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Search for "β-cyclodextrin" in Full Text gives 134 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry.
Advances in synthetic approach to and antifungal activity of triazoles
- Kumari Shalini,
- Nitin Kumar,
- Sushma Drabu and
- Pramod Kumar Sharma
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 668–677, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.79
- failure, its excretion is not affected. Its i.v. preparation is solubilized in sulfobutyl ether β-cyclodextrin sodium, which is secreted by the kidneys [52]. Voriconazole interacts with drugs that are substrates of cytochrome P450 3A4 (terfenadine, cisapride, etc.), by increasing their serum levels. It
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Isomeric forms of triazole.
Scheme 1: Copper catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition.
Scheme 2: Ruthenium catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition.
Scheme 3: Copper-sulfate catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition.
Scheme 4: Azide–dimethylbut-2-yne-dioate cycloaddition.
Figure 2: Triazole compound 3 with most potent antifugal activity against various strains [20].
Figure 3: Triazole compounds 4 and 5 showing antifungal activity against Candida albicans [31].
Figure 4: Triazole compound 6 with the highest activity against Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus versicolor, A...
Figure 5: Triazole compound 7 exhibiting an MIC of 25 µg/mL against Aspergillus niger [33].
Figure 6: Triazole compound 8 showing the most significant activity against Aspergillus niger and Fusarium ox...
Figure 7: Ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitor pathway.
Figure 8: Fluconazole (9).
Figure 9: Itraconazole (10).
Figure 10: Voriconazole (11).
Figure 11: Posaconazole (12).
Figure 12: Ravuconazole (13).
The arene–alkene photocycloaddition
- Ursula Streit and
- Christian G. Bochet
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 525–542, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.61
- chiral cavity (β-cyclodextrin) affords the photocycloaddition product in 17% ee (Scheme 15) [52]. Further diversification Meta photocycloaddition can be considered as very regio- and stereoselective if the appropriate substituents are chosen. The only reaction step notoriously lacking regioselectivity is
- tether at position 2. Enantioselective meta photocycloaddition in β-cyclodextrin cavity. Vinylcyclopropane–cyclopentene rearrangement. Further diversification possibilities of the meta photocycloaddition product. Double [3 + 2] photocycloaddition reaction affording fenestrane. Total synthesis of
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Photochemistry of benzene.
Scheme 2: Three distinct modes of photocycloaddition of arenes to alkenes.
Scheme 3: Mode selectivity with respect of the free enthalpy of the radical ion pair formation.
Scheme 4: Photocycloaddition shows lack of mode selectivity.
Scheme 5: Mechanism of the meta photocycloaddition.
Scheme 6: Evidence of biradiacal involved in meta photocycloaddition by Reedich and Sheridan.
Scheme 7: Regioselectivity with electron withdrawing and electron donating substituents.
Scheme 8: Closure of cyclopropyl ring affords regioisomers.
Scheme 9: Endo versus exo product in the photocycloaddition of pentene to anisole [33].
Scheme 10: Regio- and stereoselectivity in the photocycloaddition of cyclopentene with a protected isoindoline....
Scheme 11: 2,6- and 1,3-addition in intramolecular approach.
Scheme 12: Linear and angularly fused isomers can be obtained upon intramolecular 1,3-addition.
Scheme 13: Synthesis of α-cedrene via diastereoselective meta photocycloaddition.
Scheme 14: Asymmetric meta photocycloaddition introduced by chirality of tether at position 2.
Scheme 15: Enantioselective meta photocycloaddition in β-cyclodextrin cavity.
Scheme 16: Vinylcyclopropane–cyclopentene rearrangement.
Scheme 17: Further diversification possibilities of the meta photocycloaddition product.
Scheme 18: Double [3 + 2] photocycloaddition reaction affording fenestrane.
Scheme 19: Total synthesis of Penifulvin B.
Scheme 20: Towards the total synthesis of Lacifodilactone F.
