Activity assays of NnlA homologs suggest the natural product N-nitroglycine is degraded by diverse bacteria

• Kara A. Strickland,
• Brenda Martinez Rodriguez,
• Ashley A. Holland,
• Shelby Wagner,
• Michelle Luna-Alva,
• David E. Graham and
• Jonathan D. Caranto

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 830–840, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.75

• ], there is far less known regarding the environmental biodegradation pathways of linear nitramine contaminants. Biodegradations of NDAB by the fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium and the bacterium Methylobacterium sp. strain JS178 have been reported [17][18]. Initiation of the P. chrysosporium degradation

Progress and challenges in the synthesis of sequence controlled polysaccharides

• Giulio Fittolani,
• Theodore Tyrikos-Ergas,
• Denisa Vargová,
• Manishkumar A. Chaube and
• Martina Delbianco

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1981–2025, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.129

• . Additionally, polysaccharides can be converted into useful chemicals upon biodegradation [2][3], contributing to the sustainable development of future materials. Despite polysaccharides’ utility, there are limitations associated with their exploitation. Extraction from natural sources is laborious, low

Valorisation of plastic waste via metal-catalysed depolymerisation

• Francesca Liguori,
• Carmen Moreno-Marrodán and
• Pierluigi Barbaro

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 589–621, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.53

• oxidation, cross-linkage, bond cleavage). The term “biodegradation” indicates a “degradation caused by enzymatic processes resulting from the action of cells”. Although commonly used, also for artificial polymers, the term “biodegradable” specifically refers to biorelated polymers (i.e., proteins, nucleic

• standard EN 13432 “Packaging–Requirements for packaging recoverable through composting and biodegradation” include disintegration (i.e., breakdown of material to particles of a defined size), biodegradability, absence of negative effects on the composting process and amount of heavy metals below given

• crystallinity, reduced chain mobility and hydrophobicity of polymers [114][115], which makes biodegradation often ineffective and time-consuming, particularly for polyolefins, such as polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene or PET [116][117]. Thus, abiotic pretreatments may be required, including UV

¹⁹F NMR as a tool in chemical biology

• Diana Gimenez,
• Aoife Phelan,
• Cormac D. Murphy and
• Steven L. Cobb

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 293–318, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.28

• biosynthesis and biodegradation of fluorinated organic compounds is also described. Keywords: biotransformation; chemical biology; fluorine; 19F NMR; probes; protein structure; Introduction Although fluorine is abundant in the environment, it is not a nutrient nor is it a feature of biochemistry for most

• degree. In our previous review [4], we highlighted 19F NMR’s usefulness in following the biodegradation of compounds such as fluorophenols and fluorobenzoates. The technique has since been applied to monitor the biotransformation/biodegradation of fluorinated drugs such as flurbiprofen [105], and the

• widely used by those investigating the biodegradation of fluorinated xenobiotics, with researchers more commonly relying on liquid or gas chromatography–mass spectrometry methods. Objectively, these techniques are much more sensitive than 19F NMR, provide more structural information and are probably more

How and why plants and human N-glycans are different: Insight from molecular dynamics into the “glycoblocks” architecture of complex carbohydrates

• Carl A. Fogarty,
• Aoife M. Harbison,
• Amy R. Dugdale and
• Elisa Fadda

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2046–2056, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.171

• important implications in terms of the N-glycans’ biosynthesis and biodegradation [29]. As an additional interesting point, we found that the folding of the (1-6) arm over the chitobiose region is completely independent of core α(1-6) fucosylation [24], with the result that core-fucosylated and non-core

The enzymes of microbial nicotine metabolism

• Paul F. Fitzpatrick

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2295–2307, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.204

• steps in the pyrrolidine pathway. This review summarizes the present status of our understanding of these pathways, focusing on what is known about the individual enzymes involved. Keywords: biodegradation; enzyme mechanism; flavoprotein; metabolic pathway; nicotine; Introduction The toxic alkaloid (S

A semisynthesis of 3'-O-ethyl-5,6-dihydrospinosyn J based on the spinosyn A aglycone

• Kai Zhang,
• Shenglan Liu,
• Anjun Liu,
• Hongxin Chai,
• Jiarong Li and
• Lamusi A

