-phenoxy-lariat ethers.
Figure 19: Chiral lariat crown ether 34.
Figure 20: Sucrose-based chiral crown ether receptors 36.
Figure 21: Permethylated fructooligosaccharide 37 showing induced-fit chiral recognition.
Figure 22: Biphenanthryl-18-crown-6 derivative 38.
Figure 23: Chiral lariat crown ethers derived from binol by Fuji et al.
Figure 24: Chiral phenolic crown ether 41 with “aryl chiral barriers” and guest amines.
Figure 25: Chiral bis-crown receptor 43 with a meso-ternaphthalene backbone.
Figure 26: Chromogenic pH-dependent bis-crown chemosensor 44 for diamines.
Figure 27: Triamine guests for binding to receptor 44.
Figure 28: Chiral bis-crown phenolphthalein chemosensors 46.
Figure 29: Crown ether amino acid 47.
Figure 30: Luminescent receptor 48 for bis-alkylammonium guests.
Figure 31: Luminescent CEAA (49a), a bis-CEAA receptor for amino acids (49b) and the structure of lysine bindi...
Figure 32: Luminescent CEAA tripeptide for binding small peptides.
Figure 33: Bis crown ether 51a self assembles co-operatively with C60-ammonium ion 51b.
Figure 34: Triptycene-based macrotricyclic dibenzo-[24]-crown-8 ether host 52 and guests.
Figure 35: Copper imido diacetic acid azacrown receptor 53a and the suggested His-Lys binding motif; a copper ...
Figure 36: Urea (54) and thiourea (55) benzo crown receptor for transport and extraction of amino acids.
Figure 37: Crown pyryliums ion receptors 56 for amino acids.
Figure 38: Ditopic sulfonamide bridged crown ether receptor 57.
Figure 39: Luminescent peptide receptor 58.
Figure 40: Luminescent receptor 59 for the detection of D-glucosamine hydrochloride in water/ethanol and lumin...
Figure 41: Guanidinium azacrown receptor 61 for simple amino acids and ditopic receptor 62 with crown ether an...
Figure 42: Chiral bicyclic guanidinium azacrown receptor 63 and similar receptor 64 for the enantioselective t...
Figure 43: Receptors for zwitterionic species based on luminescent CEAAs.
Figure 44: 1,10-Azacrown ethers with sugar podand arms and the anticancer agent busulfan.
Figure 45: Benzo-18-crown-6 modified β-cyclodextrin 69 and β-cyclodextrin functionalized with diaza-18-crown-6...
Figure 46: Receptors for colorimetric detection of primary and secondary ammonium ions.
Figure 47: Porphyrine-crown-receptors 72.
Figure 48: Porphyrin-crown ether conjugate 73 and fullerene-ammonium ion guest 74.
Figure 49: Calix[4]arene (75a), homooxocalix[4]arene (75b) and resorcin[4]arene (75c) compared (R = H, alkyl c...
Figure 50: Calix[4]arene and ammonium ion guest (R = H, alkyl, OAcyl etc.), possible binding sites; A: co-ordi...
Figure 51: Typical guests for studies with calixarenes and related molecules.
Figure 52: Lower rim modified p-tert-butylcalix[5]arenes 82.
Figure 53: The first example of a water soluble calixarene.
Figure 54: Sulfonated water soluble calix[n]arenes that bind ammonium ions.
Figure 55: Displacement assay for acetylcholine (3) with a sulfonato-calix[6]arene (84b).
Figure 56: Amino acid inclusion in p-sulfonatocalix[4]arene (84a).
Figure 57: Calixarene receptor family 86 with upper and lower rim functionalization.
Figure 58: Calix[6]arenes 87 with one carboxylic acid functionality.
Figure 59: Sulfonated calix[n]arenes with mono-substitution at the lower rim systematically studied on their r...
Figure 60: Cyclotetrachromotropylene host (91) and its binding to lysine (81c).
Figure 61: Calixarenes 92 and 93 with phosphonic acids groups.
Figure 62: Calix[4]arene tetraphosphonic acid (94a) and a double bridged analogue (94b).
Figure 63: Calix[4]arene tetraphosphonic acid ester (92c) for surface recognition experiments.
Figure 64: Calixarene receptors 95 with α-aminophosphonate groups.
Figure 65: A bridged homocalix[3]arene 95 and a distally bridged homocalix[4]crown 96.
Figure 66: Homocalix[3]arene ammonium ion receptor 97a and the Reichardt’s dye (97b) for colorimetric assays.
Figure 67: Chromogenic diazo-bridged calix[4]arene 98.
Figure 68: Calixarene receptor 99 by Huang et al.
Figure 69: Calixarenes 100 reported by Parisi et al.