Scheme 21: Regioselectivity of ortho photocycloaddition in polarized intermediates.
Scheme 22: Exo and endo selectivity in ortho photocycloaddition.
Scheme 23: Ortho photocycloaddition of alkanophenones.
Scheme 24: Photocycloadditions to naphtalenes usually in an [2 + 2] mode [79].
Scheme 25: Ortho photocycloaddition followed by rearrangements.
Scheme 26: Stable [2 + 2] photocycloadducts.
Scheme 27: Ortho photocycloadditions with alkynes.
Scheme 28: Intramolecular ortho photocycloaddition and rearrangement thereof.
Scheme 29: Intramolecular ortho photocycloaddition to access propellanes.
Scheme 30: Para photocycloaddition with allene.
Scheme 31: Photocycloadditions of dianthryls.
Scheme 32: Photocycloaddition of enone with benzene.
Scheme 33: Intramolecular photocycloaddition affording multicyclic compounds via [4 + 2].
Scheme 34: Photocycloaddition described by Sakamoto et al.
Scheme 35: Proposed mechanism by Sakamoto et al.
Scheme 36: Photocycloaddition described by Jones et al.
Scheme 37: Proposed mechanism for the formation of benzoxepine by Jones et al.
Scheme 38: Photocycloaddition observed by Griesbeck et al.
Scheme 39: Mechanism proposed by Griesbeck et al.
Scheme 40: Intramolecular photocycloaddition of allenes to benzaldehydes.
Chiral recognition of macromolecules with cyclodextrins: pH- and thermosensitive copolymers from N-isopropylacrylamide and N-acryloyl-D/L-phenylalanine and their inclusion complexes with cyclodextrins
- Sabrina Gingter,
- Ella Bezdushna and
- Helmut Ritter
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 204–209, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.27
- soluble stimuli-responsive polymers bearing phenylalanine moieties via host-guest interaction with β-cyclodextrin and randomly-methylated-β-cyclodextrin (RAMEB-CD). We synthesised N-acryloyl-D/L-phenylalanine monomers (2D, 2L) which were then copolymerised under free radical conditions with N
- . Randomly methylated β-cyclodextrin (RAMEB-CD) and β-cyclodextrin were obtained from Wacker Chemie GmbH, Burghausen, Germany, and were used after drying overnight under vacuum (oil pump) in the presence of P4O10. D- and L-phenylalanine (98.5%) were purchased from Alfa Aesar GmbH & CoKG, Germany. Acryloyl
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Synthesis of copolymers 3D, 3L and CD-complexes 4D, 4L.
Figure 1: 2D NMR ROESY spectrum of monomer 2D with RAMEB-CD.
Figure 2: 2D NMR ROESY experiment showing the correlation between protons of the phenyl moiety of 4D with the...
Figure 3: NMR shifts of the complexed monomer 2D.
Figure 4: Comparison of 1H NMR spectra of 2D and 2L complexed with β-CD.
Figure 5: Complex formation with phenolphthalein and phenylalanine as competitor.
Figure 6: Hydrodynamic diameters of the copolymers and their corresponding complexes with RAMEB-CD a) L-pheny...
Cross-metathesis of allylcarboranes with O-allylcyclodextrins
- Ivan Šnajdr,
- Zbyněk Janoušek,
- Jindřich Jindřich and
- Martin Kotora
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, 1099–1105, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.126
- carried out according to the previously reported procedures [8]. O-Allylcyclodextrins 2 were prepared by allylation of β-cyclodextrins under various reaction conditions (2I-O-allyl-β-cyclodextrin for 2a [22], 3I-O-allyl-β-cyclodextrin for 2b [23], and 6I-O-allyl-β-cyclodextrin for 2c) followed by
- /H2O) on C18-reversed phase. Per-O-acetyl-2I-O-[4-(1,2-dicarbadodecaboran-1-yl)-but-2-en-1-yl]-β-cyclodextrin (3aa). The compound was prepared from 2a (0.15 g, 0.07 mmol) and 1a (15 mg, 0.05 mmol). Column chromatography gave the title compound, 0.041 g (24%), as a white powder: m. p. 188–190 °C; IR
- ), 516.9 (14), 456.8 (25), 374.0 (29), 242.3 (100), 228.6 (56), 168.9 (41); HR-MS (ESI) calcd. for C88H126O55B10: 1108.3925, found 1108.3954 (C88H126O5510B2B8Na2). Per-O-acetyl-3I-O-[4-(1,2-dicarbadodecaboran-1-yl)-but-2-en-1-yl]-β-cyclodextrin (3ab). The compound was prepared from 2b (0.15 g, 0.07 mmol
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Starting allylcarboranes 1a–1c and O-allylcyclodextrins 2a–2c.