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2603–2609, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.257

• contrast with spinosad [14]. Spinetoram has been widely applied in insect control and sterilization. Similar to spinosad, spinetoram can be rapidly degraded into natural components by several ways, such as photodegradation and biodegradation [15], suggesting that spinetoram is safe for the environment. In

Stabilization of nanosized titanium dioxide by cyclodextrin polymers and its photocatalytic effect on the degradation of wastewater pollutants

• Tamás Zoltán Agócs,
• István Puskás,
• Erzsébet Varga,
• Mónika Molnár and
• Éva Fenyvesi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2873–2882, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.286

• are able to remove microcontaminants from purified wastewater [11][12][13][14][15][16][17] and can be also used as samplers [12]. Further methods applying CDs for wastewater purification include CD-intensified biodegradation of contaminants [18], and oxidation of micropollutants adsorbed on

Mutagenic activity of quaternary ammonium salt derivatives of carbohydrates

• Barbara Dmochowska,
• Karol Sikora,
• Anna Woziwodzka,
• Jacek Piosik and
• Beata Podgórska

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1434–1439, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.138

• possible toxicity toward human cells and aquatic organisms are still unknown [17][18]. Additionally, the impact of these chemicals on the environment is raised; many reports describe accumulation of QASs in sludge, soils, and water [6][10]. It is for this reason that the biodegradation pathways of the

• [22][23][24]. To overcome many problems associated with QASs, they were combined with sugars. We intended to obtain biologically active compounds – especially antibacterial and antifungal – with high biocompatibility and good biodegradation properties. Some examples of fused molecules containing QASs

Sequence-specific RNA cleavage by PNA conjugates of the metal-free artificial ribonuclease tris(2-aminobenzimidazole)

• Friederike Danneberg,
• Alice Ghidini,
• Plamena Dogandzhiyski,
• Elisabeth Kalden,
• Roger Strömberg and
• Michael W. Göbel

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 493–498, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.55

• of RNA cleavers to oligonucleotide analogues such as peptide nucleic acids (PNA) [4]. The benefits of oligonucleotide analogues are higher affinity towards RNA [5] as well as improved resistance against biodegradation [6]. Furthermore, PNA can be applied to block miRNA functions in cell culture

• addition, the stability of PNA against biodegradation is another advantage especially with respect to possible in cell applications. Sequences of PNA conjugates 10–14 and oligonucleotides 15–20. Lysines are attached to the C-terminus, linker and cleaver to the N-terminus. The parts with base

Encapsulation of biocides by cyclodextrins: toward synergistic effects against pathogens

• Véronique Nardello-Rataj and
• Loïc Leclercq

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2603–2622, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.273

• complexes. Therefore, the essential oils were protected by the β-CD encapsulation. As a consequence, the essential oils remain effective as antimicrobial agents for longer time periods and under a wide variety of environmental conditions. On the other hand, the biodegradation of hydrocarbons is influenced

• phenanthrene by microorganisms is considerably accelerated in the presence of HP-β-CD [55][56][57]. However, the mechanism of biodegradation is not so simple. As an example, Trametes hirsuta (white-rot fungus) is used to decontaminate various substrates. One of them, the pentachlorophenol, is completely

Restructuring polymers via nanoconfinement and subsequent release

• Alan E. Tonelli

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1318–1332, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.151

• PLLA homopolymers of approximately the same chain lengths as the corresponding blocks in PCL-b-PLLA, and a physical blend of PCL/PLLA homopolymers with the same molar composition as the PCL-b-PLLA. The in vitro biodegradation behaviors of these films were observed in phosphate buffer solution

• the phase segregation that resulted from mixing of PCL and PLLA blocks leading to decreased crystallinity in the c-diblock copolymer film, resulted in a much faster enzymatic degradation than that of either the asr-diblock copolymer or the PCL/PLLA physical blend. The biodegradation of the c-diblock

• preferentially degraded by the enzyme. Regulation of their biodegradation behavior, through formation of and coalescence from CD ICs, may enhance the use of block copolymers in drug delivery and controlled release systems, because of its decisive importance in these applications. Coalesced polymer blends