Figure 70: Guest molecules for inclusion in calixarenes 100: DAP × 2 HCl (101a), APA (101b) and Lys-OMe × 2 HC...
Figure 71: Different N-linked peptido-calixarenes open and with glycol chain bridges.
Figure 72: (S)-1,1′-Bi-2-naphthol calixarene derivative 104 published by Kubo et al.
Figure 73: A chiral ammonium-ion receptor 105 based on the calix[4]arene skeleton.
Figure 74: R-/S-phenylalaninol functionalized calix[6]arenes 106a and 106b.
Figure 75: Capped homocalix[3]arene ammonium ion receptor 107.
Figure 76: Two C3 symmetric capped calix[6]arenes 108 and 109.
Figure 77: Phosphorous-containing rigidified calix[6]arene 110.
Figure 78: Calix[6]azacryptand 111.
Figure 79: Further substituted calix[6]azacryptands 112.
Figure 80: Resorcin[4]arene (75c) and the cavitands (113).
Figure 81: Tetrasulfonatomethylcalix[4]resorcinarene (114).
Figure 82: Resorcin[4]arenes (115a/b) and pyrogallo[4]arenes (115c, 116).
Figure 83: Displacement assay for acetylcholine (3) with tetracyanoresorcin[4]arene (117).
Figure 84: Tetramethoxy resorcinarene mono-crown-5 (118).
Figure 85: Components of a resorcinarene based displacement assay for ammonium ions.
Figure 86: Chiral basket resorcin[4]arenas 121.
Figure 87: Resorcinarenes with deeper cavitand structure (122).
Figure 88: Resorcinarene with partially open deeper cavitand structure (123).
Figure 89: Water-stabilized deep cavitands with partially structure (124, 125).
Figure 90: Charged cavitands 126 for tetralkylammonium ions.
Figure 91: Ditopic calix[4]arene receptor 127 capped with glycol chains.
Figure 92: A calix[5]arene dimer for diammonium salt recognition.
Figure 93: Calixarene parts 92c and 129 for the formation molecular capsules.
Figure 94: Encapsulation of a quaternary ammonium cation by two resorcin[4]arene molecules (NMe4+@[75c]2 × Cl−...
Figure 95: Encapsulation of a quaternary ammonium cation by six resorcin[4]arene molecules (NMe3D+@[130]6 × Cl−...
Figure 96: Structure and schematic of cucurbit[6]uril (CB[6], 131a).
Figure 97: Cyclohexanocucurbit[6]uril (CB′[6], 132) and the guest molecule spermine (133).
Figure 98: α,α,δ,δ-Tetramethylcucurbit[6]uril (134).
Figure 99: Structure of the cucurbituril-phthalhydrazide analogue 135.
Figure 100: Organic cavities for the displacement assay for amine differentiation.
Figure 101: Displacement assay methodology for diammonium- and related guests involving cucurbiturils and some ...
Figure 102: Nor-seco-Cucurbituril (±)-bis-ns-CB[6] (140) and guest molecules.
Figure 103: The cucurbit[6]uril based complexes 141 for chiral discrimination.
Figure 104: Cucurbit[7]uril (131c) and its ferrocene guests (142) opposed.
Figure 105: Cucurbit[7]uril (131c) guest inclusion and representative guests.
Figure 106: Cucurbit[7]uril (131c) binding to succinylcholine (145) and different bis-ammonium and bis-phosphon...
Figure 107: Paraquat-cucurbit[8]uril complex 149.
Figure 108: Gluconuril-based ammonium receptors 150.
Figure 109: Examples of clefts (151a), tweezers (151b, 151c, 151d) and clips (151e).
Figure 110: Kemp’s triacid (152a), on example of Rebek’s receptors (152b) and guests.
Figure 111: Amino acid receptor (154) by Rebek et al.
Figure 112: Hexagonal lattice designed hosts by Bell et al.
Figure 113: Bell’s amidinium receptor (156) and the amidinium ion (157).
Figure 114: Aromatic phosphonic acids.
Figure 115: Xylene phosphonates 159 and 160a/b for recognition of amines and amino alcohols.
Figure 116: Bisphosphonate recognition motif 161 for a colorimetric assay with alizarin complexone (163) for ca...
Figure 117: Bisphosphonate/phosphate clip 164 and bisphosphonate cleft 165.
Figure 118: N-Methylpyrazine 166a, N-methylnicotinamide iodide (166b) and NAD+ (166c).
Figure 119: Bisphosphate cavitands.
Figure 120: Bisphosphonate 167 of Schrader and Finocchiaro.
Figure 121: Tweezer 168 for noradrenaline (80b).
Figure 122: Different tripods and heparin (170).
Figure 123: Squaramide based receptors 172.