Scheme 1: Cross-metathesis of allylcarboranes 1 and O-allylcyclodextrins 2.
Synthesis and crystal structures of multifunctional tosylates as basis for star-shaped poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)s
- Richard Hoogenboom,
- Martin W. M. Fijten,
- Guido Kickelbick and
- Ulrich S. Schubert
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, 773–783, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.96
- recently reported a post-modification route for the synthesis of star-shaped poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) by coupling of an acetylene-functionalized poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) to a heptakis-azido functionalized β-cyclodextrin [18]. However, this method required chromatographic separation of the star-shaped
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Schematic representation of the investigated strategy for the synthesis of star-shaped poly(2-ethyl...
Scheme 1: General reaction scheme for the preparation of multi-tosylates from multifunctional alcohols (top) ...
Figure 2: MALDI-TOF MS spectra of TetraTos a) and HexaTos b) Matrix: dithranol.
Figure 3: Molecular structure a) and packing diagram b) of the structure of diethyleneglyclol ditosylate (DiT...
Figure 4: Molecular structure a) and packing diagram b) of the structure of 1,4-butanediol ditosylate (DiTos-...
Figure 5: Molecular structure a) and packing diagram b) of the structure of penthaerythritol tetra-tosylate (...
Figure 6: Molecular structure a) and packing diagram b) of the structure of dipenthaerythritol tetra-tosylate...
Figure 7: SEC traces obtained for the polymerization of 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline initiated with TetraTos a) and He...
Scheme 2: Schematic representation of the synthesis of a porphyrin initiated four-armed star-pEtOx starting f...
Figure 8: MALDI-TOF MS spectrum of the tetra-tosylate-porphyrin (TetraTos-B). Matrix: dithranol.
Figure 9: a) 1H NMR spectra (in CDCl3) of the porphyrin initiator TetraTos-B (bottom) and star-pEtOx (top). b...
Figure 10: SEC spectrum obtained for star-pEtOx utilizing a photodiode-array detector (eluent: DMF containing ...
Calix[4]arene-click-cyclodextrin and supramolecular structures with watersoluble NIPAAM-copolymers bearing adamantyl units: “Rings on ring on chain”
- Bernd Garska,
- Monir Tabatabai and
- Helmut Ritter
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, 784–788, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.83
- supramolecular complex formation with poly(NIPAAM) bearing attached adamantyl units was investigated by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and turbidity measurements. Keywords: β-cyclodextrin; calix[4]arene; click chemistry; poly(NIPAAM); Introduction Supramolecular interactions of macrocycles with different types
- higher pH values, a significant change in solubility and hydrodynamic diameter was observed and correlated to the formation of superstructures. Experimental Materials. β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) was purchased from Wacker Chemie GmbH (Burghausen, Germany) and used after drying overnight over P4O10 under an oil
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Synthesis of calixarene-click-cyclodextrin 4 via click chemistry and structure of copolymer 5.
Scheme 2: Superstructure of calixarene-click-cyclodextrin 4 and copolymer 5.
