Palladium-catalyzed dual C–H or N–H functionalization of unfunctionalized indole derivatives with alkenes and arenes

• Gianluigi Broggini,
• Egle M. Beccalli,
• Andrea Fasana and
• Silvia Gazzola

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1730–1746, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.198

• . Keywords: alkenylation; arylation; C–H functionalization; indoles; N–H functionalization; Pd catalysis; Introduction The development of mild and selective reactions for the direct conversion of carbon–hydrogen bonds into carbon–carbon and carbon–heteroatom bonds is a challenging goal in organic chemistry

• domino processes. Review Intermolecular reactions involving alkenes Alkenylation reactions of indoles run through a key C–H activation step involving an electrophilic palladation and an electron-deficient Pd(II) catalyst. The mechanism of these reactions involves the generation of a σ-alkyl complex I

• rearrangement that is operative during the alkylation of indoles [46]. In 1969, Fujiwara and Moritani reported the alkenylation of arenes catalyzed by Pd(OAc)2, using Cu(OAc)2 or AgOAc as oxidants [47]. This strategy provides a convenient method for the synthesis of olefins linked to heteroarenes, including

C2-Alkylation of N-pyrimidylindole with vinylsilane via cobalt-catalyzed C–H bond activation

• Zhenhua Ding and
• Naohiko Yoshikai

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1536–1542, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.174

• reaction conditions and unique regioselectivities [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]. As a part of this research program, we have recently reported a C2-alkenylation reaction of N-pyrimidylindoles with internal alkynes catalyzed by a cobalt–pyridylphosphine complex (Scheme 1a) [33], in which the

• pyphos, which was the optimum ligand for the alkenylation reaction [33], was poorly effective (Table 1, entry 6). Additional screening of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) and phosphine ligands did not lead to an improvement of the catalytic efficiency (Table 1, entries 7–9). The reaction turned out to be

• Cl) and electron-donating (OMe) substituents and steric hindrance at the C3 and C7 positions. Unlike the cobalt-catalyzed C2-alkenylation reaction (Scheme 1a) [33], the reaction did not tolerate a cyano group on the indole substrate. In addition, N-pyrimidyl benzimidazole did not participate in the

Alkoxide-induced ring opening of bicyclic 2-vinylcyclobutanones: A convenient synthesis of 2-vinyl-substituted 3-cycloalkene-1-carboxylic acid esters

• Xiufang Ji,
• Zhiming Li,
• Quanrui Wang and
• Andreas Goeke

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 650–657, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.72

• bicyclic cyclohexenols [16], which were also subsequently described by Cohen who elaborated the method into a synthesis of (−)-β-selinene [17]. The core structures of ophiobolins A and other natural products can be synthesized by an alkenylation/oxy-Cope/methylation sequence of vinylcyclobutones in one pot

Synthesis of fluoranthenes by hydroarylation of alkynes catalyzed by gold(I) or gallium trichloride

• Sergio Pascual,
• Christophe Bour,
• Paula de Mendoza and
• Antonio M. Echavarren

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 1520–1525, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.178

• the synthesis of complex molecules under mild conditions [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. Alkynes can react in gold-catalyzed Friedel–Crafts-type reactions with arenes to give products resulting from the intermolecular hydroarylation of the alkynes (or alkenylation of the arenes) [9][10][11][12][13][14][15

Amines as key building blocks in Pd-assisted multicomponent processes

• Didier Bouyssi,
• Nuno Monteiro and
• Geneviève Balme

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 1387–1406, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.163

• basic media. A subsequent Pd-mediated intermolecular alkylation with the dihalogeno substrate followed by an intramolecular N-arylation furnished 2-substituted indoles 68. In this cascade reaction, the palladium catalyst intervenes in three different coupling reactions: Intermolecular N-alkenylation, C

The enantiospecific synthesis of (+)-monomorine I using a 5-endo- trig cyclisation strategy

• Malcolm B. Berry,
• Donald Craig,
• Philip S. Jones and
• Gareth J. Rowlands

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2007, 3, No. 39, doi:10.1186/1860-5397-3-39

• anion of 1 forms the first C-C bond and furnishes 3. Modification of the work of Julia [7][8][9] then utilises the sulfone to facilitate stereocontrolled alkenylation to give the cyclisation substrate 4. Finally, 5-endo-trig cyclisation yields the desired heterocycles 5. Overall, the sulfone moiety