Figure 124: Cage like NH4+ receptor 173 of Kim et al.
Figure 125: Ammonium receptors 174 of Chin et al.
Figure 126: 2-Oxazolin-based ammonium receptors 175a–d and 176 by Ahn et al.
Figure 127: Racemic guest molecules 177.
Figure 128: Tripods based on a imidazole containing macrocycle (178) and the guest molecules employed in the st...
Figure 129: Ammonium ion receptor 180.
Figure 130: Tetraoxa[3.3.3.3]paracyclophanes 181 and a cyclophanic tetraester (182).
Figure 131: Peptidic bridged paraquat-cyclophane.
Figure 132: Shape-selective noradrenaline host.
Figure 133: Receptor 185 for binding of noradrenaline on surface layers from Schrader et al.
Figure 134: Tetraphosphonate receptor for binding of noradrenaline.
Figure 135: Tetraphosphonate 187 of Schrader and Finocchiaro.
Figure 136: Zinc-Porphyrin ammonium-ion receptors 188 and 189 of Mizutani et al.
Figure 137: Zinc porphyrin receptor 190.
Figure 138: Zinc porphyrin receptors 191 capable of amino acid binding.
Figure 139: Zinc-porphyrins with amino acid side chains for stereoinduction.
Figure 140: Bis-zinc-bis-porphyrin based on Tröger’s base 193.
Figure 141: BINAP-zinc-prophyrin derivative 194 and it’s guests.
Figure 142: Bisaryl-linked-zinc-porphyrin receptors.
Figure 143: Bis-zinc-porphyrin 199 for diamine recognition and guests.
Figure 144: Bis-zinc-porphyrin crown ether 201.
Figure 145: Bis-zinc-porphyrin 202 for stereodiscrimination (L = large substituent; S = small substituent).
Figure 146: Bis-zinc-porphyrin[3]rotaxane and its copper complex and guests.
Figure 147: Dien-bipyridyl ligand 206 for co-ordination of two metal atoms.
Figure 148: The ligand and corresponding tetradentate co-complex 207 serving as enantioselective receptor for a...
Figure 149: Bis(oxazoline)–copper(II) complex 208 for the recognition of amino acids in aqueous solution.
Figure 150: Zinc-salen-complexes 209 for the recognition tertiary amines.
Figure 151: Bis(oxazoline)–copper(II) 211 for the recognition of amino acids in aqueous solution.
Figure 152: Zn(II)-complex of a C2 terpyridine crown ether.
Figure 153: Displacement assay and receptor for aspartate over glutamate.
Figure 154: Chiral complex 214 for a colorimetric displacement assay for amino acids.
Figure 155: Metal complex receptor 215 with tripeptide side arms.
Figure 156: A sandwich complex 216 and its displaceable dye 217.
Figure 157: Lanthanide complexes 218–220 for amino acid recognition.
Figure 158: Nonactin (221), valinomycin (222) and vancomycin (223).
Figure 159: Monesin (224a) and a chiral analogue for enantiodiscrimination of ammonium guests (224b).
Figure 160: Chiral podands (226) compared to pentaglyme-dimethylether (225) and 18-crown-6 (4).
Figure 161: Lasalocid A (228).
Figure 162: Lasalocid derivatives (230) of Sessler et al.
Figure 163: The Coporphyrin I tetraanion (231).
Figure 164: Linear and cyclic peptides for ammonium ion recognition.
Figure 165: Cyclic and bicyclic depsipeptides for ammonium ion recognition.
Figure 166: α-Cyclodextrin (136a) and novocaine (236).
Figure 167: Helical diol receptor 237 by Reetz and Sostmann.
Figure 168: Ammonium binding spherand by Cram et al. (238a) and the cyclic[6]metaphenylacetylene 238b in compar...
Figure 169: Receptor for peptide backbone and ammonium binding (239).
Figure 170: Anion sensor principle with 3-hydroxy-2-naphthanilide of Jiang et al.
Figure 171: 7-bromo-3-hydroxy-N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)naphthalene 2-carboxamide (241) and its amine binding.
Figure 172: Naturally occurring catechins with affinity to quaternary ammonium ions.
Figure 173: Spiropyran (244) and merocyanine form (244a) of the amino acid receptors of Fuji et al.
Figure 174: Coumarin aldehyde (245) and its iminium species with amino acid bound (245a) by Glass et al.
Figure 175: Coumarin aldehyde appended with boronic acid.
Figure 176: Quinolone aldehyde dimers by Glass et al.
Figure 177: Chromogenic ammonium ion receptors with trifluoroacetophenone recognition motifs.
Figure 178: Chromogenic ammonium ion receptor with trifluoroacetophenone recognition motif bound on different m...