Chromo- and fluorophoric water-soluble polymers and silica particles by nucleophilic substitution reaction of poly(vinyl amine)
- Katja Hofmann,
- Ingolf Kahle,
- Frank Simon and
- Stefan Spange
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, No. 79, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.79
- has been found to be suitable because of its higher solubility in water compared to β-cyclodextrin (800.5 g L−1 vs. 18.5 g L−1) [27][28][29]. Chemical reactions between two incompatible reactants can also be achieved under heterogeneous reaction conditions (the reaction is localized at the interphase
- , 1645, 1576, 1549; C15H6N2O (230.23) Anal. calcd. C, 78.26; H, 2.63; N, 12.17; found C, 77.96; H, 2.61; N, 11.79. Fluorophoric, carbonitrile-functionalized PVAm (1-P) For the β-cyclodextrin complex formation, stoichiometric amounts of 1 (0.29 g, 1.28 mmol) and β-DMCD (1.68 g, 1.28 mmol) were dissolved
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Synthesis of carbonitrile 1.
Scheme 2: Coupling of the β-DMCD-caged carbonitrile derivative 1-DMCD with PVAm to yield the fluorophore-func...
Figure 1: Solid state 13C-{1H}-CP-MAS NMR spectra of pure PVAm (a), functionalized PVAm 1-P (b) and the model...
Scheme 3: Synthesis of 1-Si by nucleophilic aromatic substitution of 1 adsorbed onto silica particles.
Figure 2: Wide-scan X-ray photoelectron spectra (left), C 1s and N 1s high-resolution spectra (right) of bare...
Figure 3: Pore-size distribution of bare silica, PVAm/silica and 1-Si.
Figure 4: UV–vis absorption and emission diffuse reflectance spectra of sample 1-Si.
Figure 5: Normalized absorption and emission spectra of 1-M (a) and 1-P (b).
Figure 6: Normalized emission spectra of 1-P in water at four different pH values and a sketch of the assumed...
Free radical homopolymerization of a vinylferrocene/cyclodextrin complex in water
- Helmut Ritter,
- Beate E. Mondrzik,
- Matthias Rehahn and
- Markus Gallei
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, No. 60, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.60
- insoluble in water. Complexation of 1 with methyl-β-cyclodextrin 2 results in clearly water-soluble structures due to incorporation of the ferrocene moiety into the cyclodextrin cavity. After free radical polymerization of the water-soluble complexed monomer, corresponding to polyvinylferrocene (PVFc), the
- homopolymerization of vinylferrocene 1 as a guest in the host methyl-β-cyclodextrin (methyl-β-CD) 2. The stability of the resulting complexed polymers in water is also reported. Results and Discussion Vinylferrocene 1 was added to an aqueous solution of methyl-β-CD 2 and the complex obtained was subjected to radical
- cyclodextrin ring. Experimental Part Materials and Instrumentation Methyl-β-cyclodextrin was obtained from Wacker-Chemie GmbH, Burghausen, Germany, and used after drying overnight with a vacuum oil pump over P4O10. Dimethyl-d6 sulfoxide (99.9 atom % D) was obtained from Euriso-Top SA, France. 2,2-Azobis[2-(2
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Homopolymerization of vinylferrocene 1.
Figure 1: Dynamic light scattering of methyl-β-CD 2 (solid line), vinylferrocene 1 complexed with methyl-β-CD...
Figure 2: The cyclic voltammetry for the complexed PVFc/PVFc+-system 3/6: 1.0 × 10−3 M substance in Na2SO4 | ...
Figure 3: Redox behaviour of PVFc 3: (a) the complexed PVFc 3 mixed with aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution w...
Scheme 2: Copolymerization of vinylferrocene 1 with NiPAAM 5 (1:20).
Figure 4: Lower critical solution temperature of PVFc-co-P(NiPAAM) 7 (1:20) (solid line): 17 °C and complexed...
Molecular recognition of organic ammonium ions in solution using synthetic receptors
- Andreas Späth and
- Burkhard König
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, No. 32, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.32
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Biologically important amines and quaternary ammonium salts: histamine (1), dopamine (2) and acetyl...
Figure 2: Crown ether 18-crown-6.
Figure 3: Conformations of 18-crown-6 (4) in solvents of different polarity.
Figure 4: Binding topologies of the ammonium ion depending on the crown ring size.
Figure 5: A “pseudorotaxane” structure consisting of 24-crown-8 and a secondary ammonium ion (5); R = Ph.
Figure 6: Typical examples of azacrown ethers, cryptands and related aza macrocycles.
Figure 7: Binding of ammonium to azacrown ethers and cryptands [111-113].
Figure 8: A 19-crown-6-ether with decalino blocking groups (11) and a thiazole-dibenzo-18-crown-6-ether (12).
Figure 9: 1,3-Bis(6-oxopyridazin-1-yl)propane derivatives 13 and 14 by Campayo et al.
Figure 10: Fluorescent azacrown-PET-sensors based on coumarin.
Figure 11: Two different pyridino-cryptands (17 and 18) compared to a pyridino-crown (19); chiral ammonium ion...
Figure 12: Pyridino-18-crown-6 ligand (21), a similar acridino-18-crown-6 ligand (22) and a structurally relat...
Figure 13: Ciral pyridine-azacrown ether receptors 24.
Figure 14: Chiral 15-crown-5 receptors 26 and an analogue 18-crown-6 ligand 27 derived from amino alcohols.
Figure 15: C2-symmetric chiral 18-crown-6 amino alcohol derivatives 28 and related macrocycles.
Figure 16: Macrocycles with diamide-diester groups (30).
Figure 17: C2-symmetric chiral aza-18-crown-6 ethers (31) with phenethylamine residues.
Figure 18: Chiral C-pivot p-methoxy-phenoxy-lariat ethers.
Figure 19: Chiral lariat crown ether 34.
Figure 20: Sucrose-based chiral crown ether receptors 36.
Figure 21: Permethylated fructooligosaccharide 37 showing induced-fit chiral recognition.
Figure 22: Biphenanthryl-18-crown-6 derivative 38.
Figure 23: Chiral lariat crown ethers derived from binol by Fuji et al.
Figure 24: Chiral phenolic crown ether 41 with “aryl chiral barriers” and guest amines.
Figure 25: Chiral bis-crown receptor 43 with a meso-ternaphthalene backbone.
Figure 26: Chromogenic pH-dependent bis-crown chemosensor 44 for diamines.
Figure 27: Triamine guests for binding to receptor 44.
Figure 28: Chiral bis-crown phenolphthalein chemosensors 46.
Figure 29: Crown ether amino acid 47.
Figure 30: Luminescent receptor 48 for bis-alkylammonium guests.
Figure 31: Luminescent CEAA (49a), a bis-CEAA receptor for amino acids (49b) and the structure of lysine bindi...
Figure 32: Luminescent CEAA tripeptide for binding small peptides.
Figure 33: Bis crown ether 51a self assembles co-operatively with C60-ammonium ion 51b.
Figure 34: Triptycene-based macrotricyclic dibenzo-[24]-crown-8 ether host 52 and guests.
Figure 35: Copper imido diacetic acid azacrown receptor 53a and the suggested His-Lys binding motif; a copper ...
Figure 36: Urea (54) and thiourea (55) benzo crown receptor for transport and extraction of amino acids.
Figure 37: Crown pyryliums ion receptors 56 for amino acids.
Figure 38: Ditopic sulfonamide bridged crown ether receptor 57.
Figure 39: Luminescent peptide receptor 58.
Figure 40: Luminescent receptor 59 for the detection of D-glucosamine hydrochloride in water/ethanol and lumin...
Figure 41: Guanidinium azacrown receptor 61 for simple amino acids and ditopic receptor 62 with crown ether an...
Figure 42: Chiral bicyclic guanidinium azacrown receptor 63 and similar receptor 64 for the enantioselective t...
Figure 43: Receptors for zwitterionic species based on luminescent CEAAs.
Figure 44: 1,10-Azacrown ethers with sugar podand arms and the anticancer agent busulfan.
Figure 45: Benzo-18-crown-6 modified β-cyclodextrin 69 and β-cyclodextrin functionalized with diaza-18-crown-6...
Figure 46: Receptors for colorimetric detection of primary and secondary ammonium ions.
Figure 47: Porphyrine-crown-receptors 72.
Figure 48: Porphyrin-crown ether conjugate 73 and fullerene-ammonium ion guest 74.
Figure 49: Calix[4]arene (75a), homooxocalix[4]arene (75b) and resorcin[4]arene (75c) compared (R = H, alkyl c...
Figure 50: Calix[4]arene and ammonium ion guest (R = H, alkyl, OAcyl etc.), possible binding sites; A: co-ordi...
Figure 51: Typical guests for studies with calixarenes and related molecules.
Figure 52: Lower rim modified p-tert-butylcalix[5]arenes 82.
Figure 53: The first example of a water soluble calixarene.
Figure 54: Sulfonated water soluble calix[n]arenes that bind ammonium ions.
Figure 55: Displacement assay for acetylcholine (3) with a sulfonato-calix[6]arene (84b).
Figure 56: Amino acid inclusion in p-sulfonatocalix[4]arene (84a).
Figure 57: Calixarene receptor family 86 with upper and lower rim functionalization.
Figure 58: Calix[6]arenes 87 with one carboxylic acid functionality.
Figure 59: Sulfonated calix[n]arenes with mono-substitution at the lower rim systematically studied on their r...
Figure 60: Cyclotetrachromotropylene host (91) and its binding to lysine (81c).
Figure 61: Calixarenes 92 and 93 with phosphonic acids groups.
Figure 62: Calix[4]arene tetraphosphonic acid (94a) and a double bridged analogue (94b).
Figure 63: Calix[4]arene tetraphosphonic acid ester (92c) for surface recognition experiments.
Figure 64: Calixarene receptors 95 with α-aminophosphonate groups.
Figure 65: A bridged homocalix[3]arene 95 and a distally bridged homocalix[4]crown 96.
Figure 66: Homocalix[3]arene ammonium ion receptor 97a and the Reichardt’s dye (97b) for colorimetric assays.
Figure 67: Chromogenic diazo-bridged calix[4]arene 98.
Figure 68: Calixarene receptor 99 by Huang et al.
Figure 69: Calixarenes 100 reported by Parisi et al.
Figure 70: Guest molecules for inclusion in calixarenes 100: DAP × 2 HCl (101a), APA (101b) and Lys-OMe × 2 HC...
Figure 71: Different N-linked peptido-calixarenes open and with glycol chain bridges.
Figure 72: (S)-1,1′-Bi-2-naphthol calixarene derivative 104 published by Kubo et al.
Figure 73: A chiral ammonium-ion receptor 105 based on the calix[4]arene skeleton.
Figure 74: R-/S-phenylalaninol functionalized calix[6]arenes 106a and 106b.
Figure 75: Capped homocalix[3]arene ammonium ion receptor 107.
Figure 76: Two C3 symmetric capped calix[6]arenes 108 and 109.
Figure 77: Phosphorous-containing rigidified calix[6]arene 110.
Figure 78: Calix[6]azacryptand 111.
Figure 79: Further substituted calix[6]azacryptands 112.
Figure 80: Resorcin[4]arene (75c) and the cavitands (113).
Figure 81: Tetrasulfonatomethylcalix[4]resorcinarene (114).
Figure 82: Resorcin[4]arenes (115a/b) and pyrogallo[4]arenes (115c, 116).
Figure 83: Displacement assay for acetylcholine (3) with tetracyanoresorcin[4]arene (117).
Figure 84: Tetramethoxy resorcinarene mono-crown-5 (118).
Figure 85: Components of a resorcinarene based displacement assay for ammonium ions.
Figure 86: Chiral basket resorcin[4]arenas 121.
Figure 87: Resorcinarenes with deeper cavitand structure (122).
Figure 88: Resorcinarene with partially open deeper cavitand structure (123).
Figure 89: Water-stabilized deep cavitands with partially structure (124, 125).
Figure 90: Charged cavitands 126 for tetralkylammonium ions.
Figure 91: Ditopic calix[4]arene receptor 127 capped with glycol chains.
Figure 92: A calix[5]arene dimer for diammonium salt recognition.
Figure 93: Calixarene parts 92c and 129 for the formation molecular capsules.
Figure 94: Encapsulation of a quaternary ammonium cation by two resorcin[4]arene molecules (NMe4+@[75c]2 × Cl−...
Figure 95: Encapsulation of a quaternary ammonium cation by six resorcin[4]arene molecules (NMe3D+@[130]6 × Cl−...
Figure 96: Structure and schematic of cucurbit[6]uril (CB[6], 131a).
Figure 97: Cyclohexanocucurbit[6]uril (CB′[6], 132) and the guest molecule spermine (133).
Figure 98: α,α,δ,δ-Tetramethylcucurbit[6]uril (134).
Figure 99: Structure of the cucurbituril-phthalhydrazide analogue 135.
Figure 100: Organic cavities for the displacement assay for amine differentiation.
Figure 101: Displacement assay methodology for diammonium- and related guests involving cucurbiturils and some ...
Figure 102: Nor-seco-Cucurbituril (±)-bis-ns-CB[6] (140) and guest molecules.
Figure 103: The cucurbit[6]uril based complexes 141 for chiral discrimination.
Figure 104: Cucurbit[7]uril (131c) and its ferrocene guests (142) opposed.
Figure 105: Cucurbit[7]uril (131c) guest inclusion and representative guests.
Figure 106: Cucurbit[7]uril (131c) binding to succinylcholine (145) and different bis-ammonium and bis-phosphon...
Figure 107: Paraquat-cucurbit[8]uril complex 149.
Figure 108: Gluconuril-based ammonium receptors 150.
Figure 109: Examples of clefts (151a), tweezers (151b, 151c, 151d) and clips (151e).
Figure 110: Kemp’s triacid (152a), on example of Rebek’s receptors (152b) and guests.
Figure 111: Amino acid receptor (154) by Rebek et al.
Figure 112: Hexagonal lattice designed hosts by Bell et al.
Figure 113: Bell’s amidinium receptor (156) and the amidinium ion (157).
Figure 114: Aromatic phosphonic acids.
Figure 115: Xylene phosphonates 159 and 160a/b for recognition of amines and amino alcohols.
Figure 116: Bisphosphonate recognition motif 161 for a colorimetric assay with alizarin complexone (163) for ca...
Figure 117: Bisphosphonate/phosphate clip 164 and bisphosphonate cleft 165.
Figure 118: N-Methylpyrazine 166a, N-methylnicotinamide iodide (166b) and NAD+ (166c).
Figure 119: Bisphosphate cavitands.
Figure 120: Bisphosphonate 167 of Schrader and Finocchiaro.
Figure 121: Tweezer 168 for noradrenaline (80b).
Figure 122: Different tripods and heparin (170).
Figure 123: Squaramide based receptors 172.
Figure 124: Cage like NH4+ receptor 173 of Kim et al.
Figure 125: Ammonium receptors 174 of Chin et al.
Figure 126: 2-Oxazolin-based ammonium receptors 175a–d and 176 by Ahn et al.
Figure 127: Racemic guest molecules 177.
Figure 128: Tripods based on a imidazole containing macrocycle (178) and the guest molecules employed in the st...
Figure 129: Ammonium ion receptor 180.
Figure 130: Tetraoxa[3.3.3.3]paracyclophanes 181 and a cyclophanic tetraester (182).
Figure 131: Peptidic bridged paraquat-cyclophane.
Figure 132: Shape-selective noradrenaline host.
Figure 133: Receptor 185 for binding of noradrenaline on surface layers from Schrader et al.
Figure 134: Tetraphosphonate receptor for binding of noradrenaline.
Figure 135: Tetraphosphonate 187 of Schrader and Finocchiaro.
Figure 136: Zinc-Porphyrin ammonium-ion receptors 188 and 189 of Mizutani et al.
Figure 137: Zinc porphyrin receptor 190.
Figure 138: Zinc porphyrin receptors 191 capable of amino acid binding.
Figure 139: Zinc-porphyrins with amino acid side chains for stereoinduction.
Figure 140: Bis-zinc-bis-porphyrin based on Tröger’s base 193.
Figure 141: BINAP-zinc-prophyrin derivative 194 and it’s guests.
Figure 142: Bisaryl-linked-zinc-porphyrin receptors.
Figure 143: Bis-zinc-porphyrin 199 for diamine recognition and guests.
Figure 144: Bis-zinc-porphyrin crown ether 201.
Figure 145: Bis-zinc-porphyrin 202 for stereodiscrimination (L = large substituent; S = small substituent).
Figure 146: Bis-zinc-porphyrin[3]rotaxane and its copper complex and guests.
Figure 147: Dien-bipyridyl ligand 206 for co-ordination of two metal atoms.
Figure 148: The ligand and corresponding tetradentate co-complex 207 serving as enantioselective receptor for a...
Figure 149: Bis(oxazoline)–copper(II) complex 208 for the recognition of amino acids in aqueous solution.
Figure 150: Zinc-salen-complexes 209 for the recognition tertiary amines.
Figure 151: Bis(oxazoline)–copper(II) 211 for the recognition of amino acids in aqueous solution.
Figure 152: Zn(II)-complex of a C2 terpyridine crown ether.
Figure 153: Displacement assay and receptor for aspartate over glutamate.
Figure 154: Chiral complex 214 for a colorimetric displacement assay for amino acids.
Figure 155: Metal complex receptor 215 with tripeptide side arms.
Figure 156: A sandwich complex 216 and its displaceable dye 217.
Figure 157: Lanthanide complexes 218–220 for amino acid recognition.
Figure 158: Nonactin (221), valinomycin (222) and vancomycin (223).
Figure 159: Monesin (224a) and a chiral analogue for enantiodiscrimination of ammonium guests (224b).
Figure 160: Chiral podands (226) compared to pentaglyme-dimethylether (225) and 18-crown-6 (4).
Figure 161: Lasalocid A (228).
Figure 162: Lasalocid derivatives (230) of Sessler et al.
Figure 163: The Coporphyrin I tetraanion (231).
Figure 164: Linear and cyclic peptides for ammonium ion recognition.
Figure 165: Cyclic and bicyclic depsipeptides for ammonium ion recognition.
Figure 166: α-Cyclodextrin (136a) and novocaine (236).
Figure 167: Helical diol receptor 237 by Reetz and Sostmann.
Figure 168: Ammonium binding spherand by Cram et al. (238a) and the cyclic[6]metaphenylacetylene 238b in compar...
Figure 169: Receptor for peptide backbone and ammonium binding (239).
Figure 170: Anion sensor principle with 3-hydroxy-2-naphthanilide of Jiang et al.
Figure 171: 7-bromo-3-hydroxy-N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)naphthalene 2-carboxamide (241) and its amine binding.
Figure 172: Naturally occurring catechins with affinity to quaternary ammonium ions.
Figure 173: Spiropyran (244) and merocyanine form (244a) of the amino acid receptors of Fuji et al.
Figure 174: Coumarin aldehyde (245) and its iminium species with amino acid bound (245a) by Glass et al.
Figure 175: Coumarin aldehyde appended with boronic acid.
Figure 176: Quinolone aldehyde dimers by Glass et al.
Figure 177: Chromogenic ammonium ion receptors with trifluoroacetophenone recognition motifs.
Figure 178: Chromogenic ammonium ion receptor with trifluoroacetophenone recognition motif bound on different m...
